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KHITA AND KHITA-PERUVIAN.
�II
I
1
�THE
Khita
Khita-Peruvian
Epoch:
and
KHITA, HAMATH, HITTITE, CANAANITE,
ETRUSCAN, PERUVIAN, MEXICAN, Etc.
BY
HYDE
CLARKE,
F.R.Hist.Soc. ; Vice-President of the Anthropological Institute ; Honorary Member of the
Anthropological Institute, New York; Corresponding Membir of Ethnographic Society
of Paris, American Oriental Society, Societe des Americanistes ; Member of the
German Oriental Society ; Honorary Member of the Byzantine Philological
Society, Constantinople ; Fellow of the Royal Society of Northern
Antiquaries, Copenhagen ; Fellow of Statistical Society ;
Corresponding Member of the Society of Engineers of
Vienna ; Vice-President of the Society of Arts, etc.
LONDON:
N. TRUBNER & CO, 57 and 59 LUDGATE HILL, E.C.
�EDINBURGH:
PRINTED BY M‘EARLANE AND ERSKINE,
ST JAMES SQUARE.
�PREFACE.
The following pages consist chiefly of a memoir read before
the Royal Historical Society, for the purpose of giving a
brief sketch of the work carried on by myself and others, for
the investigation of a great epoch of culture, which preceded
the Assyrian, the Semitic, and the Greek, and which, accord
ing to my views, extended to America, and closed the period
of ancient intercourse between the Old World and the New.
This essay will be found very imperfect and fragmentary,
for it cannot deal with the whole of a subject so wide, and it
cannot give exact information on new and obscure epochs, of
which little is known, to which investigation is newly directed,
and where the results present but a small relation to what
remains to be discovered. Indeed, my chief object is to direct
the attention of scholars as much as of the public, to these
fields of research.
It will be noticed that all kinds of names have been used,
shifted, and changed, and this must necessarily be the case
for what is new and undeterminate. Akkad and Sumerian are
as yet conflicting terms, and some most distinguished Semitic
scholars deny that there is any Akkad language of a Turan
ian class. Shifting my ground as circumstances suggest and
permit, I have adopted the term Khita, from Dr Birch, but
I give it a much wider application.
Indeed, the topics of these pages constitute the battle-fields
of scholars, Akkad, Etruscan, Hamath, etc. I have extended
the ground of controversy by bringing America into connection
with the classic regions. If, however, so much controversy
and so much difference of opinion exist, nevertheless the
solid results are great. The discovery and determination of
Akkad constitute an era in scholarship. The explorations of
Dr Schliemann in the Troad and Mycenae yield us material
proofs. The newest researches of Dr Deecke of Strasburg, as
to the derivation of the Cypriote and Phoenician characters
from the Assyrian cuneiform, give us facts of importance, and,
as in all such cases, new means for further inquiries. It is
such progress which encourages us to persevere in the de
cipherment of Etruscan, Hamath, and Maya.
�vi
PREFACE.
My own part in these labours, although a busy one, has
been humble; it has been the task of an explorer, laying open
ground for others. Although I have laboured hard on many
points, yet if I had limited myself to the complete elucidation
of any one, there would have been no one to carry out my
work of a general exploration. In this course there is ample
encouragement to persevere, because the detailed labours of
others, as those of Dr Schliemann and Dr Deecke, have con
firmed my preliminary investigations. Thus encouragement
is given me to persevere in those portions of the inquiry, the
more particularly the American, in which the sanction of
scholars has not yet been accorded to me.
Much of what is here given has, of course, been printed by
me before, because the subject is progressive, and because it is
only in this way information can be accumulated. There is,
nevertheless, even in the books and papers, portions of which
are here repeated, much useful to inquirers, for tracing the
development of the study, and the names are given of some
few of my memoirs on the subject:
Ephesus. (Smyrna, 1863.)
Assyro-Pseudo-Sesostris. (Bengal Asiatic Society, 1865.)
Inhabitants of Asia Minor.
(Ethnological Society’s Journal,
7th March 1865.)
Proto-Ethnic Condition of Asia Minor, etc. (Ethnological Society’s
Journal, November 1865.)
On the Prehistoric and Proto-historic Relations of the Populations
of Asia and Europe. (1871.)
Note on the Hamath Inscriptions. (Palestine Exploration Jour
nal, 1871).
Relations of Canaanite Exploration. (Palestine Exploration Journal.)
Pre-Israelite Populations of Palestine. (Palestine Exploration Jour
nal, 1870.)
On the name Britannia. (Society of Antiquaries, 1871.)
Researches in Palestine, and Proto-historic Comparative Philology,
Mythology, and Archaeology. (Trubner, 1875.)
Prehistoric Names of Weapons. (Trubner, 1876.)
Siva and Serpent-Worship in Asia, Africa, and America, and the
Bribri Language. (Trubner, 1877.)
HYDE CLARKE.
32 St George Square, London, S.W.
June 1877.
�CONTENTS.
PAGE
Origin of Canaan, Ham, Havilah, Cush,.............................................................. I
History of Hittites, ...........
Hamath or Khita Inscriptions, .........
2
3
Comparison with Himyaritic, 8; Cypriote, 9; Warka, Albanian, 10;
Etruscan, 11 ; Libyan, 12; Hebrew, 14,
......
8
Origin of the Alphabet and Syllabary—Square—■ Magic — Prehistoric
Symbols, 16,................................................................................................. 13
Canaanite Population—Epoch and Migration of—Peru,
■ .
.
.
.17
Akkad Language—Sumerian—Georgian, 20, 23,
.
.
.
.
.18
Etruscan—-Tables of Etruscan, Georgian, Peruvian,
..... 20
Georgian, Relations of—Quichua, 24, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.23
Negative Series—Red, Eve, 26, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.25
Khita-Peruvian Migration—Indo-China—Cambodia—India,
.
.
.27
Affinities of American Grammar—Aymara—Quichua—Othomi, 32—Mexico, 29
Monuments and Culture in Old and New World—Calendar, 35, .
.'
. 33
Topographical Nomenclature—Examination of T^ble of Town Names of
Canaan, Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, and Spain, .
.
.
.
.37
Town Names in America—Migration, 67 ; Traditions of Ancient Connection
with America, 69,
....
......
Appendix I.—
66
River Names of India, Italy, New Granada, Peru, .
.
.
-73
Lake Names, ........... 73
Mountain Names, .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*74
Town Names, ...........
74
Appendix II.—
Table of Sumerian Words, Akkad, Circassian, Georgian, Etruscan,
Mon, Peruvian, Mexican, etc., .
.
.
.
.
.
.81
Note on Dr Deecke’s Identification of Cypriote, Semitic, and Cuneiform, . 85
Index,................................................................................................................... 87
��ON THE EPOCH
OF
HITTITE, KHITA, HAMATH, CANAANITE, LYDIAN,
ETRUSCAN, PERUVIAN, MEXICAN, ETC.
The Book of Generations, in chap. x. of Genesis, states that
Canaan was a son of Ham, and consequently brother of Cush,
of Mizraim, and of Phut. This is given again in the First Book
of Chronicles, chap, i., ver. 8. Cush (Gen. x. io) held Babel,
Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. The verse
says : “ And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel and
Erech,” etc. Again, verse 11 says : “ Out of that land went
forth Asshur and builded Nineveh, and the city Rehoboth,
and Calah and Resen, between Nineveh and Calah; the
same is a great city.” Asshur (verse 22) was a son of Shem.
Cush, therefore, was considered to be a dweller in Baby
lonia, and not in Africa. This is consistent with Havilah, son
of Cush, being Havilah, chap, ii., ver. 11. Of the rivers of Eden,
“ the name of the first is Pison, that is it which encompasseth
the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold.” Khavilah
has been well conjectured to be Kholkis or Colchis, and the
river the Pshani, which, as I have pointed out in the Georgian
languages, still means a river.
The interpretation with regard to Cush is, that he was one
of the occupants of the great central kingdom, which included
Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, and which was afterwards
occupied by Asshur, who issued forth from thence to make his
�2
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
campaigns in the west. Gen. x. 15, goes on to say: “And
Canaan begat Sidon, his firstborn, and Heth [the Hittite],
and the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the Girgasite, and the
Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite, and the Arvadite, and
the Zemarite, and the Hamathite; and afterward were the
families of the Canaanites spread abroad.” The Horite was
a Canaanite (Gen. xxxvi. 2).
These people were closely related, politically, and probably
ethnologically and linguistically, and as one or other took the
leadership, so would its name be adopted to signify the whole
league, as Hittite, Hamathite, Horite, in the same way as
among the Germani, English, Saxons, Germans, Warings,
etc.
These Canaanites were politically connected with the other
members of the family of Ham, who are recognised as holding
Western Asia. The Hittites, adopting the compendious ac
count of Dr W. Smith, are the descendants of Heth or Cheth,
the second son of Canaan. The notices in the Bible give us
but scanty notion of their power, but the Egyptian annals
tell us of a very powerful confederacy of the Hittites on the
Orontes, with whom Sether I., or Sethos, fought about B.C.
1340, and whose capital, Ketesh, near Emesa, he captured.
In the Egyptian annals the name of Heth is said to stand for
Palestine. .
Mr George Smith gave, in the Journal of the Palestine
Exploration Fund, for October 1872, an account of notices
of Palestine in the cuneiform inscriptions. After referring to
the invasions of Sargon in the sixteenth century B.C., he
found no records until the time of Tiglath Pileser I., about
B.C. 1120. He reigned about the time of Eli, judge of Israel.
He defeated some tribes of the Hittites, and captured the city
of Carchemish, which has so lately been explored by Mr
Smith, and the remains of which are justly regarded as of so
much importance.
About B.C. 870 Assur-nazir-pal marched into Syria, crossed
the Euphrates near Carchemish, and Sagara, king of Carche
mish, paid him tribute. After five years of war, Shalmaneser,
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
3
B.C. 854, advanced into Hamath, destroying the country and
ravaging the towns. His advance was resisted by a league of
kings of Syria and Palestine, under Benhadad of Damascus,
whose armies included 14,000 men under Irhulena of Hamath.
The battle took place on the banks of the Orontes, and it
checked the march of Shalmaneser. This was followed, how
ever, by other inroads down to B.C. 846. In B.C. 842 Shal
maneser was more fortunate, and compelled King Jehu and
the kings of Tyre, Zidon, and others, to give him tribute.
The successors of Shalmaneser carried on frequent wars in
Syria. -Tiglath Pileser, B.C. 743, imposed a tribute on the
king of Hamath. In 740 he attacked the city of Hamath.
The people obtained the assistance of Azariah, king of Judah,
but were defeated, and a large part of their country was an
nexed to Assyria. Hamath is a city on the river Orontes, in
Syria, on the northern border of the Promised Land. It is
mentioned at the time of the Exodus as one of the kingdoms,
and was an original seat of the Canaanites (Gen. x. 18). Its
king, Toi, yielded allegiance to King David (2 Sam. viii. 9).
Solomon built stone cities in Hamath (2 Chron. viii. 4).
Palmyra was one of those cities, it is said. By the prophet
Amos it was called “ great,” and in 2 Kings xvii. 34, it is
spoken of by an Assyrian king as one of the chief of his con
quests. It still has a population of 30,000.
The Hamath inscriptions appear to have been first noticed
as early as 1812 by Burckhardt (“Travels in Syria,” p. 145,
quoted by Burton, “Unexplored Syria,” pp. 138, 333). He
says of them : “ In the corner of a house, in the bazar, is a
stone with a number of small figures and signs, which appear
to be a kind of hieroglyphical writing, though it does not re
semble that of Egypt.” So, too, it turns out that a Hamath
inscription had been previously seen in the south-eastern
region of Asia Minor. It was in the same bazar of Hamath
that, in 1870, Mr J. Augustus Johnson, the U.S. ConsulGeneral, and the Rev. S. Jessup, of the Syrian Mission, came
upon a stone in the corner of a house, which contained an
inscription in unknown characters, as Burckhardt had done.
�4
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
They did not succeed in getting squeeze impressions, for
fanatical Moslems crowded upon them when they began to
work upon the stone, and they were obliged to be content
with such copies of this and other inscriptions subsequently
found on stones over and near the city gate, and in the
ancient bridge which spans the Orontes, as could be obtained
by the aid of a native painter. Mr Jessup endeavoured to
purchase a blue stone, containing two lines of these strange
characters, but failed to obtain it because of the tradition
connected with, and the income derived from it. Deformed
persons were willing to pay for the privilege of lying upon it,
in the hope of a speedy cure, and it was believed to be effi
cacious in spinal diseases.
Such was the discovery of these remarkable inscriptions,
and in such imperfect form did they come before the scholars
of Europe and America. Mr Johnson, like many others, was
of opinion the characters were allied to the hieroglyphic.
Professor E. H. Palmer saw the copies in the possession of
Mr Johnson at Beyrout, and he was so persuaded of their
archaeological importance that he induced the committee of
the Palestine Exploration Fund to send Mr Tyrwhitt Drake
to Syria in 1870 to obtain squeeze impressions and photo
graphs of the inscriptions. Professor Palmer, concurrently
with myself, engaged in their decipherment, but without suc
cess, as he informed me.
Between 28th February and 5th March 1871, Captain R. F.
Burton visited Hamah or Hamath (“Unexplored Syria,”
p. 333), and at the request of Mr Walter Besant, secretary
of the Palestine Exploration Fund, proceeded to inspect the
inscriptions.
Herr Petermann published some details concerning the
inscriptions in the Athenceum (No. 2267) of April 8, 1871
(Burton). In 1871 Mr Tyrwhitt Drake succeeded in getting
good squeezes and photographs. The latter I found of little
use. Mr Tyrwhitt Drake found an inscription in Aleppo.
The material of the Hamath stones is compact black basalt
(Burton), polished as if by hard rubbing. The characters are
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
5
in cameo, raised from two to four lines, separated by hori
zontal framings, also in relief. They are sharply and well
cut. Mr R. Biddulph Martin confirmed this from inspection
in the Museum of the Seraglio at Constantinople, when
removed. “The first thing,” says Captain Burton, “which
strikes the observer is, that they must date from the metal
ages, and that they are the work of a civilised race.”
Minute descriptions of the first found stones are given in
“ Unexplored Syria.”
Captain Burton thought that the Wusum or marks of the
Bedawi clans might lead to the decipherment. Although I
think it quite possible that some of the signs may be found
among the Bedawi, it is not to be expected that such would
afford any key to the meaning. The range of the Hamath
characters includes not only the kingdom of the Khita, Khita
or Khatti at Hamath and Helbon (Aleppo), but the inscrip
tions referred to at Ibreez in Lycaonia, and many relics in
Babylonia, as the marks identified by me in the plates of
Loftus, and the five seals discovered by Mr Layard in the
record chamber of the palace of Sennacherib.
With regard to the statues at Nimphae and the Ephesus road,
Herodotus, as we now know, erroneously attributed them to
Sesostris, and affirmed that they bore inscriptions in hiero
glyphics, which they did not. It appears to me not impos
sible that these inscriptions were in Hamath or Khita char
acter. This character has been already traced in Lycaonia;
and it bears an actual resemblance to hieroglyphics in its
features and dispositions, so much so that on the rediscovery
of the Hamath inscriptions, Dunbar Heath and others were
led to class them as Egyptian. There is generally some
foundation even for a mistake of Herodotus.
It may be remarked that the statue in situ is of such friable
materials, being cut in the rock, that I have declared, after
careful examination, that it never bore an inscription. With
regard to the other mutilated statue, rediscovered by Mr
Spiegelthal in 1866, it is on a slab cast down, and it must be
of very different material from the others. Therefore, it
�6
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
occurs to me that one statue may have borne an inscription
in Hamathite. This is of interest in reference to the exten
sion of Khita and the relations. I long since stated it to have
relations with Cypriote, Libyan, Himyaritic, and Hebrew.
The test first applied by me roughly, as stated, was the
simple statistical or numerical method of counting the signs ;
and this, having obtained the transcripts from Captain Burton,
I repeated more carefully after a better knowledge of the
inscriptions from study. The number of signs in the five
inscriptions is about 300, and these are thus decomposed,
allowing for the best classification our present imperfect know
ledge allows, and using the most convenient type-symbols :
0, 27;
26; O and C, 24; £5, 21; L, 18; £ 15; I, II; II, 11; V (crossed),
n; O, 9; IL, 8; V, 7; knife form, 7 ; S (exclusive of double letters), 7; 3,5;
3, 4-
Then there are many which cannot be represented by
symbols. These may be subdivided into
Single characters, frequently used,
. 33
Double letters, etc., .... 5
Characters used once, each,.
.
-15
The question then presented itself, What is the character
of these signs so distributed ? and undoubtedly they answered
to the general nature of an alphabet or syllabarium, although
we can be by no means assured. The other solutions that
were proposed were that the signs are ideographic records or
lists of the cattle marks and brands of Arab tribes (Captain
Burton). Although some of the marks are used as brands,
yet the whole composition does not answer to either descrip
tion. On any liberal interpretation of them as ideographs,
the types are not sufficient to afford any record of war and
peace. If we allow them to include a register of cattle brands,
then we want signs to indicate the names of the proprietary
tribes or individuals, which, after all, would bring us again to
some kind of record of words, and thereby to the solution
that they are written signs.
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
7
Accepting the hypothesis of characters representing sounds
as that most probable, and as deserving of further investiga
tion, the next point is whether they belong to a limited
alphabet of letters or to a system of syllabic characters. The
number of about fifty types would admit of a syllabic
system.
The general nature of the inscriptions on inspection is this :
we have a variety of single signs, many of which are recurrent;
we have some apparent ideographs ; and we have a number
of flourishes. These flourishes, however, are not made with
a brush or pen casually, but cut in hard stone designedly.
It is permissible to consider that some of these flourishes
may consist of several characters joined together. One group
can be recognised so tied together, and also in its separate
members. In the similar or seemingly allied alphabets, liga
tures, monograms, and double letters are known to have
existed, or to exist. The elements are consequently to be
distributed as
Characters,
Ligatures, and
Ideographs (real or supposed).
This is the gross result at which we must arrive from in
spection under the numerical method, an approved process
for scientific investigation.
The next mode of examination is by comparison with
alphabets. The Phoenician or Cadmean used in the Hamath
district does not correspond. The Himyaritic used in the
same region does offer some similitude, so does the Cypriote.
The cuneiform also shows correspondence. The Himyaritic
or Sabaean character is chiefly known from the inscriptions
found near our town of Aden in Arabiaj and from the inscrip
tions at Axum in Abyssinia. Himyaritic inscriptions have
also been found in Mesopotamia or Babyloniaand there are
characters on gems from Babylonia, supposed to be Himyaritic.
The characters on these gems, and on the bricks from Warka,
have a resemblance to the Hamath. The Himyaritic cha
�8
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
racter was represented in Ethiopia or Abyssinia by the
Ethiopic, and is still represented by the Amharic or Abys
sinian alphabet. A Sabaean grammar is given by Captain
Prideaux {Trans. Biblio. Arch. Soc., vol. v.).
Many Himyaritic inscriptions are in the British Museum,
and a large collection has been published by the authorities
of that institution under the direction of Dr Samuel Birch
and Mr A. W. Franks. These have been deciphered by the
late Dr M. A. Levy of Breslau in the Transactions of the
German Oriental Society. These inscriptions are generally
in lines or divided by bands like the Hamath inscriptions,
but the lines are of single characters, whereas in the Hamath
there are rows of characters unsymmetrically set out. The
Himyaritic characters are read from right to left. In one
inscription there is a monogram (B. Mus., plate i., No. i),
undeciphered by Osiander and Dr Levy. In two inscrip
tions there are hands. We find hands in No. 5 Hamath
inscription, the hands being in each case displayed ; but in
the case of the Himyaritic inscription, the hands are outside
the inscription, and in pairs. These Himyaritic inscriptions
(B. Mus., plate vii., No. 11, and plate vii., No. 8) are dedicated
to Almakah and Baal. Almakah I regard as equivalent to
Moloch. They form the same sign as the blessing of the
Cohenim among the Jews.
