https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/25778/archive/files/3f2ea9b8a23e6b94b2815f926d21cc76.pdf?Expires=1777507200&Signature=VwvyqjVUQet5dfRCuaOR2d6-7a0gdbwR%7EtKC24KSsFbmeiR0KLcNwQkSdylQssJ6epjtisjxkrKoufFTOZgybeJjoRMUvlFzVtb3uE5ciNv-LiwnkKZAA2Yu2krhQjeySOOjSYJ39jonVdQ%7EHrG5oOHFM9uHj6HGWD7z8fV0LAe7Fm9GCRVFKhOKSSMrulU2b0%7EppGs2hOw0JCcQbDatBCcLuoU5uPa0Ri3S-T00NsjPglicbMTUVcVY4cj8SQJiG08gHtmRmIoiwJpCN5E2nh7CEW06vh4l9p5OMarmEFdVhIaO8fh-O9LfiQVUoM%7EoVmXd-bfns7bcbl%7ECt6%7EJaA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c748a8609bd3e49b5f5358146b5cbc5e PDF Text Text MILITARY MAGAZINE. No. II.] DE C E MB E R 1846. [Vol. I. OF THE CIVIL AND MILITARY FORCES OF THE AGE. In the least attempt to estimate the existing character of public affairs, regard must be paid to past eras. It is only with a knowledge of antecedent epochs, that we can possibly arrive at an appreciation of subsequent periods. The present is but a sequence of the past. The condition of the world, and of nations, is simply what the law of progression may have ordained it to be. Empires are not great merely through the force of a self-volition; and their aspects change because their destinies are merely parts