The main characters which correspond in Hamath and
Himyaritic are:
Characters symbolised.
I
•
•
o
■
•
Power in Himyaritic or Amharic.
Stop.
y
1
u n
z
“i
D
.
•
•
■
•
•
n-
to
\
O
V
b
SH
L
M
Besides these there are equivalents of H, *, 2, to, H, and n.
1
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
9
The comparison with Cypriote suggests many more
points of comparison, because in Cypriote there are arrowheaded or dart-headed characters, as in Hamath. Again
we find i, I, O, «S, A, L, S, etc. Of the influence of Hamath
on Cypriote, as pointed out by me, no doubt at present
exists, and every observer has confirmed it. As we have
the syllabic sounds for some of the Cypriote signs, this
ought to give us some help towards the sounds in Hamath,
but as yet it does not. There is every appearance that in
Hamath and in Cypriote the signs had a different value, as
they had in Hebrew. Aleph, Yod, Caph, Ayin, and Wau can
never have been the original values for the letters, the variant
forms of which, no less than other circumstances, throw light
on their real meaning.
The Cypriote that we have at present is an Aryan adapta
tion, but we may yet find Cypriote characters with a language
allied to Khita. Cypriote shows no less than Libyan and
other Western languages that an alphabet passed out first
from a Khita source to the west, and that it was afterwards
largely modified by Phoenician variants. The words in
Cypriote are divided by stops. Many of the characters
appear to be double letters, as in Hamath. Some of the
inscriptions are read from right to left, but some appear to
suggest a former arrangement from top to bottom.
Bricks were brought home by Mr Loftus from Warka, in.
Babylonia (“Travels and Researches in Chaldaea and Susiana,” London, 1859, p. 169), which bear peculiar characters.
These have been supposed to be the rude and earliest form of
cuneiform, and have accordingly been converted into cunei
form inscriptions, or accompanied by cuneiform renderings,
and translations have been published. The Warka characters
or hieratic, however, bear a resemblance to the Hamath and
the Cypriote, more particularly to the former. The Warka
inscription, if compared with Hamath No. 2, middle line, has
this remarkable peculiarity. It also begins with A, and has
in its neighbourhood, next to it, A with a staff, again very
near it is = also. The same are found in No. 3 Hamath
�10
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
second line. Characters nearly similar are found in the be
ginning or lowest line of No. 5 Hamath. This formula is
found under a variant in each Hamath inscription. In the
Warka we find a square reticulated or covered with cross lines ;
in Hamath A with the staff so treated in Nos. 2 and 5.
An inscription at Abydos, in Egypt Journal de la Society
Asiatique, series vi., vol. ii., 1868, No. 14), apparently bilin
gual, is for one portion allied in character to Warka and
Cypriote. With Lycian there is a great conformity, the num
ber of characters showing a correspondence with Hamath
being nearly a score. They include :
V, A, 1 or T, I, O, V or A, 3, 1AI, Z, 8, Q, 3, n.
There are two remarkable alphabets in use in Albania, and
which are to be found in Dr Von Hahn’s “ Albanesische
Studien” (Jena, 1854). At p. 280 is the long alphabet, and
at p. 297 is a short alphabet. These are modern Albanian or.
Skipetar alphabets. Dr Von Hahn has devoted much atten
tion to the larger alphabet, considering that many of the ele
ments of it are ancient. Of its fifty-two characters many,
however, are evidently modern adaptations, but from inde
pendent investigation I concur with my friend Dr Von Hahn,
that many are independent representations of ancient char
acters.
The Albanians are, in a general sense, an unlettered people,
but there is no more difficulty in believing that they have pre
served ancient letters than there is in accrediting, what admits
of no doubt, the preservation, in a modified form, of the Lib
yan alphabet by the Berber tribes, which, like those of the
Albanians, are unlettered. The Berber alphabet has under
gone similar modifications to the Albanian, and particularly
in the application of double letters and special sounds.
The peculiarities of the Albanian alphabets are so striking
that a German savant in the “Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Morgenlandische Gesellschaft,” published an essay on an
attempt to decipher the Lycian inscriptions by means of the
Albanian alphabet and languages. This does not appear to
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
11
be successful any more than that of interpreting Lycian,
Etruscan, etc., by means of Armenian. The first point with
regard to Lycian is to, ascertain what the language is, for even
supposing’the transliterations we have to be serviceable, it
does not follow that the Lycian language is an Indo-European
language, notwithstanding the supposed genitives, because
those genitives may be Caucasian. It does not follow be
cause the modern Albanian alphabet has a resemblance to the
Lycian that the powers of the modern Albanian alphabet are
the same as those of the ancient Albanian. Still less does it
follow, because there is a resemblance between some of the
letters, that the Albanian language has any connection with
the Lycian. It may be noted that the Albanian grammar
shows many traces of resemblance to Caucasian.
The reason that we have already found so many points of
resemblances in these alphabets is, that one race ruled and one
political language was at one time employed in the several
regions anterior to the Indo-European, and for this reason the
supposed Phoenician or Cadmean influence is not sufficient to
account for the phenomena.
With regard to Hamath and Albanian the resemblances are
few. They include:
V or A, l> o, <h or
C or □, 8 or 8-
There are several points worthy of study in the Celtiberian
characters, but I have not been able to collate the materials.
The Etruscan also presents points of resemblance to Ha
math, where it diverges from the Phoenician. The words,
numerals, and case-endings of Etruscan, which have been
preserved, are susceptible of explanations from the KhitaPeruvian group.
The Himyaritic characters having been referred to, and
their employment in Ethiopia or Abyssinia, it is to be ob
served that Professor F. W. Newman, in his Berber studies
long since, and Dr Judas of Paris, in his special studies of
Libyan, made known points of resemblance between the gram
mars and alphabets of the respective districts.
�1%
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
The chief monument we have in Libyan is the Thugga
Stone in the British Museum, a remarkable bilingual monu
ment, from Thugga, near Tunis, in Phoenician and Libyan,
but which has never been published by the Museum authori
ties. It has, however, appeared several times in print, as in
Gesenius, the best copy being that published by Dr A. C.
Judas, from a squeeze supplied to him by Dr Samuel Birch.
There are also many Libyan inscriptions from Algeria, some
with a Latin text published by the Academy of Constantine,
or in the Revzie Africaine, and commented upon by Dr Judas,
Dr Reboud, etc. There is great diversity of opinion as to the
value of the letters and the meaning of the inscriptions, the
latest doctrines of the French school being that Libyan is to
be interpreted by the Berber alphabets.
This is a very natural proposition, as the Berber alphabets,
well exemplified in the Tamashek, in the grammar of that
language by Colonel Hanoteau, show evidence of descent from
the Libyan.
It does not follow that the Thugga inscription admits of
interpretation by Berber, although it is possible some of the
inscriptions of the Roman period are of Berber affinity. In
the Thugga inscription we find two languages, one of the
conquering Phoenicians or Carthaginians. The other lan
guage may be that of the aborigines, the Berbers, but it may
be that of a former dominant race. Semitic influence cer
tainly prevailed in North Africa, for it is proved by the family
of what are called the Subsemitic languages, showing an
abiding influence, testified to by the Himyaritic, and con
tinued by the extension of the Arabic language even to the
shores of the Atlantic. There are, however, ancient geogra
phical names to be found in North Africa, which conform to
the general geographical nomenclature of the ancient world,
and which are consequently not Phoenician, and many of the
names assumed to be Phoenician very probably do not belong
to that class.
What the Libyan language was will much depend on the
determination of the genitive in the genealogical portions of
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
13
the Hamath and Thugga inscriptions. Dr Judas takes this
to be N in Thugga, and to be Berber.
The Thugga inscription is in single lines, and reads from
right to left from the top, but there is some reason to believe
that this is a special arrangement, consequent on the attempt
to translate line for line the Phoenician, which is so arranged.
Dr Judas has proposed, with reason, to read the Algerine
Libyan inscriptions from bottom to top in columns, beginning
at the right.
The Thugga and Libyan characters which show a resem
blance to Hamath are nearly twenty, and include:
v, i, o, # or 0, & □, 3, n, n, il, z.
It is very questionable whether the letters of the Thugga
inscription are in the right position.
The Thugga inscription we know begins with a genealogy,
and it was by means of this Gesenius discovered the symbol
for son, which is “. This is the symbol we find in Hamath
and in Warka, in a similar position, but in Hamath it is Illi.
Each word is divided by a stop. The character II within
another II, I consider to be a double letter. The Algerine
inscriptions furnish us with some additional characters. Of
the Kabyle or Tamashek modern alphabets we have three
forms given by Colonel Hanoteau. These alphabets do not
agree with each other, nor are they wholly Libyan. They
consist partly of a system of dots.
To show its peculiarities the following are examples :
B or V is represented by 0
,,
X
G
D
R
T
F
S
L
M
N
T
,,
99
99
99
99
99
U, A
O, D
3
][
®
II
99
99
99
I
+
There are various double letters formed with + (T) final. The
�14
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
only one that can be represented is for I + (Nt) for 11 + (Lt)
we have H with a cross bar, for St a circle O with a cross +
enclosed. The materials we may consider available for com
parison with the Hamath inscriptions are :
Himyaritic alphabet and inscriptions.
Ethiopic
,,
„
Amharic or Abyssinian alphabet and inscriptions.
Warka inscriptions.
Cypriote „
Lycian
„
Albanian alphabet.
Celtiberian inscriptions.
Libyan
„
Berber.
Of these, we have satisfactory explanations of the Him
yaritic inscriptions of Aden, which are in Sabaean, a language
allied to the Hebrew.
We have bilingual inscriptions of
Cypriote, in Phoenician and also in Greek.
Lycian, in Greek.
Libyan, in Phoenician and also in Latin.
It is worthy of consideration what relations exist between
the Hamath and the square Hebrew alphabet. The chief
forms recognisable are FT C, r, l>
& but nothing like a
considerable portion of the Hebrew alphabet. In the Ha
math, however, and in the Hebrew, as in the Himyaritic and
Libyan, square forms are to be found.
If we look at some old alphabets, as Hebrew, Himyaritic,
Libyan, Hamath, Etruscan, old Italic, old Greek, Lycian,
Cypriote, Albanian, we find such forms as these:
HI=JL-irnu:ZDAV><AVHFd3ElT + X
HYWMZSSMK
and in rounded forms we have such as :
O-oe^ocnubCaD ) C s 8
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
15
Then we have letters with a staff or tail, as in Phoenician
and in p (P), X, /z, </>.
The shapes of the square letters suggest that they are parts
of a square (perhaps of the square of Orion), thus J L 1 T are
its four angles, n, U, i, E are the three sides of a square
in succession. L is L, “I is "T (Daleth) and "1 (Resh), and T
is the Greek Gamma. H is H (He), and H (Cheth, Kheth),
in Hebrew, and II (Pi) in Greek.
is Beth in Hebrew. D is
Mem and Samech in Hebrew.
The A of the Phoenician, (Beth) of the Himyaritic and
Hebrew, r (Gamma) of the Greek, '1 (Daleth) of the Hebrew
(A of the Greek), and H (He) of the Hebrew, are at the be
ginning of the alphabet in close proximity, and suggest that
they belonged to a square, and formed part of a square, thus :
r n i a n-
There is a square alphabet in modern use known as a secret
alphabet. It is formed by two lines (=), crossed by two lines
(II), and which, forming a double square, gives nine compart
ments. Each of these being separated forms a letter. This
alphabet may be found in some books on secret writing and
cipher, and is a masonic secret alphabet in England, France,
etc. It may be founded on the Tau and Orion.
The alphabet is worked from left to right at top :
J is A, U is B, L is C, J is D, EJ is E, E is F, “] is G, n is H, g is I.
The characters are then dotted inside or otherwise. J. is J,
i-J. K, etc. A third series is obtained by marking the char
acters with three dots (.’.).
Rabbis and other Jews likewise use this mystic cross as a
secret alphabet, but they begin from right to left at top :
I is
LJ is i, J is 0, E is T 0 is i"T, J is 1.
The second series is also obtained by a dot (.), and the
third by .’. This carries out the whole Hebrew alphabet,
including the final letters, and consequently provides the
whole Hebrew numerals.
Instead of dotting the first series of nine to make a second
�16
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
series, there is, however, another modification of the mystic
alphabet, which provides for taking the second series from
another double cross formed by crossing the two lines trans
versely. This gives V A, etc. These geometrical alphabets
are carried back to a more ancient date in the works on
white magic, and thence still further back to the most ancient
epochs of magic and the Cabbula. They may be termed
the Cabalistic geometrical alphabet. The Arab and medi
aeval literature of magic, white and black, is a continuation
of the ancient schools of magic, and preserves their traditions.
Some of these are still practised in Moslem cities, from
Morocco to the far East; and occasionally characters derived
from the cuneiform are employed by a Maghrebi magician in
charms to cure a sick child, or to lure back the lover of an
Arab or Osmanli girl.
It is the teaching of the Accad and Assyrian schools of
Babylon and Chaldsea, which is made orthodox for the Jew
by the great names of God, for the Christian by the invoca
tion of the Blessed Virgin, for the Moslem in strict conformity
with the potent and ineffable power which the votaries of
Islam believe to reside in the form and sound of divine
words, and which coerce genii, good and bad. The means to
beatitude of one powerful sect of dervishes is the compression
in sound of Allah Hoo. The characters are the attributes of
divinity, and command the spirit world. Several of the magic
alphabets exhibit forms adapting not merely the geometrical
characters, but others found in the alphabets we have been
discussing. Some of these are now casual, but they may be
survivals. We find the * of the Cypriote and Warka, but
then a character much like it exists in cuneiform. The great
Gelghether magic alphabet presents I A, — B, V 1 □, the little
Gelghether LI + “ I
The Sabaean magic is most like
a true alphabet, for its B is LI, its M is M, its S is MM, F is
□ crossed, R is V, Th is +. The great and little enchant
ment give the forms in LU UU, which we find in Hamath
and Warka.
Thus there appears to have been a continuity of the appli
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
17
cation of these Cabalistic forms of a square or double cross
(based on the Pleiades or Tau), which was in itself mystical,
as it consisted of triads; and there being further three triads,
there was, besides the mystic number of three, the great mystic
number of nine.
If we take a double cross, and then a transverse double
cross, and begin according to the ancient method of Warka,
Libyan, and Hamath, we begin at the right, but we begin at
the bottom, and not at the top, as the Jews now do. The
question may arise whether, having begun at I", we should
not, according to the Hamath and later Libyan method,
work upwards in columns, proceeding to C and L. The
Thugga inscription suggests progress horizontally from right
to left; and we may return boustrophedon or bull-ploughing
in furrows, or as a serpent would wind, as we find on a Him
yaritic altar inscription in the British Museum series. So,
too, in the Hamath inscriptions.
In the attribution of sounds and powers to the characters at
a most early date, nature-worship exercised a great influence.
Thus in cuneiform a star figures as the determinative for a
deity. In Chinese, Eye, Sun, Moon, Mouth are allied in char
acter, as we find them philologically in the prehistoric period.
In Hebrew we have Aleph, Waw, Yod, Caph, Ayin, Thau.
In our own alphabets we have I, 0, $. In the African lan
guages the hand and foot are male, and the palm of the hand
and sole of the foot, female. In mythology we know that the
hand is an emblem for man. In Hebrew the alphabet begins
with the equivalent of the star, and closes with the Thau, the
emblem of the Pleiades.
Upon the grand question of the population of Canaan,
Professor Campbell gives us invaluable materials for forming
a judgment, in his various and learned papers in the Canadian
Journal. This population most probably extended into
Egypt, where Brugsch Bey has found four hundred parallel
names, and in which I look for the “ Turanian ” element, for
Thebes, and the other old names by which Egypt was known
to the Greeks, are Sumerian. The intercourse with Caria, too,
B
�18
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
long continued. The union of Sumerians with Semites ex
plains the ethnological peculiarities of the Jews, who are
evidently a mixed race with two elements.
With the absolute chronology of these successions I do not
propose to deal. Three thousand years ago the Sumerian
race had come in contact with the Semitic, to which it had to
succumb. Seven hundred years later is perhaps to be taken
as the epoch of conflict with the Aryan race. This, however,
gives us no real instrument of measure. We do not suffi
ciently know how far the members of the Hamitic classes are
to be regarded as synchronous.
Although the Sumerians were assailed by the Semites three
thousand years ago, they were only overcome by the Spaniards
four hundred years since ; and in Indo-China they still flourish.
The question, therefore, is not the duration of culture in the
form of language, but what are the spaces required for its
development ?
If the Sumerian settlement in Babylonia took place four
thousand years ago (see Ernest de Bunsen, “ Chronology of
the Bible”), then the settlement in India would be of the
same date, if the migration was from a common centre in
High Asia, as the division of West and East Sumerian in
pronouns, and other details, seems to indicate.
The settlements in Indo-China would shortly follow, and
afterwards the occupation of Java and the islands.
It is quite within compass that Peru was reached three
thousand years ago, or even four or five thousand. It is to
be observed that the Malay occupation of Australasia must
have cut off the Sumerian intercourse with America. Then
it is to be taken into consideration that if the intercourse had
been kept up at a time when large ships were used by the
Phoenicians, Chinese, Greeks, Romans, or Arabs, we should
have witnessed different conditions. Cattle and horses would
have been carried across the Pacific. Had the intercourse
from Indo-China to South America been fresh in the memory,
the Arab navigators would have heard of it.
The Akkad, Accad, or Sumerian must be looked upon as
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
19
a main stock of the class with which we are now dealing. Of
the cuneiform inscriptions, the Assyrian and the later Per
sian had been deciphered, while an early type, named after
the kings of Accad, remained obscure. M. Oppert supported
a non-Semitic and non-Aryan interpretation, and by the
labours of Mons. F. Lenormant many of the characters have
now been read, and the language is disclosed to the world.
What that language may be has been hitherto a matter oi
dispute. The learned M. Halevy has made himself ridiculous
by asserting it is no language at all. The chief authorities
upon it have shown many alleged relations with VascoKolarian and Ugrian, which, however, are not Ugrian, but
prehistoric, while I have confirmed my own forecast {Journal
of the Anthropological Institute, 1871, pp. 53, 58), that it
would be found to have Georgian affinities, and to belong to
a Palaeo-Asiatic class. I am now, however, able more dis
tinctly to assign its position by showing that whatever its
affinities may be, it is closely connected in language with the
former monument and city building races of the old and new
world.
In the tenth chapter of Genesis, already referred to, Accad
is brought into the scheme of classification under the family
of Ham. The early kings of Chaldea entitled themselves
rulers of Sumiri and Accad. Dr Hincks, on the strength of
inscriptions belonging to Accad, had proposed for the lan
guage the name of Accad, but M. Oppert directed attention
to the fact that the people called themselves Sumir or Sumer,
and urged the adoption of the term Sumerian. This appears
worthy of support from the nature of allied forms. Samaria,
a holy city and country, Semirus in Armenia, and Seumara
in Iberia, are perhaps forms of Sumer. Raamah and Rama
would be conformable. Armenia belongs to the same stock
and epoch.
Smyrna (Smurna) and Samorna of Ephesus may also be
assigned, as may be Asmurna of Hyrkania and Zimura of
Aria. Ephesus and Smyrna must have been great seats of
Sumerians. There we have Mount Sipylus (Sipula), with
�20
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
the Suburu or statue (Akkad) of Niobe. There is, however,
strangely enough, another possible explanation I can suggest
in the relation of Sipylus to Sibu, Siva or Seba, and of Niobe
to Nebo. The ancients were by no means agreed as to the
attribution of the legend of Niobe. It is possible that both
of these explanations may have been applied in succession,
which is a common phenomenon in mythology. Near is
another Lydo-Sumerian sculpture, the Pseudo-Sesostris of
Nymphse. Near Ephesus is Pygela or Pugela (Pucala, Pucara,
the castle), the R changing to L in this district.
Using the term of Sumerian as a general term, we have
Accad for Babylonia, and Dr Birch’s term of Khita for
Hamath, while we may use Sumero - Peruvian or KhitaPeruvian to cover the whole of the unclassified phenomena
of race, language, culture, and mythology.
The Georgian languages afford an interpretation of some
of the terms of the pre-Hellenic topographical nomenclature
of the old world. These languages now include the Karthueli
or Georgian, the Swan, the Lazian of Asia Minor, the Min
grelian, etc. One ancient representative appears to me to
have been the Canaanite.
While the names of rivers and places are uniform in Asia
Minor, the few remains of the language and inscriptions,
except the Lycian, which is most likely Lesghian, appear to
conform to a Canaanite or Georgian standard. To this, in
compliance with ancient tradition, the Etruscan is by me
annexed, as it was in 1870 and 1871 {Journal of the Anthro
pological Institute, pp. 56, 58), although it must be stated
that my materials of interpretation have as yet been scanty.
The Rev. Isaac Taylor, who has published a book on a
Ugrian hypothesis of Etruscan, at the Congress of Orientalists
produced a further paper as to the connection of Etruscan
with Accad, which is based upon and confirms my views. In
illustration of the general connection, and of the interesting
question of Etruscan, Tables I. and II. may be referred to.
Mr George Smith, in the last moments of his life and dis
coveries, appears to have confirmed at Carchemish this con
formity of Etruscan and Khita.
�21
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
TABLE I.
♦
America.
Georgian.
Others.
chvalay (Circas
sian),
akun (Mexican).
maris,
puii ?
shwili (akhali,
young),
krma,
bichi,
butsi (Othomi).
Goat,
Ape,
Eagle,
kapra,
arimus,
antar,
tkhavi,
[iremu, stag],
arthsiri,
bosheth (Canaan
ite),
khapa (Mon),
Hawk,
aracus,
Beetle,
Swan,
Crane,
burrus,
tusna,
ginis,
kori (vulture),
archagi (peli
can),
buzi (fly),
sawat,
ikvi (duck),
Heaven,
falandum,
Apollo (Sun),
usil,
Diana (Moon),
Ghost, shadow,
Helmet,
Black,
tala,
hinthial,
cassis,
thapir,
Brown,
Strong,
kiarthialisa,
kahathial,
I, me,
And,
me,
cei,
Cupid,
agfisur,
Vulcan,
sethlans,
gwar, love;
shur, desire,
tsetskhli, fire,
Make, work,
kana,
qana,
Aurora,
thesan,
Boy, son,
Etruscan.
agalletor,
paka (Peruvian).
kondori (Quichua,
Peruvian).
vonafay (Circas
sian),
zal (Accad).
la (Burman),
(nitheli, dark),
chachkani,
shoonseh (Circas
shavi,
sian),
kardzi,
atta (Circassian),
high,
mu (Akkad),
mi,
ancana (Quichua ;
eagle, Peruvian).
andvui (Misteca).
sillo (Aymara; star,
Peruvian).
citlali (Aztek).
llantu (Peruvian).
ga (Quichua, Peru
vian).
tletli, fire (Mexi
can).
kana, cut (Aymara,
Peruvian).
tuna (Akkad),
dawn,
TABLE II.
Etruscan.
Georgian.
thu,
zal,
huth,
ki, kiem,
sas,
be[m]ph,
alchl?
etc.
Circassian.
essa,
oh,
shee,
htsan,
as,
shoa,
sau,
Canaan.
moe,
1. makh,
2.
34.
5.
6.
7.
10.
Camb.,
Akkad.
sami,
othkhi,
khuthi,
ekusi,
shwidi,
sam,
Peruvian.
mai.
yscay.
kimsa.
ttahua.
sojta.
pakalko.
kalko.
�22
•ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
In the following illustrations the same characteristics as in
Etruscan are to be found :
Asia Minor.
Earth,
gissa (Lydian),
Water,
Rock,
Garden,
vedu (Phrygian),
taba (Carian),
ganos (Phrygian),
Village, town,
Fat, oil,
deba (Thracian),
pikerion (Phrygian),
Sheep,
ma (Phrygian),
Horse,
ala (Carian),
King,
gala (Carian),
W. and E. Asia.
America.
yatta (Circas.); khsach labtayeh (Huastec) ;
(Cambodian),
tepe (Aztek).
pseh(Circas.); pi (Mon),
tepe (Aztek).
kana (Georgian); gana
(Accad),
daba (Georgian),
deba (Guarani).
pshey (Circas.); pa? raccu (Quichua).
(Accad),
maylley (Circas.); me, llama (Peruvian).
goat (Cambodian),
♦
la, animal syllable
(Accad),
ungal (Accad),
One source of Etruscan, as of some other extinct languages,
is to be traced to the same process of “survival” as in all
anthropological departments. Latin will, when duly worked
by analysis, form a rich mine.
Survivals of Etruscan in Latin.
Goat, .
Spring,
Sieve,
Old,
Straw,
Seat,
.
.
pipe, .
.
Crime,.
Brush, .
capra, .
scaturigo,
scatebra, etc.,
cribrum,
vetus, .
stipula,.
scabellum, .
scamnus,
scelus, .
scopetus,
tkhavi (Georgian),
tsqori.
tsqaroni.
tskhrili.
azvili.
thskepli.
tsodva.
tsetskhi.
While Canaanite and Hamath come within the Hamitic
scheme of Genesis, and are so far allied to Sumerian, which
their character of culture supports (Journal of the Anthropo
logical Institute, 1871, p. 58), yet there are divergences of
language and of culture so great that I cannot but regard the
Canaanitic, Lydian, and Etruscan, as constituting a distinct
�23
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
branch, at present to be assigned to Sumerian, but perhaps
afterwards to be subdivided. It will most likely be found
that Accad and Khita, being separate stocks, others are to
be assigned to each of them.
Hamath, Carchemish, or some such local metropolis, most
likely afforded the centre of a distinct development of civilisa
tion, with tribal forms of language and mythology, and pro
ducing syllabic and alphabetic characters, afterwards attributed
to the Phoenicians. Georgian and Akkad have double plurals,
the remains of a prehistoric characteristic, and there are re
semblances in the verbs and numerals, but there are dissimi
larities. The Georgian double plurals -ni and -bi figure as
third personal pronouns in Akkad. These particles are not
without resemblance to negatives.
At an early period of the examination of Georgian, I was
much struck with the propensity for sticking in or inserting
consonants, as in Mexican and other languages. The imme
diate explanation of the tl in Mexican is, however, to be
sought in Circassian. In Georgian it is perhaps th.
The exact affinities of Georgian are not shown by the ex
isting members of the Sumero-Peruvian or Khita-Peruvian
class. Some are found in Ka, a language allied to the IndoChinese group, and some in Cambodian, yet Georgian is evi
dently related to Etruscan. Thus :
Georgian,
Head,
Mouth,
River,
Rock,
Mountain,
Stone,
thawi,
piri, .
mdinare,
Cambodian.
tuwi (Ka).
soar,
daktani (Ka); tanle.
tamoe,
„
The elements of Georgian are found in the numerals: I,
arthi, G. (trao, Ka) ; 2, ori (bur); 3, sami (tarn); 4, othki (chin);
5, khouthi (Ka); 8, rwa (peh) ; 9, tskhra (tsar, Khong). Ka
is found for 5 on the left hand in Mon. The Georgian nume
rals equal the left-hand Mon and Ka numerals.
�24
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Comparison
of
Akkad and Georgian Grammar.
Akkad.
= Nouns more than one plural,
= Emphatic form ending in a vowel, .
= Negative series, .....
= Formation of persons of verbs,
= Formation of participle,
= Formation of negative verbs by the prefix Nu,
= Resemblance of numbers,
= Insertion in verb Of pronouns governed,
= Use of post positions, ....
—■ Use of Ni, Bi,
....
.
= Use of M, S,................................
Georgian.
The following table shows the comparison of Akkad :
Comparison of Akkad and Quichua Grammar.
Akkad.
Quichua.
Noun, emphatic state, a
None.
Dual = 2 (kas) .
J?
Dual regarded = 2 (pura)
pronouns postpositional
99
several plurals .
99
pl. -ene
99
= -cuna, -ntin.
-mes
99
plural by duplication .
99
locative -ta.
99
= -ta, through.
ablative -na
99
= -nae, wanting.
opportune -gal .
99
= ? -ccepi (after, behind),
Verbs governed, .
persons not the same.
pronouns incorporated
plural -une, -ne .
99
= -un ?
-mus, -s .
99
-chic.
gan, to be, exist.
99
= can, to be.
[plural,
Noun,
numeral used without
Adjective after noun,
before noun.
Pronouns S. 1 ? 2 ? 3, two forms,
Pl.
3, •
•
„
Demonstrative some resemble =
Conjunction Cama, with, and
= cama, according as,
Numerals, many .
= all.
ordinals -kam
=nequen.
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
25
It is in what I term the negative series that one of the
leading laws of prehistoric philology and mythology is to be
found. Under this the negative No or Not is the equivalent of
Night or Black (Niger). It is also the equivalent of woman,
as the negative, man being treated as the positive. So all
female names become negative, as wife, Eve, ewe, hound
( = bitch), she-goat, cow, mare, etc. Death, kill, executioner,
*
have negative relations. So have egg and nit, and secondarily
pea, bean, and nut (as resembling an egg). Ear and head
appear to be negative. Nephele, in mythology, is one of the
forms of Khaveh or Eve. Shadow is a negative, and in some
cases equivalent to soul and night. In Guarani there is an
ingenious distinction between the soul of the living and the
dead; and so of a head, bone, skin. The soul of the dead
man is supposed in many countries to lodge in birds. This
may be one ground why the bird is negative, as bearing the
soul of the dead. Blood is a negative apparently as related
to death. Hence red is a negative, and some curious mytho
logical and archaeological conditions arise, for red is likewise
the equivalent of the number two.
Dr Zerffi informs me that red was the second colour in
various positions, as on dice and on temple terraces, but this
requires closer investigation. Mr Park Harrison and Mr J.
Jeremiah have observed the use of red as a colour widely pre
valent in the regions now under consideration, for the purposes
of this investigation. The red hand figures equally in Syria
and in America.
The virtue of red as a preservative against the evil eye is
referred to in Walter K. Kelly’s “ Curiosities of Indo-Euro
pean Traditions and Folk Lore,” p. 147. In Buchan, Aber
deenshire, the housewives tie a piece of red worsted round
their cows’ tails before turning them out to grass for the first
time in the spring. It is, however, better shown in Germany
(p. 229), where herdsmen lay a woman’s red apron, or a broad
axe covered with a woman’s red stocking, before the threshold
* In another relation woman becomes the equivalent of the Yona and mouth,
and by her periodicity, resembling that of the moon, the equivalent of that body.
�26
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
of the cow-house, and make the animals step over it. The
bringing together of woman, cow, and red, is noteworthy.
The lady-bird seems to hold its place in folk lore as being
red (p. 95). It is held unlucky to kill a lady-bird in Germany,
as the sun would not shine the next day. It is possible that
the robin redbreast owes his mythical place to the same
characteristic, and it is also unlucky to kill him. The wood
pecker has a red head or mutch (p. 86), and a black body.
Bad is negative, as is naked. Sleep and dream are negative,
as belonging to the night series. Salt is negative. Water,
in some senses, is a negative, and appears to be connected
with woman. Night was the negative of day, or the closing
of the eye, and it had its own world of darkness, with its
night sun, its sleep, and its dreams. It was the domain of
shadows and the ultimate refuge of the soul. Its mythological
relations in this respect will best be studied in the treatment
of animism by Mr Tylor.
There are few prehistoric, protohistoric, or historic languages
which do not display the negative series. Among such may
be named : Wolof, Agaw, Vasco - Kolarian (very marked),
Ugrian, Egyptian, Sumerian (very marked), Dravidian, Semi
tic (not strongly marked), Aryan (very marked).
For Aryan, a popular illustration is afforded by not, night,
nut, nit, naked, nest, snow, Eve, ewe, egg, wife, cow, nox, nix,
nex, nux, nec, non, nudus, nidus, nodus, niger, nubes, ovis,
ovum, avis, uva, caput, auris.
The way in which the negative roots are distributed among
the various branches of a class is peculiar, and affords a dis
tinction.
Thus Latin uses N largely, and O (KR) sparingly; Greek,
M, O, largely, and KR or KL sparingly. Thus Aymara uses
P, K, H ; Mon uses P (sparingly), K, H (sparingly), and T.
In reality, the dissyllables are chiefly the same, for the O
(ovum, oon) is nothing but the K, B, and KB of the VascoKolarian and Sumerian Kaba, Paka, and the KR (Karua,
Auris, etc.) that of the Sumerian Raka.
The words for woman, as Khaveh, Eve, Agave, Hebe, Ne-
�27
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
phele, Wife, have descended through ages as the formula for
verbal mythology, and hence figure so largely in the earliest
records of Genesis, in the traditions of the Eastern Mediter
ranean, and among the Aryans.
A sufficient example will be afforded by the following :
Negative Series.
Mon of Pegu.
Aymara.
Moon,
Red,
Two,
Ear,
Head,
Night,
River,
No, Not,
Salt,
Bad,
Bitter,
Black,
ab,
ab,
a,
ab,
ab,
be,
c,
c,
c,
C,
b?
paksi,
pako,
papaya,
(paoki,)
phekai.
haipu,
hahuire,
hani,
hazu,
•..
haru,
chamaka ?
b,
ab,
a,
b,
b,
b,
a,
c,
a,
be,
b,
b,
khatu.
hpakit.
pa.
khato.
katan.
khatan.
pi.
ha.
po.
hakha.
katan.
katsan.
The dissyllable is largely developed with the negative.
It should be mentioned that a negative is not necessarily a
prefix or suffix, but in prehistoric grammar may be intercal
ated, as in Gondi (Khond), Vasco-Kolarian, and Sumerian
Akkad or Khita-Peruvian. A middle negative may depend on
the same principle.
The question may be incidentally considered, whether the
Sumerian population of Indo-China was supplied from Baby
lonia, or from a common centre in High Asia. In my view, it
was from the common centre, because although there are great
affinities between the Sumerian or Akkad and the eastern
analogues, yet there are greater affinities between these latter
among themselves, and there are common points of dissimi
larity from Sumerian. There were most probably two migra
tions in succession to the Agaw. One embraced the Akkad,
Mon, Cambodian, Aymara, and Maya (and Toltek?). The other,
the Georgian, Etruscan, Siamese, Quichua, and Aztek. The
earliest may, however, have been the Circassian Otomi.
�28
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Proceeding onwards, Indo-China, or the southern districts
of the further peninsula beyond India, may be treated as one
linguistic area. They include Pegu in the west, Siam in the
middle, and Cambodia in the east.
This region was known to the ancients as being held by
populations in a state of advancement. Pegu is the country
at the mouth of the Irrawaddy, and was formerly independent,
but fell under the dominibn of the Burmese empire. In
1852 the province, with the towns of Pegu, Prome, and Ran
goon, was taken by the English. The people call themselves
Mon, but are called Talain by the Burmese. The language
is a most valuable member of the Sumerian for illustration.
There are large ruins.
Siam lies in the middle of India, beyond the Ganges, and
is the seat of a great and settled empire. The Siamese people
and language are, however, of less importance to us in this
inquiry, at this period, than are the others.
Kambodia, or Camboja (Kan-phu-cha, Chinese), is the
western part of Annam or Cochin-China, on the Saigon and
Cambodia rivers, bordering on eastern Siam. Of late years it
has been attacked by the French, who have taken and hold
Saigon.
The great marble ruins of the ancient capital of the Thinae,
near Saigon, have long been known. The Cambodians were
remarked by the early Arab voyagers as manufacturers of
very fine linen. The natives call themselves Kammer or
Khmer (=Aymara). Kitaya too, or Indo-China, may be
only another form of Khita, equivalent to Kissii or Cissii,
and to Quichua. It is to be observed that the explored
monuments of Cambodia are not ancient like those of Baby
lonia, but rather modern and synchronous with those of
Peru and Mexico, but it is probable earlier remains will be
found.
Cambodia has been studied by M. Mouhot, by M. Garnier
in his large and valuable work, and lately by Mr Kennedy
in his paper read before the Indian Section of the Society of
Arts (Journal, 1873-74), when I presided, and had the oppor
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
29
tunity of giving some early explanations of the linguistic
relations as recorded in the journal of the Society.
The ancient kingdom of Camboja, in India, which gave
name to the Gulf of Camboja, or Cambay, has engaged the
attention of Indian archaeologists, but not to the degree its
importance merits. In the later history of this kingdom it
was still considerable, but it was the representative of an
ancient and perhaps the earliest civilisation of India, belong
ing to that epoch, which was universal, of which General
Cunningham has found the examples.
The river names of India are repeated in New Granada,
on the one hand, and in Etruria and Italy on the other. In
conformity, as I stated in a note sent to the International
Congress of Orientalists in 1874 (N. Triibner), the town
names obey the same law. It was from India, and not from
Babylonia, that we may, as said, assume that the stream of
civilisation passed towards the Pacific, and in India will yet
be found the origin and remains of early letters, the influence
of which to this day will still be recognised. The two names
of the hundred-streamed feeder of the Indus, /z^sudrus (100,
Georgian), and ZWudrus (100, Sanscrit), are worthy of note ;
as also athasi (1000, Georgian), and athasi (88, Hindustani).
The affinities of grammar between the new world and the
old, though dealt with by various writers, as in the “ Mithri
dates,” were only scientifically treated by a few, as by Hum
boldt, the Rev. Richard Garnett, and Dr Daniel Wilson
(“Prehistoric Man,” p. 594). Characters common to the
Polynesian had been recognised, but Mr Garnett pointed out
that besides these, others were to be found common to the
languages of the Dekkan in India.
On the other hand, Dr Oscar Peschel, in his “Volkerkunde,”
1874, p. 472, still maintains that the culture of Peru and
Mexico was indigenous.
Mr Tylor also (“Early History of Mankind,” p. 209) says:
“No certain proof of connection or intercourse between Mexico
and Peru seems as yet to have been made out.” This ex
presses the state of prevalent opinion, and although the
�30
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
materials for linguistic investigation are abundantly displayed
in Dr Latham’s valuable “ Elements of Comparative Philo
logy/’ such opinion has been little contested. In fact, although
the languages are allied, yet that alliance has to be demon
strated from the outside, and until the disinterment and de
cipherment of the Sumerian or Akkad inscriptions, it was
almost impossible to be proved.
The Aymara and Quichua languages of Peru, the Aztek of
Mexico, and the Maya of Yucatan, are all allied with the
Indo-Chinese, and thereby with the Akkad as Sumerian.
Even to the negative series and numerals the points of resem
blance are remarkable. Some of these resemblances between
Akkad and Quichua had, on the perusal of M. Lenormant’s
works, struck Senor de la Rosa, a distinguished Peruvian
scholar, and, on the reading of my paper at the Anthropolo
gical Institute, he referred to several examples lying on the
surface. He also referred to resemblances between Quichua
and Semitic and Aryan. These I treated as resulting from
the influence of Sumerian and the older languages on Semitic
and Sanskrit.
The Rev. Professor Campbell of Montreal has furnished me
with a large number of analogies between the Peruvian words
cited by me and Celtic. In Peru and Bolivia the chief
languages now are the Quichua, or Inca, and the Aymara.
Of the Aymara, a copious and valuable memoir was on the
21st June 1870, communicated to the Ethnological Society
(parent of the Anthropological Institute) by the late David
Forbes, F.R.S., and this constitutes a text-book. The language
of the Aymaras is spoken in southern Peru and northern
Bolivia. They were conquered by the Incas. The Quichua
is spoken in northern Peru and southern Bolivia. The
Aymaras claim to have been a great people before the Inca
conquest (1100), perhaps beyond any South American people.
Ruins of grand palaces and temples are found at Tiahuanaca, on the south of Lake Titicaca (Forbes), the capital of
the Aymara land. The conquest of it was completed- in
1289, but was followed by serious revolts. Forbes says, too
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
31
(p. 4), that, according to Indian traditions from Aymara as
well as Quichua sources, the Aymaras, even before the time
of the first Inca, Manco-Capac (1021-1062), possessed a de
gree of civilisation higher than that of the Incas themselves.
Consul Hutchinson maintained before the Anthropological
Institute a like doctrine as to the Chimoos.
The Aymara area has been supposed to be limited to that
now occupied by them, but it is to be observed that the
names found in the neighbourhood of Lake Titicaca are much
better developed in New Granada. It is therefore evident
that the Aymara, or perhaps pre-Aymara, occupation must
have extended so far north. Mr Clements Markham con
siders that the Inca empire never reached so far northward,
and Mr Forbes was not aware of such an extension of the
Aymara as must now be allowed for. Aymara is possibly the
equivalent of Kerner or Khmer, the name of the Cambodians,
and of the Sumer, the name of the people connected with
Accad. Quichua, in Peru, and Quiche, in Mexico, may re
present the Kissii or Cissii, or Khita ; and these again may be
connected with Cush or Akush. Of the Quichua or Inca lan
guage and people it is not necessary to say so much, as they
are more familiarly known, and have been and will be inci
dentally referred to.
To the Quichua language Mr Clements Markham has de
voted himself, and produced a grammar and dictionary which
have been of very great service in these investigations. I
have also employed the “ Arte of Torres Rubio,” on which his
grammar is founded. This work of Mr Markham’s is likely
to be of more importance even than he anticipated, now that
Quichua and Aymara must be studied for the comparative
grammar of Akkad. Senor de la Rosa and Senor Pacheco
are engaged on new Quichua grammars.
The Aztek culture of Mexico, as Humboldt-well saw, was
derived from the old wrorld, as was its language, which is to
be classed with Sumerian, but intermediate between Aymara
and Otomi.
The Otomi, Cora, and Tarahumara, with perhaps the Huas-
�32
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
teca, constitute a class under Sumerian influence, but allied
with the Adighe or Circassian, which likewise exhibits Sume
rian influence, and has a remarkable but distant resemblance
with Etruscan.
In the Caucasian languages, I had long since traced what
are called North American characteristics, and others I found
in the Georgian, but the cause was unknown to me till of late.
A considerable influence must have been exerted by the Agaw
and Otomi migrations on the Indian languages of North
America.
The presence of the Circassian-Otomi has to be accounted
for. The higher Sumerians are marked as a city-building
people, but the Circassian in the Caucasus is what the Otomi
is in Mexico. The Otomis must have preceded the Sumerians
in South America, or been driven forward by them as the
Agaw-Guarani were into Brazil. The Otomis may have had
connections or dealings with the monument-building races of
North America. At a later date, on the Sumerian kingdoms
in Mexico becoming weaker, they returned and invaded
Mexico.
Dr Latham (“ Opuscula Essays,” i860, p. 395) gives “the
result of a very hurried collation,” for the Otomi, “ said to be
with languages akin to the Chinese en masse” (p. 397), and
for the Maya (p. 398). The latter list is chiefly of Aztek
words. He makes no remarks, but the tables show many
affinities with Tonkin and Cochin-Chinese. Had Dr Latham
followed this up, he might probably have obtained the clue to
the relation of the Mexican languages, though he might have
been baffled, as some of the affinities can only be illustrated
by bringing together the Quichua and Aymara as members
of the group, and the Akkad then undeciphered. It is, in
fact, now a part of the evidence that Humboldt, Garnett,
Latham, etc., are found to have contributed material for the
true solution.
The history of Mexico is supplied from accessible sources.
Its best known language is the Aztek. On the preceding
Toltek, I can throw no light. The monuments and culture
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE; ETC.
33
of Mexico may, after the reference already made to them, be
passed over. Sufficient to say, that the monuments are of
great dimensions and highly decorated. Yucatan possesses
similar remains, described by J. L. Stephens. The Maya, a
language formerly cultivated, comes distinctly within the
Sumerian class.
In “ Incidents of Travel, by J. L. Stephens, in Central
America, Chiapas, and Yucatan,” vol. ii., are hieroglyphics,
which are arranged in rows, and appear to present some of
the principles of the cuneiform or hieratic, as III U HI HU □ II.
The same is to be observed at Palenque (ii. 342, 424).
These latter present even more resemblance to the Hamath
inscriptions, as ® ©, also the extended arm (see also Hissarlik
and Easter Island) is worth further examination.
The square hieroglyphics, or rather squares of hieroglyphics,
found in Central America, are most probably only a modifica
tion of the row or column of hieroglyphics in the Yucatan
and- Hamath, and which has a representative in hieratic
cuneiform. The carvings on the rocks at the Yonan Pass, in
Peru, engraved by Consul T. J. Hutchinson (“ Peru,” ii. 174,
176), are deserving of study. Some of the characters are
idiographs, but some likewise present a resemblance to
Hamath and other characters ; and Easter Island inscrip
tions, on which Mr Park Harrison has laboured, deserve
attention. In Polynesia the remains of massive stone build
ings have been found in Tongatabu, Easter Island, Rota,
Tinian, Valan, and elsewhere (Wilson’s “ Prehistoric Man,”
p. 109). To these may be added Java, Pegu, Cambodia,
Peru, Mexico, and Yucatan.
Among the facts adduced by Mr Park Harrison for the
migration from east to west, through Australasia, he refers to
colossal heads in the east, and in Easter Island. Colossal
heads will be found in Stephens’ “ Central America, Chiapas,
and Yucatan,” vol i., pp. 139, 143, 150, 152, 153, and 328.
They have been identified in Babylonia, Cambodia, Easter
Island, and Peru.
M. Perrot, under the name of Lydo-Phrygian, and myself,
c
�34
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
under the name of Lydo-Assyrian, and which I would now
call Lydo-Sumerian, have pointed out the westerly extension
of the monuments in Asia Minor, including the Niobe, near
Magnesia ad Mseandrum, and the Pseudo - Sesostris, near
Nymphae, in the Smyrna district. To this may be added the
colossal head from the outskirts of Smyrna, found by Mr F.
Spiegelthal in 1865, and identified by me, and brought to the
British Museum by Mr G. Dennis. The name of LydoAkkadian is perhaps still better for these monuments.
The use of enormous blocks of admirably squared stone,
without cement, is a feature common to both continents, and
deserving of investigation, as well as the mode in which such
blocks were quarried and transported. In South America
there were no beasts of burthen available. The employment
of bricks and cement, and generally the adoption of the build
ing arts, are also worthy of careful examination.
Stephens, in his “Yucatan,” vol. i., p. 134, gives a very
remarkable engraving of a capital of a column at Uxmal, of
old world character. At Uxmal there are buildings con
structed on terraces and mounds, as there were at Babylon
(i. 135)- This is worth observing for further comment.
Burial towers are to be recognised in Syria, Persia, India,
Siam, and Peru. The knowledge of bronze, goldsmiths’ work,
silver work, and other metallurgy, has not passed unobserved
by writers. Gold dentistry has been recognised in Peru and
Egypt (Tylor, “Early History of Mankind,” p. 175).
The employment of bronze in America presents no difficulty
under the acceptation of a Sumerian settlement. If the Agaws
did not become acquainted with the large tin supplies of
Malacca, the East Sumerians did, as they were acquainted also
with the working of gold and silver; hence they readily in
troduced these arts into America, or rather improved them,
because the mound builders were acquainted with copper and
bronze working. Although the Sumerians, as the topographical
nomenclature shows, were acquainted with tin in Britain before
the Phoenicians, it is probable Malacca, and not Britain, was
the great seat of the early supply of tin.
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
35
Consul Hutchinson (“Peru,” ii. 266) institutes a justifiable
comparison between the masonry and pottery of ancient Peru
observed by himself, and the prehistoric discoveries of Dr
Schliemann in the Troad. In fact, if my views are correct of
the Lydians, Phrygians, and Carians of Asia Minor, with the
Etruscans and Sumerians, then there would be a positive
identification of epoch and class between the Troad and
Peru.
In Peru, drinking cups and other articles were buried with
the dead, as in Etruria, Greece, etc. The Peruvian cups were
supposed to be used for drinking at the funerals (Forbes, 49).
The woven fabrics are also to be noted in connection with
Peru and the country of the Thinse or Cambodia.
The quipu or knotted cord, as a record, is found in Peru,
Mexico, Hawaii, Polynesia, the eastern archipelago, and
China (Prichard, iv. 466; Tylor, “Early History of Man
kind,” pp. 156, 160).
The scape llama referred to by David Forbes (p. 45), may
be compared with the scapegoat of the East.
Sacrifices of men to the gods were used by the earlier races,
as the Dahomans, but it is to be noted that they were a prac
tice also of the worship of Baal, and in Peru and in Mexico
(Wilson, “Prehistoric Man,” pp. 81, 91, 290), as well as in the
East.
Von Humboldt long since noticed the connection of the
Mexican calendar with the Asiatic, and deduced therefrom
the Asiatic origin of the civilisation (see also E. B. Tylor,
“Anahuac,” 241). The Yucatan calendar is allied to the
Mexican. The subject of the calendars and inscriptions, to
gether with the Peruvian and Central American languages,
for a long time occupied the late Chevalier Bollaert, the
author of the “ Peruvian Antiquities,” and of many memoirs,
particularly on the Maya alphabet.
The half month in the early Maya or Yucatan calendar
consisted of thirteen days (Stephens’ “Yucatan,” i. 439).
The Siamese, likewise, use as an essential part of a date a
half month. This now consists of fourteen days.
�36
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
The dates in Siamese are arranged on a cross (+).
In Yucatan, part of the cycle was placed on a wheel divided
into four, practically, N., E., W., and S. The two systems show
a resemblance, and the cross may represent the spokes of a
wheel. The Yucatan calendar, which was the same as the
Mexican, has lucky and unlucky days, still a common system
in the East.
The calendar and the alphabet are closely connected to
gether by a symbology illustrated by Mr Narrien and Mr R.
G. Halliburton.
*
In the middle of November we have in a line :
i star, . .
.
. *
Sirius.
3 stars, inthe belt of
. * * * Orion.
q stars, . .
.
. * * % Bull.
7 stars, cross or Tau,
.
. Pleiades.
The Pleiades, or Seven Dancers, are to this day in many
countries, as of old, said to be the paradise of the souls of men.
This day of the conjunction of the Pleiades is, according to
seasons, the beginning of the sacred or of the agricultural year,
and the festival of the dead. This great and awful day has,
too, in many ages and in many lands, been celebrated by
human sacrifices.
Here is the natural basis of that symbology, which has
played such a part in all times, and which supplies at natural
intervals I, 3, 5, and 7.
It is also, to all appearance, a basis of natural worship, and
of syllabic or symbolic characters.
At the beginning of the alphabet we have the star (, or
)
*
its equivalent; at the end, the cross or Tau of the Pleiades
(P- V)The straight line ( —) of three stars in Orion, and the
angle (<) of the five in the Pleiades, have afforded models
for characters, as the Tau has done.
* See my “Prehistoric Comparative Philology and Mythology,” appendix; W.
F. Blake’s “Astronomical Myths,” p. Ill, and the work of Ernest de Bunsen,
now in the press.
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
37
As these furnished the straight and male elements, Sirius
itself being probably an emblem of the sun at night, so did
the moon afford the round and female elements for the com
binations of the syllabacy.
In the Hebrew square alphabet, which bears evidence of
preserving the prehistoric traditions, and which is probably
older than the Phoenician and not newer, we have Aleph, Yod,
Caph, Ayin, Pe, Tau ; Aleph and Tau being beginning and
end, and Yod and Caph being together in the middle of the
alphabet. These two distinctly represent prehistorically male
and female, and being described in Hebrew as the hand
and the hollow or palm of the hand, as before stated (p. 17).
The cross has been found by Dr Schliemann in the Troad.
The cross is derived from the Pleiades. The square cross is
common among the Aymaras (D. Forbes, 39), and was ob
served by Stephens in Central America.
The red hand seen in the monuments of Yucatan (Stephens),
Bollaert says he has seen as far as Arica in Peru (“Anthro
pology of the New World,” p. 114). It is common in Syria
and Morocco (Dr A. Leared’s “Travels in Morocco
Rehlf’s
“ Morocco ”).
The Honourable Mr Clay points out that the umbrella
was a mark of dignity among the Peruvians, as it was in
Babylonia, and is still in the Indo-Chinese countries.
Mr W. Chappell, P'.S.A., states that an ancient Peruvian
flute gives a scale, showing that the Peruvians used a scale
illustrative of that used by the ancient nations of the old
world, and giving evidence of a common origin.
The disposition of seven pyramids or mounds by four and
three in Egypt and America is probably due to the four outside
stars and three inside stars in Orion, but may refer to the
Pleiades.
The traces of use of Kawa in Brazil, Chili, and Polynesia
most likely belongs to the preceding migrations of the Agaw
or Guarani race.
It is with a view of strengthening the chain of evidence that
attention is now directed to the town names of Palestine.
�38
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
These, down to the end of Chronicles, are about four hundred
in number. It is possible that some Hebrew names may be
embraced in the list, but exact identification is not yet pos
sible, and a casual error is of no immediate importance.
The first step is to arrange these names, as far as may be,
according to their roots, and it will be seen that they thus fall
into a smaller number of classes than might be supposed, and
into distinct classes.
The classification by roots may appear fanciful to some,
the more particularly as the consonants are sometimes trans
posed. This is itself an important phenomenon of the pre
historic epoch, and which has been already referred to as used
for the purpose of differentiation. It is possibly in reference
to this that transposition is to be found in local names. The
last part of Dr Carl Abel’s great work, “ Keptische Studien,”
largely deals with transposition or metathesis of the roots ;
and the fourth part, the “ Comparative Philology of Hiero
glyphic and Coptic,” is greatly dependent on metathesis for
many of its results.
It has been already stated that the Rev. Professor John
Campbell of Montreal has for a long period assiduously
devoted himself to the study of the personal, tribal, and local
names of Scripture, with a view to determine the eponyms.
Besides his papers in the Canadian Journal, and the separate
publication of them, his researches will be now better known
by means of the paper contributed by him this year to the
Biblical Archaeological Society. In this he deals much with
names in the Babylonian district, and shows great pro
bability of their survival even to the present day. It is to
be observed that the possession of a tribal name, or of a lan
guage, is no positive evidence of descent. Celts speak Eng
lish. The Achaian Greeks apparently represented tribes of
older and other Agaw race ; and if Cymry be continuous with
Cimbri or Cimmerii, as Rawlinson and other scholars have
taught, it may also be continuous with older forms, like Khmer,
as proposed by Professor Campbell, but by no means of the
same descent. The Emperor of Germany was King of the
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
39
Romans, as Agamemnon was King of the Achivi, and Mal
colm of the Picts and Scots ; but this did not involve descent,
unless by an heiress.
For the purpose of comparison with the archaeological
regions referred to, the corresponding names are classified in
four groups:
ist. Asia Minor, including Armenia, and with Caucasia,
Crete, Cyprus, and the Asiatic islands.
2d. Greece, with the northern regions, including Thrace and
Illyria, and with the Greek islands.
3d. Italy, with Istria, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica.
4th. Spain, with the Balearic Isles.
The names here given do not constitute the full list, but
they are given copiously, because the cases of identity are
numerous and striking, and, if a few only were given, they
might be suspected to be merely casual coincidences or freaks
of language, such as may be picked out from the most dis
cordant languages. Here it is not so, and careful examina
tion will show that the results must be true, and what they
ought to be.
�40
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
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ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
57
The identification of these names does not depend on simple
general resemblance. They will be found to afford details of
relationship, which again become of great importance to pre
historic investigation.
The prefixes are—M, T (D), S, B (P), K, L, Y, O, etc, being
the ancient series and extending beyond the Semitic.
The words in the Hebrew transliteration are generally in a
crude form without a final vowel. They commonly consist of
three consonants, with or without a prefix. Many are dis
syllables, which in Greek and Latin transliterations are
trisyllables. This latter seems to be the Caucasian form for
town names, but in Asia Minor there are tetrasyllables. The
tetrasyllables in Italy are mostly caused by the addition of
a Latin termination.
The vowels conform to a great degree in the Hebrew and
the other transliterations, though not always in the same
order. Thus, to take a few cases from the earliest in the list:
Mozera,
Masora.
Shamir,
Zimara, Ismara.
Maarath,
Marathus, Maratha, Marathon.
Amad, .
Amathia, Amathus.
Temani,
Timena.
Dumoh,
Tumia, Dumo.
Rimmon,
Armone, Orminium.
Zalmoneh,
Salmone.
Rumah,
Roma.
Paruah,
Pharugai, Verrugo.
Boskath,
Phuska, Buxeta.
Chozeba,
Cassope.
Bashan,
Passandae, Pasinum.
Betonim,
Bitoana, Puthion.
Aphinit,
Apidna, Phintias, Pintia.
Abila, .
Piala.
Punon, .
Bononia, Panion.
Anaharoth,
Anaguros.
Charashim,
Carasena.
Haamonai,
Haimoniai.
Kinah,
Kinna, Kinniani, Kaekina.
�58
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Kanah,
Sharuen,
Zaananim,
Sansannah,
Idala, .
Dilean,
Adadah,
Hadattah,
Kana, Ganos, Cannae.
. Saruena.
. Saniana.
Saniseni.
. Idalaea.
. Delion.
. Adada.
. Adatthai.
Where vowels are interchanged in transliterations they are
commonly the middle vowels (I, E), and the female vowels
(O, U). The male vowels are usually represented by A.
The representation of the double vowels is another marked
point.
Baala,
. Piala, Pialia.
Taanach,
Thiana.
Gaash,
. Ceos.
Naarath,
. Nariandus.
Haamonai, .
Haimoniai.
Taanath,
Teanum.
Irpeel, .
. Harpleia.
Techoa,
. Tegea, Attegua.
Zoar,
Issoria.
Zanoah,
. Soana.
Goath, .
. Guthion.
Sharuen,
. Sarruena, Serrion.
Birei, .
Bireia, Barium, Pherse.
Dilean,
. Delion, Dolionis, Tullonium.
Ariath, .
. Reate.
Of the terminations, one of the first to be noticed is that
in H. This, as lengthening the syllable, is represented in
sixty-six cases by an additional vowel. A few examples are
given:
Mithcah,
. Medokia, Modikia.
Nimrah,
. Anemurium, Anemoria.
Mizpah,
. Messapia, Messapium, Mopsion.
Berachah,
. Ambrakia, Bergium.
Bozrah,
. Perusia, Bruzcia, Bursao.
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Shebah,
Balah, .
Shiloh,
Suzah, .
Doroa, .
Hachilah,
Canah,
Hadashah,
59
Siphseum, Zobia.
Piala, Velleia.
Saloe, Selia.
Suissa, Suessa, Suassa.
Thurium, Tiora.
Akilium, Aquileia.
. Chunise, Genua.
Dasea, Tisia.
.
.
.
.
.
It is possible that H represents the vowel in the ordinary
form, as in Greek and Latin it is I, the vowel now used in
Georgian.
H changes to N, as Ummah (Homana), Mozah (Amuzon),
Socoh (Succeianum), Dimonah (Timonion), Hormah (Her
mione, Hurmine), Gomorrah (Camarinum), Arumah (Ariminium), and about twenty cases.
H changes also to S, as Bozrah (Bruzus), Tirzah (Tarsus),
Rabbah (Rhupes), and in about twelve cases.
H as a final changes to K, but it is then a radical, as in Sirah
(Sirika).
As an intermediate letter and radical it also changes to K,
as Haresheth (Keressos, Kharissa), Sihor (Sakora), Anaharoth
(Anaguros), Hazar (Chasira), Bilhah (Balkeia), and in about
twenty-five cases.
H as a final is represented, as other finals are, by a plural.
This takes place in sixteen cases, as Hosah (Husiai), Zartanah
(Zortanae), Hadattah (Adatthai),Berachah (Pharugai), Hachilah
(Aigilae).
The termination th follows the same general laws as that
in H.
It represents a lengthening vowel but in a few cases, as
Moresheth (Merusium), Baalith (Paesula).
Th also changes to N, as in Timnath (Temenion), Mephaath
(Mevania), and in six cases.
Th changes to S more freely in about twenty-three cases, as
Chisloth (Acalissos), Mechirath (Macrasa), Boskath (Abaskus,
Phuskus).
Th preserves its form as a final and as a radical in many
�60
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
cases, as Amatha (Amathus), Kenath (Kunaitha), Maarath
(Maratha), but is represented also by D, DD, and T. It is
possible that the D in Greek transliteration was sometimes a
Dhelta (as in Romaic), and not a Delta.
Th as a final is represented also by a plural in twenty cases,
as Gibbeath (Kaphuai), Avith (Veii), Moseroth (Mazuri),
Gelloth (Khallidai).
N is a terminal. Its peculiarity is that in about twenty
examples it is represented also by N, as Shihon (Sicyon),
Sharon (Serrion), Kartan (Kroton), Kitron (Khutrion), Pelon
(Peleon, Belon). In most cases, however, it is represented
with a vowel added. Occasionally the N is mute, as in
Shimron (Simara), Punon (Pionia), Pirathon (Paratheis).
It is also represented by a plural form, as Dilean (Tellense),
Rakkon (Eregense).
It is to be noted that N is a terminal in other translitera
tions, as Galeed (Calydon), Helkath (Elkethion), Maroth
(Marathon).
M is a terminal.
M as a plural is not always represented as a plural in other
transliterations. The best examples are Akrabim (Akraiphai,
Kekropai), Betonim (Bithenae, Potniai), Zaanim (Azani),
Gebim (Gabiae), Bochim (Bagae).
The plural forms of the ancient town names of the several
regions is perhaps to be thus accounted for. A Caucasian
capital would consist of three parts, representing the middle,
male, and female. The middle town was the citadel, with
the residence of the king and soldiery, with the fire-temple
on the hill; the male town contained the residence of the
governor and the priests, of the artisans and tradesmen, with
the temples and groves of worship; and the female town
was the seaport or river suburb, with its population of persons
devoted to the water, fishermen, boatmen, sailors, aliens,
slaves, etc. In case of a summer town and a winter town,
the winter town would be the middle town on the hills, and
the summer town the town on the river and plain. To ex
press all the towns the plural of one form, the middle town,
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
61
for instance, might be used; and this practice begun in Caucasia,
would be adopted by Hebrews, Hellenes, Latins, Iberians.
Looking to the terminations in N, P or V, S, Th, it is most
likely they represent the two Caucasian plurals, and the
locative and dative cases.
Sh as a radical and terminal is represented by S and Z. It
is found as Z in Shebah (Zobia), Bashan (Bizana), Eshean
(Azenia), etc.
As Sh has no character in Hellenic and Latin, it appears
to have been specially represented in Greek and Latin by Ss,
or S with a vowel, in about twenty-five cases, as Kadesh
(Kudissos), Hadashah (Hudissa, Edessa), Bashan (Abassos),
Haresh (Keressos), Lachish (Leugasia), Gaash (Kissa), Mashal
(Massilia), Shaarim (Siarum), Ashen (Osiana). It is conceiv
able that Si would be convertible into Sh, but the Ss must
have had a like property in some Hellenic dialects.
Another noticeable transliteration is the representation of
Sh by Sk, Ks, of which we have about twenty examples,
such as Ashnah (Sakoena, Skhoineus, Aixone), Mareshah
(Morosgi), Shalom (Askolum), Ashan (Oxynia), Shebarim
(Skarpha).
Z is transliterated by Z in several examples, as Zela (Zela),
Azem (Zama), Gizon (Gazene).
In all the forms of transliteration the full vowel is occa
sionally transposed and made the initial letter, as in Eshtaol
(Astale), Ishtob (Astapa), Suzah (Assessos), Aznoth (Sunnada), Nimrah (Anemurium).
A peculiarity in Canaanite town names, that of alliteration,
is to be found in the other transliterations. Thus Madmenah
and Sansannah, neighbouring and assonant names, are paral
lelled by Methymna, Saniseni, Sanisera, Nazianzene, Susonnia.
So Hazazon, Hukkok, Gudgodah, Zaanim, Halhul, Elealah,
are parallelled by Assissium, Suessula, Sisaraka, Akkatuki,
Perperina, Pompelon, Alala. (See also the American names.)
It is worth while to regard some of the names, which are
common to Palestine and the other regions, and some of
Which are familiar enough.
�62
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
In Greece we see :
Athens.
Thebes.
Argos.
Mycenae.
Corinth.
Megara.
Sparta.
Lacedemon.
Messene.
Elis.
Pisa.
Sicyon.
Phocis.
Marathon.
Methone.
Mantineia.
Salamis.
Tegea.
Platea.
Pallene.
Cheronaea.
FEgina.
Chaicis.
Eleusis.
Messapia.
Pharsalus.
Leuctra.
Cyllene.
Dodona.
Calydon.
Nemea.
Tanagra.
Ambracia.
/Emathia.
Ithome.
Pharsalus.
Pydna.
Pelle.
Idomene.
Rhamnus.
Perga.
Cyparissa.
Abdera.
Hermione.
Tralles.
Ancyra.
Ikonium.
Priene.
Abydos.
Lebedus.
Colophon.
Amasia.
Temnos.
Methymna.
Rithymna.
Cnidos.
Cyzicus.
Gortyna.
Comana.
Idalaea.
Amida.
Chimaera.
Cebrene.
Patara.
Mygdala.
Azani.
Adana.
Amathus.
Tusculum.
Telamo.
Caere.
Aquileia.
Lavinium.
Genua.
Ariminium.
Bergomum.
Fidenae.
Nomentum.
Amiternum.
Stabiae.
Camerinum.
Croton.
Misenum.
Arretia.
Cannae.
Regillum.
Caudium.
Eugube.
Reate.
Clusium.
Marnia.
Puteoli.
In Asia we find :
Sardis.
Ephesus.
Smyrna.
Miletus.
Phocea.
Mytilene.
Rhodes.
Tarsos.
We recognise in Italy :
Rome.
Pisa.
Sena.
Parma.
Verona.
Syracusa.
Capua.
Mantua.
Mutina.
Bononia.
Massa.
Luna.
Gabii.
Veii.
Tarquinii.
Catan a.
Mazara.
Ancona.
Nuceria.
Cremona.
Assissium.
Patavium.
Cortona.
Sybaris.
�63
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
In Spain we may select:
Gades.
Mentesa.
Hispalis.
Barcine.
Hippo.
Carbula.
Bsetulo.
Salmantika.
Carthago.
Laminium.
Sarteia.
Astapa.
Tarraga.
Toletum.
Mago.
Myrtilis.
Castulo.
Basilippo.
Gerunda.
Nardinium.
Equabona.
Telobis.
Egelasta.
Ossonoba.
Collippo.
Talamina.
Turbula.
Roboretum.
Scalabis.
Vergilium.
Subur.
Araceli.
Olcades.
Gebala.
Salacia.
Spartavia.
Onoba.
Bedunia.
Thus the most ancient seats of civilisation, and many great
cities of this day, are included in our list.
If the Canaanite serves as a test for the other regions, and
enables us to ascertain what are radicals and what terminals,
and to decide in the essential characteristics, it follows in the
concrete that the other transliterations give the like aid for
Canaanite. Thus the names of Etruria, Armenia, or Hellas
become criteria for Palestine, to decide what is Caucasian and
Canaanite, and what is Hebrew.
If the names of Etruria or Attica are taken, the Canaanite
canon will assist in their decipherment, as they in return throw
light on the names of Canaan.
The proofs above given are purely philological, but they point
to material results. If, for instance, there was at one time a
population in Canaan, a population in Kholkis, one in Lydia,
another in Bceotia, one in Etruria, and a population in Lusi
tania, using the same language in the same way for naming
their towns, then there must in all these regions have been
populations using not only the same language, but the same
mythology and the same arts. Their rude stone monuments,
their castles, their citadels, their town-walls, gates, foundations,
sewers, tombs, arms, utensils, would present points of resem
blance and comparisons as assured as those to be found in
the community of words.
Thus the exploration of Palestine under the auspices of the
Palestine Exploration Fund, if pushed far enough, and deep
�64
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
enough, and if adequately supported by contributions, must
throw the greatest light on the archaeology of Asia and Europe.
The Bible tells us that the Israelites invaded a settled popula
tion holding walled cities, and, as it is here proved, those cities
were built by the same ruling race as that which raised the
walled cities of Caria, Attica, and Latium, so will the explora
tion of Palestine be effectually a classic exploration, as well
as sacred, and as much as if conducted in situ in Caria,
Arcadia, Apulia, or Hispania Tarraconensis.
In the case of Hellenic exploration, we are confused as to
what is Cyclopean, Pelasgian, or Hellenic; in Etruria, we hardly
know what is indigenous and what is posterior; in megalithic
monuments we look for the Druidic, but in Palestine we are
free from these sources of confusion. There we shall not be
disturbed by Leleges, Pelasgi, Hellenes, Sabini, Iberi, Celtiberi, or Druids. We have one danger, that of distinguishing
between what is Phoenician of the Caucasian period, and what
is Phoenician of the Semitic period ; but altogether we have
less confusing elements.
With regard to Spain, it is already evident that the conclu
sions of Wm. Von Humboldt with regard to the Iberians
must be materially modified. The important discovery of
that philosopher of the relation between ancient local names
in Spain and modern Basque gave us a Turanian population
as an element in ancient Europe, but the value of that element
was exaggerated by himself and by others, and, among these,
by myself in my paper on the Iberians in Asia Minor. It
appeared to follow from Von Humboldt’s discovery that all
which was not apparently Celtic or presumedly Phoenician or
Carthaginian in Spain must be Iberian. One serious conse
quence of this assumption was that names in Italy, Hellas,
etc., resembling those in Spain, were held to be Iberian and
evidence of an Iberian population in those countries. It also
followed that the ancient civilisation was considered to be
Iberian. From the Canaanite test it appears that terms in
Spain having Basque affinities are not Iberian in this sense,
and many others supposed to be Iberian are not so.
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
65
Astura, a name found in Spain and Italy, is one of the
strong points of the system of Von Humboldt (see his “ Re
searches on the Primitive Inhabitants of Spain ”), and yet his
derivation of Astura from asta, rock, and ura, water, as signi
fying “ Rockwater,” is most suspicious. Astura is, however,
by all linguistic evidence, the analogue of Ashteroth and
Beeshterah in Palestine, and consequently not only of Astura in
Latium, of Astura in Mysia, but of a dozen names of allied
form scattered over the ancient world. Astura, too, as a river
name, is not dependent on the Basque ura, water, but is
formed from a radical DRS, as the town names are. Asta,
another key of his system, is not formed from asta, a rock, but
is a recognisable Caucasian town name. It is Palestine which
affords the touchstone in these cases. We may pause as to
Astura and Asta in the European peninsulas, but we have no
Basque influence to disturb our opinions in Palestine. It
follows as a remote consequence, even with regard to the
population of Britain, that besides the Iberian element which
has been recognised in the Silures and in Western Ireland,
there must have been an anterior population of the same alli
ance as the Canaanite. At the same time there must have
been river, and possibly town, names Vasco-Kolarian and
Agaw.
It is thus the connection of archaeological science, as of
physical science, and of all science, extends to the remotest
consequences, and the displacement of one atom will imme
diately and ultimately affect others. Indeed, so far as con
cerns ourselves, it is within the limits of probability that the
present expeditions to Palestine and explorations in the Medi
terranean lands may throw a light on the megalithic monu
ments of Britain, and on the gold ornaments of Hibernia.
Earlier inscriptions, in characters as yet unrecognised, may
yet reward the explorer, and consolidate and harmonise the
relics of ancient history.
The Accad cities mentioned in the Bible, in Genesis x.
io, ii, 12, besides Babel, Accad, and Rehoboth, are:
E
�66
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
America.
Erech, .
Calneh,
Ninue or Nineveh,
Calah, .
Resen, .
compare
„
„
„
„
Arica, Peru.
Calanoche (Peru), Oculan.
Unanue, Peru.
Colacote, „
Charasani, „
Many cities in Palestine are closely represented in America.
A circumstance worthy of remark, and which may indicate
Sumerian influence in Brazil, if not that the Sumerians had
settlements there, is that the Guarani word for town is Taba,
that is Tabae, Thebes, etc., of geography, the Daba of the
present Georgians. If the Sumerians had at any time a
settlement on the great river-mouths, the passage of the
Atlantic would be credible, and the knowledge of the At
lantic Ocean by the geographers of Pergamos and Babylonia
accounted for.
Under this head of topographical nomenclature, as just
stated, a course of investigation is being pursued by the Rev.
Professor John Campbell, which can be consulted with great
advantage.
In the Canadian Journal, and under the titles of the
“ Horites,” and of “ The Shepherd Kings of Egypt,” Professor
Campbell has adopted as his basis the genealogies of the
Books of Genesis, Kings, and Chronicles. With the help of
the Egyptian and classic data, he has brought to bear a flood
of light upon the Sumerian epoch of civilisation with regard
to the genesis and migration of nations, and the mythology
of the period. All tends to illustrate the importance of the
protohistoric era.
Much of his work is necessarily tentative, and although
there are few illustrations with regard to America, these
memoirs can be profitably consulted by the investigator, in
common with those of Lenormant and the Egyptologists.
Of course in Bryant, and some of the old mythologists, many
of the collateral facts may be found, but treated in a manner
incompatible with our present knowledge.
As to the ancient extent of the Sumerian region in America,
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
67
it cannot yet be determined, for it must have been wider than
at the Spanish Conquest; but with regard to the names here
given for the new world and the old, it must be borne in
mind that some are Agaw, and extend into Brazil. The con
sideration of the Brazilian river names gives us a test in
relation to those of Europe, and they confirm the opinion I
have given of an Agaw influence in Canaan, in Asia, and in
Europe, anterior to the Sumerian, and which will have to be
taken into account by the craniologist. He has to provide
for the Vasco-Kolarian, the Agaw, and the Sumerian migra
tions.
The whole of the phenomena of man in America represent
an arrested development of civilisation, cut short as compared
with Europe and Asia, not by climate as in Africa, and yet
quite sufficient to include the two epochs of great stone monu
ments, and of palatial works with inscriptions—epochs which
embraced the first spiritualised religion, that of the worship
of light; a time of thousands of years so remote, that, in the
old world, it has now only its scanty votaries among the Parsees of Bombay; time, too, so remote, that the great religions
of the globe—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—had, with
Buddhism, got time to expand and to cover the eastern
hemisphere, while, until the Spanish Conquest, the Americans
had, in the flux of centuries, never heard their revelations.
Few things so strongly portray the deep, dark gulf of sepa
ration as this, when associations which had been commonly
shared from the beginning of mankind, were snapped in the
time of their deepest interest and moment, and it was hazard,
rather than the design of man, placed the Indians that
perished and the Indians who have survived under the teach
ing of the missionaries of Spain and Portugal, and which all
have not yet known.
The evidence of language comes in support of this arrest of
development, for there are no languages in America of the
later and higher forms. When the early Akkad stopped there,
all stopped. This it is which gives the false impression of
there being a peculiar and .special American grammar. This
�68
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
has been so specially studied and treated, whereas, the
languages in America, which cannot be rightly called Ameri
can languages, are under the same conditions of prehistoric
grammar as the eastern languages of the old world. The
grammar of Omagua may be as truly called Caucasian as
American, and, if we choose, that of Abkhas might be as
rightly named American as Caucasian.
As there was in the furthest or prehistoric days a stream of
emigration continuously from the old world to the new, the
question arises whether this set back again, and whether a
knowledge of the new world was carried to the old.
The first set of population appears to have been over Behr
ing s Straits, or across the narrow seas, and migrations which
could cover the eastern world, even with Akkas and Bushmen,
from Lapland to South Africa, would be able to fill America
from the snowy pole to Tierra del Fuego, as there is witness
enough to show, in blood, in speech, and in folk-lore.
It is very questionable whether at any time there was regu
lar intercourse over the Atlantic, for that would have needed
ships ; and a trade once set up, other animals besides dogs,
and other plants than those now found, would have followed
man.
In what we know of the historical period under the Greeks
and the Romans a lively knowledge of America was lost. The
Greeks could not reach it from the west, and the Romans,
when they settled on the shores of the Atlantic, had other
cares than to risk the wide, dark sea.
A dead knowledge lingered, not only of the geography of
the Americas, but of Australasia, which is of no less interest
with regard to the latter region, because that exhibits, philologically, evidence of early migrations of the Mincopie or
Pygmean in Borneo, of the Sandeh or Niam-Niam of the Nile
in Tasmania, and of the Agaw in Galela, and in the other
languages recorded by Wallace.
There was indeed a system of geography long prevalent
among the ancients, and in the dark ages, which is referred to
in the Timwus of Plato, and was notably maintained by
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
69
Crates of Pergamos, 160 B.C. (Reinaud, Joicrnal Asiatique,
vol. i., new series, 1863, p. 140), and also referred to by Virgil
in the AEneid. Four inhabited worlds were treated of, and
there appears to have been, in traditions, an imperial title of
Monarch of the Four Worlds. This I connect with the state
ment of Mr George Smith, that Agu, an ancient King of
Babylonia, called himself King of the Four Races. Again,
with Prescott, who, in the “ Conquest of Peru,” book i., ch. ii.,
says : “ It is certain that the natives had no other epithet by
which to designate the large collection of tribes and nations
who were assembled under the empire of the Incas than that
of Tavintinsuzu, or Four Quarters of the World.” He quotes
Ondegarde, “ Rel. Prim. MSS.,” and Garcilasse, “ Comentarie
Real,” ii. 11. This title was perhaps a prerogative of the
middle king, or monarch of the middle kingdom of the great
civilised empire of the world. The Chinese preserve the tra
dition of the middle kingdom, the trinary having followed the
quaternary system. Thus in Genesis there are three sons of
Noah. The Vedas refer to three worlds.
The nomenclature of Ptolemy and the other geographers is
of the Akkad epoch, and that of the early Biblical books
Akkad or Babylonian.
The school of Pergamos taught that the world, which must
have been treated as a sphere, contained four worlds. Ours
was one of these ; and as is true in Asia that it does not cross
the line, so it was supposed that Africa does not cross the
line, and the Babylonian geographers were well acquainted
with Southern Asia but not with Southern Africa. This
northern world was balanced by an austral world, and this
is so, depicting thereby the Australasian Islands, the scene of
Sumerian migrations, and Australia, which was known to
them. Australia was, by the Sumerians, as by far later geo
graphers, supposed to extend from opposite Asia, as a terra
incognita of the maps, to opposite Africa.
A not less remarkable affirmation was, that the northern
world and that of Australia were balanced on the other side
of the globe also by a northern world and continent, and
�70
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
by a southern world, and this is so in North and South
America.
It was said, being nigh the truth, that these four worlds
were cut off by belts of ocean, one running from north to
south, and by another running round the middle of the world
from east to west. Such ocean we know shuts off Asia from
Australia ; and those ancients might be forgiven who drew a
sea over the narrow necks between North and South America,
which must then as now have been passed by canoes at por
tages on the Atrato and on other rivers.
These four worlds were alleged to have their men, as we
know they had and have ; but to account, amid so much truth,
for intercourse not taking place between them in their days, a
fable was got up that the seas were made impassable. The
philosophers, however, forgot to tell us how the knowledge of
these other worlds and the men in them was gained. Gained
too, it was, and lost by the cessation of intercourse, after the
Sumerians, with the Americas. This was perhaps owing to
the rise of a great power in China, which disturbed the road
from India, and the seats of kingdom in Southern Asia.
How that dream of a true globe and its continents and
people reached the Greeks and Romans, and how it suggested
to the flatterers of Augustus a title of monarch of those four
worlds, is here accounted for. It must be traced beyond Pergamos to those older schools of learning, known to us under
such a name as Chaldean, but which had flourished in protohistoric epochs from the dawn of civilisation.
There must at one time have been in the olden world men
who could bring back this knowledge of the Americas from
their Nineveh to its Nineveh and Babel, where the empire of
the four worlds got centred, and where one language was
spoken and written for the government of the earth. How
truly was it then said of Babel, “And the whole earth was of
one language and one speech” (Gen. xi. i).
The fall of that power was indeed confusion of nations and
of tongues. After a time the tradition alone of these other
worlds lingered as a theory of cosmography.
�71
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Attached to an ancient map of the world accompanying
the Commentary of Bicetus on the Apocalypse, and which
may date from the eighth century or an earlier period, is a
note. This note, inserted in the south of the map, observes
that, independently of the three points of the known world,
there is beyond the ocean a fourth part, which is unknown to
us, on account of the heat of the sun, and on the confines of
which, it is fabled, adds the author, that there are antipodes.
*
The tradition lingered, to be condemned by the Christian
Church as a thing that men of learning ought not to learn,
but reproduced in our own language by Sir John Mandeville.
He insisted that the world was a globe and could be circum
navigated, and he tells a tale of a man from Norway, who had
gone so long by land and sea that he had environed all the
earth, that he was come about to his own marches.
The intercourse in times of yore between the new world
and the old, now again brought to light, rests upon no slight
evidence, although the whole of it cannot be included here.
It comes in confirmation of the labours of those who have
gone before me, and of my own, carried on step by step for
some time.f
APPENDIX I.
The river names, as already stated, are most probably not Sumerian,
but possibly Agaw or Vasco-Kolarian. It is, however, useful to
examine them, as showing the identity of precedent migrations and
languages in the two hemispheres.
The following shows the river names of New Granada in com
parison with India and Italy (Etruria):
New Granada.
Cane, .
Guayabera,
Guape, .
.
.
.
India, etc.
. Cainas, .....
. Chaberis,
....
. Kophos,.
.
.
.
.
Italy, etc.
.......
.......
.......
,
* Article of my friend Mons. E. Cortambert, quoted in Nature, Jan. ii 1877,
P- 235+ See various papers of mine in the Journals of the Ethnological Society, of
the Anthropological Institute, of the Palestine Exploration Fund, etc.
�72
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
New Granada.
Cusiana, .
Catarumbo,
Cibao,
Garigoa, .
Cauca, .
Ite,
Humedea,
Lengupa,
Ariguani,
Meta,
Margua, .
Nachi, .
Nare,
Napipi, ,
Neusa,
India, etc.
Acesines,
Catabeda,
Gabellas.
Gouraios,
Cacathis,
Caicus, A. Minor.
Utis.
Namadas,
[Rhogomanus, Persia],
Andomatis,
[Margus, Margiana],
Upia,
Paute,
Spauto (lake),.
Togui, .
Tamar, .
Tachira, .
Tiguanaqui,
Tumila, .
Onzaga, .
Zulia,
Suta,
Sarare, .
Suarez, .
Italy, etc.
Casuentus.
Tokosanna,
Tamarus,
[Tamyrus, Syria], .
.
Longinus.
Rigonum.
Medoakus.
Nikia, Nato.
Nar, Nure.
Anapus.
[Enipeus, Macedonia].
Anassos.
[Nessos, Macedonia].
[Abus, Britain].
Padus.
[Boetis, Spain].
Togisonus.
Tamarus.
[Tamaros, Britain].
Ticarios.
Digentia.
Temala, .
Sekies.
Silis, Silarus.
Sadus, .
Serus,
Sarabis, .
Sisigua, .
Semindoco,
Sumapia,
Sichiaca,
Sube,
Suasius, .
Tokosanna,
Sinu,
Sonus,
Sittokakis,
Sobanus,
Sapara, .
Sarius.
Siris.
ZEsurus.
Sossius.
Sumathus, Sicily.
Sekies.
Sabis.
[Asopus, Greece].
Sinnus.
Asinarus, Sicily.
[Sonus, Hibernia].
Other river names are :
America.
India and East.
Caca, Bolivia,
Cachy, Peru, .
Cacathis, I.,
Chira, Peru, .
Curaray, Peru,
Aguan, C. America,
Ulua, C. America,.
Guapai, Bolivia,
Montagua, C. America,
West.
Kainas, I., .
Mira, Ecuador,
Marona, Ecuador, .
Kophos, I., .
Caicus, A. Minor.
Caicinus, Italy.
Csecina, Italy.
Akiris, Italy.
Ollius, Italy.
Gabellus, Italy.
Mitua, Macedonia.
Modoacus, Italy.
Merula, Italy.
Himera, Sicily.
�ON THE EPOCH OP' HITTITE, ETC.
America.
Nasas, Mexico,
Nape, Ecuador,
West.
India and East.
Mayo (river name), Peru,
Mexico,
.
.
.
Mantaro, Peru,
.
.
Mapiri, Bolivia, .
.
Lempa, C. America,
.
Lacantum, C. America, .
.
.
.
.
Mais, I.,
.
Manda, I., .
Mophis, I., .
Lombare, I.,
.......
.
.
.
.
.......
.......
Pita, Ecuador,
.
. Catabeda, I., extra,
Piti, Mexico, .
.
.
......
Putu (mayo), Ecuador, . Spauto (lake),
.
Panuco, Mexico,
.
.
.......
Babo, Ecuador,
.
.
.......
Babispe, Mexico, .
.
.......
Paso (mayo), Peru,
. Hyphasis, India, .
Phasis, Colchis, .
Yapura, Ecuador, .
.
.......
Rimae, Peru,.
.
.
.......
Arispe, Mexico,
.
. Zariaspis, Bactriano,
Sirama, C. America,
. Serus, India,
.
Ohosura, Mexico, .
.
.......
Samala, C. America,
. Sabalaessa, India,
Sintalapa, C. America, . Sandabalus, India,
Usumasinta, Mexico,
.
.......
Sumbay, Peru,
.
. Sambus, I., .
.
Zacatula, Mexico, .
.
.......
Tepitapa, C. America, .
Tabasquillo, Mexico,
.
Tambo, Peru,
.
.
Tula,. Mexico,
.
.
Dauli, Ecuador,
.
.
Tamoin, Mexico, .
.
Yavari, Peru,.
.
.
Tea, Peru,
.
.
.
Huasa, Peru, .
.
.
73
Attabas, I., .
.
Tava, I.,
.
.......
.......
.......
Temala, I., extra,
Chaberis, India, .
.......
.......
.
.......
. Munda,Spain.
.
......
. Lambrus, Italy.
Alukus, Italy.
Helicon, Italy.
Anassus, Italy.
Anapus, Sicily.
Enipeus, Macedonia.
. Padus, Italy.
Boetis, Spain.
. Pitanus, Corsica.
[Benacus (lake), Italy N.J.
Btebe (lake), Greece.
Fevos, Italy.
. Pcesus, A. Minor.
.
.......
Hipparis, Italy.
Rubiko, Italy.
.
.......
. Siris, Italy.
^Esurus, Italy.
.
.......
. Sontinus, Italy.
Ossa, Italy.
.
.......
Sekies, Italy.
Tolenus, Italy.
. Tobios, Britain.
. Tavis, Italy.
Timavus, Italy.
Tolenus, Italy.
Tilurus, Illyria.
. Tamion, Britain.
.
.......
Axios, Macedonia.
ZEsis, Italy.
With regard to lake names, they appear to be related to river
names:
America—Lakes.
Old World—(R.) River.
Parras, Mexico,...................................... Prasias, Thessaly; Prasiane, India W.
Patzcuaro, Mexico, .... Gouraios (R.), India.
Chapala, Mexico,
.... Copais, Bceotia.
Fuquene, Mexico,
.... Fucinus, Italy, Sabine.
Peten, Central America, .
.
. Pitanus (R.), Corsica.
Amatitan, Central America,
.
. Andomatis (R.), India.
Tamiagua, Mexico, .... Tamion (R.), Britain.
Titicaca, Pera,..................................... Caicus (R.), A. Minor; Cacathis (R.),
India.
Chinchaycocha, Peru,
.
.
. Cainas (R.), India.
The identifications of Fuquene and Peten are striking.
In the reduction of mountain names very little fortune has ever
�74
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
attended me. The cause appears to be that few are Sumerian, that
some are Agaw, and that some are most likely older.
Old World.
America.
Cotopaxi, Ecuador, .
Cotocha, ....
Sangay, Ecuador,
Tancitaro, Mexico,
Orizava, Mexico,
Apanecas, Central America,
Assuay, Ecuador,
Pulla, Ecuador,.
Ambato, Ecuador,
Atitlan, Central America, .
Alausi, Ecuador,
Pasto, Ecuador,
Perote, Mexico,
Merendon, Central America,
Cadlud, Ecuador,
Cottia, Alpes.
Pactyas.
Syngaras, Mesopotamia.
Cithaeron, Greece.
Oropeda, Spain.
Pangaeus, Macedonia.
Ossa, Greece.
Pelion, Greece.
Idubeda, Spain.
Bcetios, Drangiana.
CEta, Athos, Greece.
Ida, Asia Minor, etc.
Alesion, Greece; Olgassys, Asia Minor.
Phoestus, Greece.
Pierius, Greece.
Maro, Sicily.
Cadmus.
Some of these must be identical, but many are doubtful.
The town names are, however, those which are of most value for
our purposes, as many of these are evidently Sumerian ( marks
*
resemblance):
Peru.
Mexico and Central America.
*Arica,
*Recuay, .
Urcum, .
>>
>>
■
99
*
99
Arequipa,
99
99
*
99
*Arapa,
.
99
*
99
*
Yura,
Huaura, .
*Oruro, .
99
"
Astobamba,
*Huasta, .
>5
Ariare (R.), Central America,
Arispe (R.), Central America,
Iztapalapan, Mexico,
*
99
Yoro, Central America, .
*
99
*Trapuata, Mexico,
Rabin, Central America,
*
Ambato (M.),
*Acoramba,
Illampe (M.),
Cosapa, .
Casma,
Ambalema, New Granada,
*Cosuma, Yucatan,.-
Old World.
*Arakha, Susiana.
Arakhosia, Persia.
Arikaka, Arakhosia.
Araxa, Lycia.
*Erech, Accad (Bible).
*Rechah (Bible).
Aricada, Drangiana.
Aragorasa, Armenia.
Archabios, Colchis.
Arukanda, Lycia.
Argos, Greece.
*Arubath (Bible).
Arabissus, Cappadocia.
Arbaka, Arakhosia.
Ora, India E.
*Oruras, A. Minor.
Zariaspes (R.), Bactriana.
*Hasta, Liguria.
Asta, Liguria, and Lusitania.
Ashdod (Bible).
Astasanna, Aria.
Asthagura, India E.
Astakapra, India E.
*Corombo (R.), Carmania.
Cosamba, India S.
*Cosamba, India S.
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Peru.
Cuzmo, .
*Chosica,.
* Cuzco,
Quisco,
Congata, .
Canchari,.
Chancay, .
Conongo, .
Acafi,
Quinoa, .
*Cacary, .
Caquiaviria,
Chiclayo, .
*Chepen, .
>>
•
m
Mexico and Central America.
•
99
*
99
•
*
*Chipaya,.
•
99
Cochilha, New Granada,
*Copan, Central America,
*Coban, Guatemala,
Caparrapi, New Granada,
*Chipata, New Granada,.
*Kabah, Yucatan, .
Chepo, New Granada,
.
99
99
•
99
•
99
99
•
99
•
*Chapala, Mexico, .
*Chapul, Mexico, .
Acapulco, Mexico, .
A
* characha, Caria.
Gaggra, Paphlagonia.
Gagasmira, India E.
. Cocala, India S.1
. * abena, Media.
C
. * apena, Etruria.
C
*Cabbon, Palestine.
Cepiana, Lusitania.
. Caberasa, Media.
. Capution, Sicily.
*Gibbeath, Palestine.
. Cuba, India S.
. * apua, Italy.
C
*Gaba, Palestine.
Gabii, Italy.
. * apula, Venetia.
C
. Cubilia, Lycia.
Talcanta, .
Cundinamarca, New Granada, .
Quillo,
*Akil, Yucatan,
Chollolan, Mexico,.
>>
99
.
•
99
99
99
Chilca,
Quellca, .
Colca,
99
•
*Chumu, .
*Caime, .
*Cambe, .
Combapata,
Chicamo, .
*Camana,.
*Guamani,
*Chalco, Mexico,
Chalcicomula, Mexico,
*Colosa, New Granada,
Chalisco, Mexico, .
Comayagua, Honduras,
*Cuame, New Granada,
Chima, New Granada,
*Guaman, Mexico, .
Guaymas,
99
99
*Chimeroo,
*Catari, .
.
.
.
*Cucumba, New Granada,
99
99
.
.
*Chatura, New Granada,
C
* uzikos, A. Minor.
G
* auzaka, Paropamisada.
Choastra, Media.
Concana, Spain.
Iconium, A. Minor.
Xoana, India.
Gain, Palestine.
Aquinium, Italy.
.
•
•
99
.
.
Concanu, Yucatan, .
.
Conagua, New Granada,.
.
Conchagua, Central America, .
•
99
Old World.
*Cuisco, Mexico, .
Chuscal, New Granada, .
Cacahuamilpa, Mexico, .
Chiquisa, New Granada,.
75
*Cabale, Media.
Cabul, Palestine.
Conta, India E.
Aricanda, A. Minor.
A
* quileia, Italy.
Kaloe, Lydia.
Keilah, Palestine.
Agylla, Etruria.
Akela, Media.
*Chalcis, Boeotia.
Gilgal, Palestine.
*Colossai, Phrygia.
Akalissos, Pontus.
*Cume, Mysia.
*Cumae, Italy.
Choma, Pisidia.
*Cambe, Gedrosia.
*Cocambo, Gedrosia.
*Comania, Caria.
*Comana, Pontus, and Capp.
Cominium, Samnium.
Chemosh (Bible).
Gimza (Bible).
Camisa, Cappadocia.
*Kimara, India E.
*Cytorus, Armenia.
�76
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Peru.
Mexico and Central America.
*Catari, .
. * adereita, Mexico,
C
.
.
,,
.
. Catarumbo (R.), New Granada,
,,
.
.
.......
Quito,
.
. * uaita, New Granada, .
C
.
*Coati, .
. Oicata, New Granada, .
.
,,
.
.
.......
*Chatuna,.
.
.......
*Costaparaca, .
.......
Costabamba,
.
.......
Curaray, (R.), . * arere (R.), New Granada, .
C
*Ocaruro,.
.
.......
,,
.
. Charala, New Granada, .
.
*Charasani,
.
.......
Charcani,.
. Chiriguana, New Granada,
.
*Chuana, .
. Chanaco, Mexico, .
.
.
,,
.
. Canipauna, New Granada,
.
,,
.
. Cunacua, New Granada,.
.
,,
.
.
.......
*Caracona,
.
.......
,,
.
.......
Ocona, .
. Ocansip, Yucatan, .
.
.
*Ascona, .
.
.......
,,
.
.
.......
*Acora, .
.
.......
*Acari, .
.
.......
Acoramba,
.
.......
Corocuero,
.
.......
* Ancon, .
.
.......
Hancane,
.
......
*Colan, .
. Calan, Yucatan,
.
.
.
,,
.
.
.......
Calanacoche, .
.......
*Calasnique, .
.......
,,
. * culan, Mexico, .
O
.
.
,,
.
.......
Cailloma,.
. Caluma, Ecuador, .
.
.
Calupe, .
. Jalapa, Mexico and C. Amer.,
Challapa,
. Jutigalpac, America,
Ocharan, .
.
.......
,,
.
. * arupa, New Granada,
G
.
Caropango,
. * abna, Yucatan, .
L
'
.
Llapo,
.. * abhakhabpha, Yucatan,
L
.
,,
.
.
.......
Lambayeque, . Lampa, Salvador, .
.
.
Illampo (M.), . Liborina, New Granada,
.
,,
.
.......
Larecaja, .
.
.......
Mantaro, .
. Huamantla, Mexico,
.
.
*Manani, .
. Mani, Yucatan,
.
.
.
Mani,
.
.
.......
Mirinavis,
. Merindon, Honduras,
.
.
Marona, .
.
.......
Machurana,
. Macaranita, New Granada, .
,,
. Mogorontoque, New Granada,
,,
.
.......
*Macari, .
.
.......
,,
.
. Mozca, Mexico,
.
.
.
Old World.
‘"Coddura, India S.
Cottiara, India S.
Cotuora, Pontus.
Kattah, Palestine.
C
* uta, Colchis.
C
* audium, Sabine.
C
* atana, Sicily.
C
* otobara, India S.
C
* ottobara, Gedrosia.
C
* areura, Caria, and India.
.......
Curula, India S.
C
* aresena, Mysia.
Corcobana, Ceylon.
Kanah, Palestine.
Kana, Mysia.
Keene, Cappadocia.
C
* anagara, India S.
A
* ganagara, India extra.
Khoana, Parthia.
Aganagara, India extra.
O
* skana, Gedrosia.
A
* ssecona, Spain.
A
* carra, Susiana.
A
* chor, Palestine.
C
* ora, Lalutus.
Agiria, Spain.
* Ancona, Italy.
.......
Calneh, Accad (Bible).
G
* elan, Palestine.
Calindoca, India S.
Calinaxa, India S.
Okelum, Lusitania.
Akelanum, Sabine.
Gallim, Palestine.
Calpe (M).
Haran (Bible).
Acharna, Attica.
G
* ariphus, India.
L
* abbana, Mesopotamia.
L
* abaca, India S.
Alambatesa, Comaria.
Lampsacus, A. Minor.
Lombare, India.
Lariaga, India E.
Mendola, India S.
M
* animna, India E.
Amana, Media.
Morunda, Media.
.......
Magaris, India S.
Mogarus, Pontus.
Makrasa, Lycia.
M
* egara, Gr., Sicily.
Maxere, Hyrcania.
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Peru.
Mexico and Central America.
*Macari, .
.
,,
.
.
*Malla, .
.
,,
.
.
Amiloe, .
.
Mantaro, .
.
*Marcara,
.
*Marcomarcani,
,,
,,
,,
,,
*Masin, .
.
,,
.
.
*Mapiri (R.), .
*Napo, .
.
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
*Nasca, .
.
Nanasca, . .
,,
. .
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
*Unanue,
.
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
(Pucara, Castle),
*Pucara, .
.
*Pucala, .
.
,,
.
.
Azangari,
.
,,
.
.
Patapa, .
.
Patavilca,
.
Pataz,
.
.
*Paita, .
.
Ayapata, .
.
*Pita,
.
.
Putu,
.
.
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
*Putina, .
.
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
Piura,
.
.
Yapura, .
.
,,
.
.
*Pitura, .
.
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
,,
.
.
*Paria, .
.
,,
.
.
Mescala, Mexico, .
.
.
M
* ogote, New Granada,
.
.......
.......
.......
' .......
.......
Cundinamarca,
.
.
.
.......
M
* argua (R.), New Granada, .
M
* asaya, Yucatan,
.
.
.......
.......
.......
.......
N
* eyba, New Granada, .
.
.......
.......
.......
N
* unkini, Yucatan,
.
.
Nicaragua, C. America, .
.
.......
Nimaima, New Granada,
.
Nare,
,,
.
.......
.......
.......
Oiba, New Granada,
.
.
Upia,
,,
.'
.......
B
* ucaramanga, New Granada,
.......
.......
.......
.......
[Patawi, Siam],
.
.
.
.......
.......
Pauta, New Granada, .
.
P
* itu, Mexico,
.
.
.
Peto, Yucatan,
.
.
.
U
* bate, New Granada, .
.
.......
.......
P
* eten, Yucatan, .
.
.
Potonchan, Yucatan,
.
.
.......
Perote, Mexico,
.
.
.
.......
.......
P
* aturia, New Granada, .
.
Necopetara, Mexico,
.
.
.......
Z
* upetara, C. America, .
.
Sopetran, New Granada,
.
P
* ara,
,,
.
.
Paracheque,
,,
.
.
Old World.
.......
Maguda, Mesopotamia.
M
* ala, Pontus.
Millo, Palestine.
Amilos, Arcadia.
Manda, India.
M
* argara, India E.
M
* argana, Ceylon.
Maricada, Bactriana.
M
* argus (R.), Margiane.
M
* assah, Palestine.
A
* masia, Pontus.
M
* essana, Sicily.
Messene, Greece.
M
* apura (R.), India.
N
* ebo (Bible).
Nebah (Bible).
N
* epea, Phrygia.
N
* asica, India S.
N
* anaguna, India S.
Nuceria (?), Italy.
Anaguros, Greece.
Nommana, Carmania.
Nar, Italy.
Anara, India S.
N
* inue, Nineveh.
(Accad) Bible.
Ophia, Sabine.
Aphia, Phrygia.
[cara, castle, Akkad].
B
* egorra, Macedonia.
P
* ygela, Ionia.
Pegella, Lycaonia.
Agara, Susiana.
,,
India S.
Patavium, Bithynia.
,,
Italy.
.......
B
* ata, India S.
Beda, Mesopotamia.
P
* ida, Pontus.
E
* boda, Palestine.
Pitueia, Mysia.
Phauda, Pontus.
P
* itane, Mysia.
P
* adua, Palestine.
Bitoana, Caria.
Pieria, Greece.
,,
Syria.
Phiarasa, Pontus.
P
* atara, Lycia.
Badara, Carnithia.
Sobatra, Lycaonia.
O
* petura, India.
.......
P
* arium.
Pyrrha, Caria.
77
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
78
Ibarra, Ecuador,
*Parac,
Cotaparaco,
Pariache, .
Pariacote,
Paruchay,
Puno,
*Punyon,
Panos,
Pando,
*Papai, .
Babo,
*Pusi,
Puzuzi,
*Pasa (mayo)
Pisagua, .
(Pirca, Quichua
wall, enclo
sure), .
.
Birei, Palestine.
Podoperura, India extra.
Parras, Mexico,
*Barichara, New Granada
Parachoque,
,,
.
.
.
Parisara, India extra.
B
* arakura, India extra.
B
* erachah, Palestine.
Pharugia, Doris.
Verrugo, Latium.
Barkine, Spain.
*Punon, Palestine.
Panion, Thessaly.
*Paipa, New Granada,
.
99
99
*Pomalca,
*Paime, New Granada, .
Pichigua, .
Puquien, .
Pacas (mayo),
Palalayuca,
n
Bogota,
„
Pachuco, Mexico, .
99
*Pasco,
*Posco,
*Pisco,
Piscahacha,
Pacsi,
*Pista,
Arambolu,
Bolonchan, Yucatan,
Tobasco, Yucatan, .
*Piste, Yucatan,
*Arama, New Granada, .
99
?9
*Racanya,
Tacaraca,
99
*
99
*
99
*
99
•
99
*
99
*
99
’
99
*
Aposungo,
Sangay, .
*Charasani,
99
Old World.
Mexico and Central America.
Peru.
*Paria,
Parara,
Pararin, .
•
Antisana,»
*Ariguani, New Granada,
Raquira, New Granada, .
Sinu,
,,
Sanalarga, New Granada,
*Sinoloa, Mexico,
Sonora,
,,
Okosingo, Yucatan,
Texancingo, Mexico,
Pandassa, India extra.
*Papha, Pisidia.
*Paphos, Cyprus.
*Pisse (3).
*Paseah, Palestine.
*Ephesus, A. Minor.
*Phoizoi, Arcadia.
Pergamos.
Perga, Pamphylia.
Pyrgse, Etruria.
*Bamala, India S.
*Apamea, Parthia.
Phecis, Greece.
Phokaia, Lydia.
Pauka, Italy..
Palalke, Pontus.
Bolon, Spain.
Pelon, Palestine.
*Boskath, Palestine.
Bezek, Palestine.
*Phuska, Macedonia.
*Physkus, Caria.
Paxos (I.).
*Poestum, Italy.
*Aruma (Bible).
*Aroma, Caria.
Ariminium, Italy.
*Rakkon (Bible).
*Oricana, Media.
Arucanda, Lycia.
Aragorasa, Armenia.
Sena, Etruria, and Umbria.
Zaananim (Bible).
Sannala, India E.
Posinara, India E.
Asinarus, Sicily.
Sangada, India E.
Sangala, India E.
Alosanga, India extra.
Caresena, Mysia.
Astasanna, Aria.
�ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Peru.
Mexico and Central America.
*Sanagoran,
*Sonsonate, S. Salvador,
*Tzintzontzon, Mexico, .
99
99
99
*Sonson, New Granada, .
Site,
„
Suta,
,,
*Susa,
,,
99
99
99
99
99
Susagua, New Granada, .
99
99
99
*Susacon, New Granada,
99
Soroche, .
Surco,
99
•
99
•
Sorata,
99
99
•
*Sikuani,
99
Surata, New Granada,
*Sarare,
,,
*Sura,
,,
•
99
•
M
*
*Succha, .
Sachaca, .
Sacayacu,.
Sikasika, .
>>
•
Sachica, New Granada,
Soacha
,,
Sacota,
,,
Seganioso,
,,
Fusugasuga, ,,
Zaccacal, Yucatan,
Sogon,
Sechura, .
•
99
*
Sullillica,.
99
•
99
•
99
*Salli, Yucatan,
*Zelaya, Mexico,
Zulia, New Granada,
*SaIamo, Guatemala,
Salmaguela, New Granada,
•
Suyana, .
99
*Senote, Yucatan, .
•
•
99
99
•
99
•
99
Zerna, New Granada,
*Zema,
,,
Zimapan, Mexico, .
•
Sam an,
*Sumbay (R.),
*Supe,
Monsifu, .
99
Semindoco, New Granada,
*Samala, C. America,
*Saboya, New Granada,
*Sube, Suba, ,,
•
99
M
*
*Zepita, .
Zapatoca,
>>
>>
•
Yzabal, C. America,
*Zupetara, New Granada,
Sopetran,
,,
Old World.
*Suanagora, India extra.
"'Sansannah (Bible).
*Susonnia, Venetia.
*Nazianzene, Cappadocia.
*Saniseni, Paphlagonia.
Side, Pamphyl., Laconia.
Sidas, Greece.
*Suzah, Palestine.
Susa, Susiana.
Suissa, Cappadocia.
Suessa (R.), Italy.
Suassus, India.
*Susicana, India E.
Syracuse, Sicily.
Saraka, Media.
Sariga, Armenia.
Saruge, A. Minor.
Sarid, Palestine.
*Sararra, Mesopotamia.
*Saura, Susiana.
Saganus, Carmania.
*Saguana, Armenia.
*Sakoena, Belicia.
*Sikuon, Greece.
*Saca, Arcadia.
Adisaga, Media.
Sakasena, Cappadocia.
Zazaka, Media.
Secacah, Palestine.
Sikinos (I.).
Shicron (Bible).
*Sala, Armenia.
*Sela, Palestine.
*Solia, Spain.
*Salamis (?).
*Zalmoneh, Palestine.
Salmantike.
Aznoth, Palestine.
*Sunnada, Phrygia.
Sarnuka, Mesopotamia.
*Shema (Bible).
Ezem (Bible).
*Zama, Capp., and Mesopo.
Semina, Parthia.
*Simyla, India S.
*Sambus (R.), India.
Sabius, Cappadocia.
Zaba, India extra.
*Zobia, Pisidia.
Shebah (Bible).
Sapolus, India extra.
*Zephath, Palestine.
Sibecla, Lycia.
*Sabatra, Lycaonia.
79
�80
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Peru.
Mexico and Central America.
*Atacama,
Tucuma, .
*Tauca, .
Old World.
*Attacum, Spain.
Tocaima, New Granada,
*Togui,
*Tugea, Spain.
*Tukki, Spain.
Athacli (Bible).
*Techoa, Palestine.
Tegea, Greece.
*Thagora, India extra.
*Tagara, India S.
Taxila, India E.
Attagus, Boeotia.
Tarrago, Spain.
*Telem (Bible).
*Telamo.
*Telamina, Spain,
*Teleboas, A. Minor.
Tholobona, India S.
>>
99
99
99
99
Tacaraca,
Tuquilipon,
99
*Tekoh, Yucatan, .
Tacubaya, Mexico,.
*Tachira, New Granada,
Tacaloa,
,,
Tekit,
Tarapaca,
*Tolima, New Granada,
*Toloman, Guatemala,
Tuloom, Yucatan, .
99
99
*Thalambo,
Tulapan,
Tolla, Mexica,
Tolo, New Granada,
Tula, Mexico,
Tollan, Mexico,
Deien, New Granada,
99
Dauli,
99
99
99
99
.
Dolion, Bceotia.
Dolionis, Mysia.
Tullonium, Spain.
Dilean, Palestine.
Atarmes, Bactriana.
Tarbakana, Paropanisada.
*Taba, Phrygia, Caria.
Thebae, Boeotia, Thessaly.
Tebbath, Palestine.
Tepuah, Palestine.
Thebez, Palestine.
*Tabiene, A. Minor.
*Thebura, Assyria.
.
*Tobata, Paphlagonia.
99
99
Tar ma,
99
99
99
•
Tabatingo,
Tapacoche,
99
*Tipuani, .
99
99
•
99
•
99
9
99
•
Tuman,
.
99
*Tabi, Yucatan,
Teabo,
,,
.
Tabeo, New Granada,
Tabachula, Guatemala,
Tabasquillo, Mexico,
Tepan, Mexico,
*Tibaria, New Granada,
Tubar, Mexico,
*Tapata, New Granada,
Topia, Mexico,
Tobasco, Yucatan, .
Tamoin, Mexico,
.
.
.
•
Tumbo, .
Tambo, .
5>
•
99
•
99
*
99
•
99
•
99
99
*
99
*
99
*
99
•
99
•
*Tampico, Mexico,
Temisco,
•
*Tamasinchali, Mexico, .
*Tamalameque, New Granada,
Tumila,
,,
*Tamar,
,,
Tanquichi, Mexico,
Tenochtitlan, ,,
.
.
*Tena, New Granada,
Tizimin, Yucatan, .
Tizafpan], Mexico, .
Tausa, New Granada,
Tuzfpan],
.
.
.
.
Thapsacus, Syria.
Dimonah (Bible).
Temani (Bible).
Tumnos, Caria.
*Tamassis, India E.
*Temala, India extra.
*Tamarus, India.
Taanach (Bible).
*Toana, India extra.
Tisia, Italy.
Tisa, Carmania.
Tiausa, India.
Dosa, Assyria.
�81
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
APPENDIX II.
Table
of
Sumerian Words.
The following is a brief list of words divided into three-regions,
the American including two columns, and while in some cases a root
may be traced throughout, it will be seen that more commonly the
western and American roots or types cross in the Indo-Chinese
region. This table may be much extended.
Ak., Akkad.
Cam.,Cambodian.Aym., Aymara. Mex., Aztek.
Cir., Circassian. Mon, Peguan.
Qui., Quichua. Oth., Othomi.
Geo., Georgian. Bur., Burmese.
Tara., TarahumAnn., Annam.
ara.
Huas., Huasteca.
Poe., Poconchi.
Western.
Man, .
Woman,
etc. .
Head,
Hair,
Face,
Eye,
Ear,
Indo-Chinese.
Peruvian.
karu, Mon,
kkari, Aym, Q.,
lu, Bur.
[mairima, Bur.,
woman].
tie, Cir., .
.......
gun, un, Ak., . hplun, Mon,
runa, Qui.,
.
khon, Siam.,
.......
kon, Shan,
......
ku, Ak., .
paka, Mon,
chacha, Aym., .
nguoi, Ann.,
kosa, Qui.,
.
. karra, Ak.,
mulu, Ak.,
kmari, Geo.,
sak, Ak., .
. shooz, Cir.,
rak(a), Ak.,
mak, Ak.,
[su, man, Bur.], [kosa, Q., man],
.......
rakka, Qui.
.
meingma, Bur., marmi, Aym., .
mairima, Bur. ,
dam, Ak.,
phdey, Cam., .
.......
.......
. ku, Ak., .
kbal, Cam.,
ppekei, Aym. .
su, Ak., .
katau, Mon.
shha, Cir.,
ko, Karen,
.......
kamon, Ann., . uma, Qui.,
.
alu, Kumi,
.......
. . sik, Ak., .
sac, Cam.,
suncca, Aym., .
shhatsey, Cir., . swet, Ann.,
socco, Qui.,
.
asham, Kumi. .
. . ka, Ak., .
akanu, Aym., .
piri, Geo.,
ncca, Qui.
.
. . limta, Ak.,
ta, Ann., .
[mata, forehead,
twali, Geo.,
panek, Cam., .
....... [Q-J
nee, Cir., .
mitthah, Ann., . naira, Aym., .
si, Ak.,
nagui, Qui.,
.
. . pi, Ak., .
pik, Ahom.
tai, Ak., .
khato, Mon,
......
F
Mexican, etc.
[ucari, Cora],
tlacatl, uas.
uinic, Mex.
ninic, Maya.
[akun, Poc.; boy].
nxihi, Oth.
oquich, Mex.
nsu, Othomi.
soua, Mexico.
.......
muki, Tara.
[dame, Oth.]
[tomol, Huas.]
.......
ayxaca,Totonaca.
hool, Mex.
moola, Tara.
xta, si, Oth.
tzotz, Mex.
axaya, Mex.,
.... [Maya.
tahnaluich.
ghual, Maya.
nich, Mex.
pusiki, Tara.
gu, Othomi.
�82
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Western.
.
Indo-Chinese.
Peruvian.
Mexican, etc.
. quri, Geo.,
takumah, Cir., .
Mouth, . ka, gu, Ak.,
dzheh, shey, Cir.
Tooth,
dzeh, Cir.,
Forehead, tik, Ak., .
thkhemi, Geo.
Tongue, . eme, Ak.,
ena, Geo.,
nakhu, Karen, . rincri, Qui.,
nacaz, Mex.
tai, Ann.,.
hinchu, Aym., . nechkala, Tara.
amaka, Kami, . lakka, Aym., . kama, Huas.
kha, Mon,
simi, Qui.,
chi, Mex., Poc.
zhua, Mon,
kchaka, Aym., . tzi, Oth.
mati, Qui.
Heart,
zeit, Bur.,
lao, Ann.,
chai, Siam.
Ear,
Blood,
sa, Ak., .
libis, Ak.,
guli, Geo.,
ghey, Cir.
. us, Ak., .
sishkhli, Geo.,
Hand,
Foot, .
.
Horn,
Skin, .
.
Sun, .
Moon,
Star, .
.
Day, .
.
Fire, .
.
Water,
River,
,
soncco, Qui.
chuimo, Aym. .
qhane, Oth.
tenilla, Tara.
zimagat, Toto.
htseihn, Mon, .
swe, Bur.,
qui, Oth.
estli, Huas.
xihtz, Maya.
sugab, Ak.,
su, Karen,
maqui, Qui.,
cab, Mex.
kheli, Geo.,
ka, Kumi, Ahom tachlli, Aym., . cubac, Maya.
ta, oyg, Cir., . mo, Ann.,
maco, Totonaca.
arik(i), Ak.,
kaw, Karen,
kayu, Aym.,
gua, Oth.
pekhi, perhi, G., shon, Siam.,
chaqui, Qui., . acan, Maya.
tlake, Cir.,
akho, Kami,
tala. Tara.
shi, Ak., .
sung, Ann.,
huakra, Aym., Q.
.......
rka, Geo.,
khyo, Bur.
shu, Ak., .
sare, axa, Bur., ccara, Qui.
kani, Geo.,
lepitchi, Aym. .
shooway, Cir. .
zal(a), Ak.,
inti, Aym., Qui. , hindi, Oth.
[usil, Etrus.J, .
tonatuih, Mex.
mze, Geo.,
lupi, Aym.
pushur, par, Ak.
punchau, Qui. .
•.....
teigha, Cir.,
taika, Tara.
dgeh, Cir.,
quih, Poc.
aquicha, Huas.
lid, Ak., .
la, Bur., lah,Kar. ,quilla, Qui.,
citlali, Mex.
[lala, Etr.J,
hpyalit, Siam. .
es, Ak., .
paksi, Aym.,
maitsaka, Tara.
maathe, Cir.
ooshaghe, Cir., tsah, Karen,
sillo, Aym.,
tze, Oth.
citlali, Mex.
dghe, Geo.,
thngay, Cam., .
aquicha, Huas.
[ur, Ak., light], ngay, Ann.,
uru, Aym.,
quih, Poc.
tam, Ak.,
tangway, Mon, .
[tonatuih, Mex.,
ne, Ak., .
[ne,na,Bur..sun. ,nina, Qui., Aym.
....... [sun].
kum, Ak.,
kamo, Cam.,
naiki, Tara.
[nefney, Cir.,
light]. .
a, Ak.,
ya, Bur., .
yaku, Q., Aym. ahti, Cora.
o, Salt., .
a, Mex.; ye, Tar.
aan, Ak. [rain], nan, Siam.,
unu, Qui.,
ha, Maya.
aria, Ak.,
[re, Bur., water], hahuiri, Aym. .
mdinare, Geo.,. mrach, Bur.
ada, Ak., .
tak, Cam.,
atoya, Mex., Cor.
ra, Ak., flow. .
Sky, Hea
ven,
siku, sikaru, Ak., kor, Cam.,
kaan, Maya.
�83
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Western.
Indo-Chinese,
Sky,H’ven.an, Ak., .
tza, Geo.,
Mountain, kur, kar(a), Ak.,
Hill, . . taghez, Cir., .
mtha, Geo.,
.
Stone,
Rock,
Tree, .
Leaf, ,
. taq(a), Ak.,
. kwa, Geo.,
. gu, iz, Ak.,
khe, Geo.,
.
.
.
.
potholi, Geo., .
kani, Kumi,
taka, Mon,
khalon, Mon, .
tu, Mon, .
takun, Kami.
patouk, Shan. .
tamo, Cam.,
kamou, Mon,
kai, Ann.,
kanoung, Mon,
akun, Kami,
slak, Cam.,
thela, lah, Karen,
la, Ann. .
sre, Cam.
Peruvian.
Mexican, etc.
andvui, Mixteca.
taxah, Poc.
kkollo, Aym.
pata, Qui.,
tepe, Mex.
kak, Aym., Qui., te, Mex.
.......
tete, Cora.
khoka, Aym.
quenua, Aym.
kan, Maya.
llakka, Aym.
lappi, Aym.
Field, . . sa, Ak., .
.
Garden, . gan(a), Ak.,
cancha, Qui.,
zaca, Mex.
kana, Geo.
House,etc.,uru, Ak., .
reuan, Siam.
ziku, Ak.,
ngu, Oth.
duk(u), Ak.,
phoun, Cam.,
uta, ata, Aym., ata, Huas,
sakhli, Geo.,
ban, Siam,
puncu, Aym., Q., otoch, Maya.
Name,
mu, dara, Ak. 9 yamu, Mon,
suti, Aym., Qui., sana, Mixteca.
tsah, Cir.,
maing, Karen,
amin, Bur.
chu, Siam.
. lu, Ak., .
Sheep,
llama, Qui.
tzkwari, Geo., .
ccaura, Aym.
heene, Circ. Jamb,
una, Ay., (lamb),
Goat, . . gizdin, Ak.,
. mea, Cam.,
paca, Aym.
thkhavi, Geo., . khapa, Mon.
Bull,
khar, la, Ak., . karau, Mon.
Cow,
hari, Geo.,
. khaboi, Kami. .
dapara, Ak., . paren, Mon, bufpuri, Geo.
.
....... [falo.
Dog, .
liku, Ak.,
. kala, Mon,
anokara, Aym., cocochi, Tara.
dzaghli, Geo., . khwe, Bur.,
calatu, Qui.
khah, Cir.
lion, .
likmakh, Ak., . kala, Mon,
ocelo, Mex.
lomi, Geo.,
. kya, Bur.,
puma, Ak., Qui.
.......
j,dara, Ak.,
Wild sheep,
. afckhoei, Cam., taruca, Aym., Q.
.......
Bird, . . khu, Ak.,
.......
quauh, Mex.
khathami, Geo., khaton, Mon.
kattey, Cir.,
. kava.
Snake, . ti, sir, Ak.,
. tharun, n
marun, Mon,
katari, Aym.
Fish, . . kha, khan, Ak., . ka, nuu.,
z
l, Ann.
kanu, Aym., . cay, Poc.
bat(a), Ak.,
. para, Siam.
Good,. . khiga, Ak.,
. chia, Cam.,
asque, Aym.
kargi, Geo.,
. kha, Mon,
qualli, Mex.
gala, Tara,
gha, Karen,
khuta, Tara.
Bitter,
. hur(i), Ak.,
. khah, Karen, B., haru, Aym.
Sour, . . mekave, Geo. i . khom, Siam.
Black, . kug(i), Ak.,
. khuaun, Cam.,
akahha, Maya.
mi, Ak., .
mai, Bur.,
chamaka, Aym.
Red, . . gusci, Ak., '
gau, Karen,
pako, Aym., Q., cuz, Mqx. .
hpakit, Mon,
kokoz, Mex.
Great,
. enim, nun, Ak., thanot, Mon,
hatun, Qui.,
. noh, Maya.
�84
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Western.
Great,
Give, .
Run, .
. malch, Ak.,
anta, Ak.,
atto, Cir. .
. she, Ak., .
■ ga? Ak., .
mu, Ak., .
. riati, Ak.,
Flow, .
Go, .
Speak,
. rli, Georg.,
.
,. ka, Ak., .
ja, Geo., .
Eat,
Drink,
Die, .
Kill, .
. kaka, Ak.,
laparako, Geo.,
. ka, Ak., .
nak, Ak.,
sua, Geo.,
. khan, khut, Ak.
,. be, ba, bat, Ak.
sikua, Geo.,
. kud, khas, Ak.,
. re, Geo., .
. tuq(a), Ak.,
Cut, .
Break,
Cry, .
Weep,
Place,
Put, . .
Rise, . .
Raise,
Many,
All, . .
ka, khash, Ak.,
ko, thsqo, Geo.,
ri, Ak.,
aka, Ak., .
mes, Ak.,
ka, Ak., .
koweli, Geo., .
No, not, . nu, Ak., .
Negative, nu, Geo.,
Peruvian.
Indo-Chinese.
miat, Bur.,
tau, Karen,
.
.
.......
.......
Mexican, etc.
nim, Poc.
na, ndi, Oth.
sho, Ann.,
. chu, Aym.,
. caa, Maya.
ka, Mon, .
. ku, Qui., .
. kia, Tara.
pekya, Bur., .
......
maka, Mex.
garitaa [aara], huayra, Qui. .
.......
Mon,
pre, Bur.,
. [puri, Qui.]
.
.......
aara, Mon,
. [humi,Aym.,Q.] huma, Tara,
nikay, Cam., .
.......
ynqui, Poc.
hankai, Mon, . arusi, Aym.
.
.......
chho, Bur.,
. rima, Q. .
.
.......
hanmarai, Mon.
.......
chhan, Cam., . mancana, Aym.
.......[Tara,
cha, Bur.,
.
.......
qua, Cora, Mex.,
au, Ann., .
,
.......
hanal, Maya,
kenn, Siam.,
.
.......
hindi, Mixteca.
thou, Mon,
.
.......
chia, Mex.
sok, Bur. .
.
.......
mathi, Karen,. amaya, Aym., . muechit, Cora,
kha, Siam.,
.
.......
miquiz, Mex.
.......
.......
mukiki, Tara.
.......
cuta, Aym.
.
.......
rei, Cam.,
. rutu, Qui.
.
toui, Cam.,
. huaca.
.
.
.......
khok, Ann.
.
.......
chura, Qui.
cancha, Qui.
mhrang, Bur., . hatari, Qui.
heka, Karen, . hucaro, Qui.
husamia, Bur.,
miec, Mex.
ahmah, Karen, . [naka, Aym.]
[kuna, Qui.]
pnoom, Cam., . hani, Aym.
ma, Bur., etc., . ma, Aym., Qui mao, Maya,
na, Kumi,
ma, Poc.
The pronouns are of such varied type and distribution that only a
few selections are offered.
Western.
I, me,
Thou,
He,
,
Indo-Chinese.
Peruvian.
. mu, idbi, Ak., . awai, Mon,
.
.......
mi. Geo. .
.
.....
nyo, Angka, . na, Aym.,
...................nga, Bur.,
. noca, Qui.,
----kha, Siam., etc.
.......
. zu, Ak., .
. tua, Siam.,
. -ta, Aym.,
shen, Geo.,
. tha, Karen,
.
.......
mun, men, Ak.,
.......
.......
weyroo, Cir., . bai, Mon,
.
.......
.......
ba, Angka,
.
.......
. .. ........
nah, Karen, . nqui, Qui.,
. ni, bi, Ak.,
. no, Ann.,
. hupa, Aym.,
[ni, bi, plur. Ge.],wa, .
.
. pay, Qui.,
igi, misi, Geo., ni, Khyeng,
. ni, Aym. .
Mexican, etc.
ma, Oth.
. nuga, Oth.
. ne, Mex.
.......
. tata, Huas.
mi, Totonaca.
timo, Mex.
pe, Cora.
pu, Tara.
. nugui, Oth.
. nunu, Oth.
. bi, Oth.
.
......
�85
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
Western.
He,
We,
. .
.......
. . me, Ak., .
Plurals,
Indo-Chinese.
pho, Angka,
.
.......
.......
. -aen, Siam.,
. -niht, Shan.,
. -nene, Ak.,
-no, Ak., .
-ni, Geo.
-bi, Geo.,
-th, Geo.,
. id, Ak.,
zee, Cir., .
erthi, Geo.,
.
.
.
.
.
. bi, Ak., .
kas, Ak., .
oh, Cir., .
ori, Geo.,
. essa, Ak.,
sami, Geo.,
shee, Cir.,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
I, .
.
2, .
.
3, .
.
4, .
.
. sana, Ak.,
.
5, .
.
6, .
.
. sha, Ak., .
para, Ak.,
tpey, Cir.,
. as, Ak., .
shoo, Cir.,
ekusi, Geo.
.
.
•
.
.
Mexican, etc.
Peruvian.
. n, Qui. .
.......
.......
. kuna, Qui.,
. naka, Aym.
.......
ma, Oth.
tame, Tara.
. nana, Huas.
.
.......
.
tau, Mon,
. pay, Aym.
.
.......
dah, Karen,
.
.......
te, Cora.
moe, Camb., . mai, Aym.
.
.......
mway, Mon, . hue, sue, Qui., . ce, Mex.
mot., Ann.,
.
.......
tam, Totonaca.
tach, Bur.
.
.......
.......
ter, Karen.
.
.......
.......
bar, Cam.,
. pa,Aym.,
. poa, Cora.
pa, Mon, .
. yscay, Qui.,
. ome, Mex.
ki, Karen,
.
.........
yoho, Oth.
kai, Angka,
.
.........
os, Tara.
sung, thou, Bur., kimsa, Aym.,Q., osh, Huas.
sam, Siam.,
.
.........
osh, Maya.
htsan, Shan. .
.......
.......
pah, Cam.,
.
.......
ba, Tara.
pe, Mon. .
.
.......
si, Siam., .
. pusi, Aym.
.
___
htse, Shan.
.
.......
tse, Angka.
.
.......
.......
pon, Mon.
.
.......
.......
buan, Cam.,
.
.......
ha, Siam., Shan., ppiska, Aym., Q.
.......
patson, Mon. .
.......
Pangglla> Kami.
.......
.......
sau, Ann.,
. socta, Aym., Q.
.......
sauk, Khyeng. .
.......
Professor John Campbell has found Celtic affinities for many of
these Peruvian examples, and that for a good reason—that Aryan
words of culture descend from the same prehistoric stock, and, in
some cases, through Sumerian channels.
NOTE ON DR DEECKE.
Dr Deecke has just published “Der Ursprung der Kyprischen Sylbenschrift ” (Trubner, 1877), and an article in the
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen. Ges., vol. xxxi., part i., p.
162 (Trubner, 1877)—another article on the origin of the old
Semitic alphabet. Both the latter and the Cypriote he
traces to forms of the New Assyrian cuneiform. Dr Brandis
�86
ON THE EPOCH OF HITTITE, ETC.
in 1873 had already shown the identity of pa in Cypriote and
cuneiform. Many of these identifications are clear. With re
gard to others, I am inclined to assign values different from
those attributed by him. It will be seen that this is a capital
discovery, as it gets rid of the difficulties consequent on the
commonly accepted derivation of the Phoenician alphabet,
and brings us nearer to unity in the development of syllabaries
and alphabets, ultimately to bring us to that common relation
of cuneiform, hieroglyphic, and Chinese, advocated by me, p. 33.
The date of the introduction of the selected Assyrian syl
labary into Cyprus, Dr Deecke considers cannot be earlier
than 1330 B.C., and must be placed much later, perhaps as
late as the names of Cyprian kings recorded in cuneiform,
say 700 B.C., and in use down to a later date.
The bearing of Dr Deecke’s discoveries on Hamath or
Khita is likely to be immediate. I have long since pointed
out (p. 6) the relations between Khita and Cypriote, and have
advocated researches for the derivation of Khita from hieratic,
which I think I have supported in the A characters.
With regard to some of the hieratic characters, I regard
them as showing a relation between the numerals and number
of strokes, as in bi, pa, sa.
NOTE ON M. OPPERT.
M. Oppert writes me, in consequence of its being alleged
that he had denied the existence of Turanian cuneiform, that
he regards the Sumerian character as Turanian, and Akkad
as Semitic, and distinguishes in epoch between them.
NOTE ON THE CIRCASSIANS.
The Circassians, Abkhas, etc., are now at war with Russia,
asserting their time-honoured spirit of warlike independence.
�INDEX.
Abel, Dr Carl, 38.
Abkhas, 68, 86—j Agaw.
Abydos inscription, 10.
Accad, Accadian—j Akkad.
Achaian, 38—j. Agaw.
Agaw, 26, 27, 32, 34, 37, 38, 65-67,
74—j. Guarani, Omagua.
Akka, 68.
Akkad, 16, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 65, 69, 81.
Albanian, 10, II, 14.
Aleppo, 4.
Alliteration, 61.
Alphabet or syllabary, 8, 9, 15, 36,
86—j Albanian, Cypriote, Chinese,
Cuneiform, Hebrew, Himyaritic,
Libyan, Lycian, Yucatan.
America S., Brazil, Guarani, Mexico,
Peru, intercourse with, 18, 29, 32, 66,
68 ; traditions of, 68 ; river names,
71; town names, 74; languages, 81—
j. River, etc.
Armenia, 19, 39, 63.
Aryan, 18, 26, 27.
Assyrian, 2, 16—J. Cuneiform.
Asta, 65.
Astura, 65.
Australia, 68, 69.
Aymara, 21, 26, 27, 30, 37, 81, 85.
Aztek, 21, 22, 27, 30, 31, 81, 85—j
Mexico.
Babylonia, 18, 65—j Akkad, Assyria.
Basque, 64, 65—j Vasco-Kolarian.
Berber, 10-12.
Birch, Dr, v, 12, 20.
Black, 17.
Brazil, 67—j. Guarani.
Britain, vi, 34, 65, 73.
Bronze, 34.
Bull, 36
Bunsen, Ernest de, 18, 36.
Burial towers, 34.
Burton, Capt. R. F., 4-6.
Bushmen, 68.
Calendar, 35.
Campbell, Rev. Prof.J., 17, 30,38,66,85.
Cambodian, 21, 23, 27, 28, 35, 81, 85.
Canaan, 1, 37.
Canaanite, vi, 17, 20-22—j. Khita.
Carchemish, 2, 20, 23.
Caria, 17, 22, 35.
Caucasian, 32,68—j. Circassian, Abkhas,
Georgian.
Celtiberian, 11.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Celtic, 30, 85.
Chaldea, 17—J. Babylonia.
Character—s. Alphabet, Symbol.
Chinese, 17, 32, 33.
Cimbri, 38.
Circassian, 21, 23, 27, 32, 81, 85, 86.
Clarke, Hyde, vi, 6,19, 20, 22,28, 29,32.
Cohenim, blessing of, 8.
Colchis, 1, 63.
Colossal heads, 33.
Cora, 31, 81.
Cross, 17, 36, 37—j Tau.
Cross alphabet, 15, 17.
Cuneiform, 16, 33, 86.
Cush, 1, 31.
Cypriote, v, 6, 9, 14, 39, 86.
Deecke, Dr, v, vi, 85, 86.
Dravidian, 26.
Easter Island, 33.
Egg, 17.
Egypt, 17, .26, 66.
Ephesus, vi, 19, 20.
Etruscan, 11, 14, 20-22, 27, 29, 35, 39,
63, 82.
Etruscan tables, 21.
Eve, 25, 26.
Eye, 17.
Five, 36—j Hand.
Foot, 17.
Four worlds, 69.
Forbes, David, 30, 35.
Georgian, I, 19-24, 27, 29, 66, 81, 85.
God, names of, 16, 26.
Greece, 39, 62, 72.
Greek, 26, 57.
Guarani, 22, 25, 32, 37—s. Agaw.
Halliburton, R. G., 36.
Ham, 1, 2.
Hamath, 2, 3—j. Khita.
Hamath inscriptions, vi, 3, 5, 33.
Hand, symbol of, 8, 17, 25, 37.
Hand, male and female, 17, 37.
Harrison, Park, 25, 35.
Havilah, I.
Heath, Dunbar, 5.
Hebrew, 5, 9, 14, 17, 37, 38, 57.
Herodotus, 5.
Heth, 2—j. Khita.
Himyaritic, 6, 7, 8, 14.
Hittite—j Khita.
Horite, 2, 66.
Human sacrifice, 35.
Hutchinson, Consul, 31, 35.
.
.
.
�INDEX.
Iberian, 64,
Ibreez, 5.
India, 18, 29, 71.
Indo-China, 18, 27, 28, 32, 73, 81, 85.
Indus, 29.
Ireland, 61, 72.
Italy, 29, 39,' 62, 71.
Java, 18, 33.
Jeremiah, J., 25.
Ka, 23.
Karen, 81.
Kawa, 37.
Khita, v, 1, 2, 3, 20, 22, 28, 31, 33, 86—
j Sumerian.
Khita-Peruvian, 20.
Kumi, Kami, 81.
Lake names, 73.
Latham, Dr, 30, 32.
Latin, 22, 26, 57.
Leared, Dr, 37.
Lenormant, 19, 66.
Lesghian, 20.
Libyan, 6, 10-13.
Lycian, 10, 11, 14, 20, 35.
Lydian, 22, 33, 63.
Magic alphabets, 16.
Malay, 18.
Markham, Clements, 31.
Martin, R. Biddulph, 5.
Masonic alphabet, 15.
Maya, v, 27, 30, 33, 81, 85.
Mexican, 21, 23, 31, 32, 73, 81, 86—j.
Aztek.
Mon—s. Cambodian.
Monument building, 29, 32, 33.
Moon, 17, 25, 37.
Mountain names, 73, 74.
Mouth, 17, 25.
Mythology, vi, 17, 25, 27, 36, 66.
Nature-worship, 17.
Nebo, 20.
Negative series, 25, 30.
New Granada, 71.
Newman, F. W., II.
Night, 25, 26.
Niobe, 20, 34.
Not, 25.
Numerals, 21, 23, 30, 86.
Omagua, 68.
Oppert, M., 19, 86.
Orion, 17, 36.
Othomi, 21, 27, 31, 32, 81, 85.
Palestine—J. Canaan.
Palmer, Professor, 4.
Parsees, 67.
Pegu, 28.
Pergamos, 68, 69.
Perrot, M., 33.
Peru, 18, 33, 35, 37, 66, 69, 72.
Peruvian, 21, 22—j. Aymara, Quichua.
.
Phoenician, v, 7, 11, 12, 18, 34, 64, 86.
Phrygian, 22, 35.
Pleiades, 17, 36, 37.
Prideaux, Colonel, 8.
Quichua, 21, 22, 24, 27,.30, 31, 81, 85.
Quipu, 35.
Rabbinic alphabet, 15.
Red, 25, 37.
River names, 12, 20, 29, 71.
River names, table of, 71.
Rosa; Senor de la, 30, 31.
Sabsean, 16—j. Himyaritic.
Samaria, 19, 40.
Scape-goat, 35.
Secret alphabet, 15.
Semitic, 18, 26, 57, 86—j Phoenician.
Serpent, vi, 17.
Sesostris, vi, 5, 34.
Seven, 36, 37.
Siamese, 27, 28, 35, 81, 85.
Sibu, vi, 20.
Silures, 65.
Sirius, 36.
Siva, vi, 20.
Smyrna, 19, 34.
Soul, 25.
Spain, 39, 63, 72.
Square alphabet, 15.
Sumerian, 12, 18, 22, 28, 31, 66, 86—s.
Akkad.
Sumerian words, table of, 81.
Sumero-Peruvian, 20.
Syllabary—j. Alphabet.
Symbol 11, 13.
,
*
Symbol 16, 17, 36.
Symbology, 36.
Tamashek, 12, 13,
Tarahumara, 81, 85.
Tau, 17, 36—j Pleiades.
Taylor, Rev. Isaac, 20.
Thebes, 17, 22, 46, 66.
Thinae, 28.
Thracian, 22.
Three, 17, 36.
Thugga, 12.
Tin, 34.
Toltek, 27, 32.
Town names, 20, 37, 60.
Triad, 17.
Tylor, E. B., 26, 29.
Ugrian, 19, 20, 26.
Vasco-Kolarian, 19, 26, 27, 65, 67—J.
Basque.
Waring, 2.
Warka, 7, 9, 13.
Wilson, Dr Daniel, 29, 35.
Wolof, 28.
Woman, 17, 25, 26, 37.
Yona, 25, 26, 37.
Yucatan, 33, 35—J. Maya.
.
.
�
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Victorian Blogging
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Conway Hall Library & Archives
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2018
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Conway Hall Ethical Society
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The Khita and Khita-Peruvian epoch : Khita, Hamath, Hittite, Canaanite, Etruscan, Peruvian, Mexican, etc
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Clarke, Hyde
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Place of publication: London
Collation: 88 p. ; 21 cm
Notes: From the library of Dr Moncure Conway. Includes index.
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N. Trubner & Co.
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1877
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G5694
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<img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /><br />This work (The Khita and Khita-Peruvian epoch : Khita, Hamath, Hittite, Canaanite, Etruscan, Peruvian, Mexican, etc), identified by <span><a href="www.conwayhall.org.uk">Humanist Library and Archives</a></span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.
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Text
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English
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Anthropology
Anthropology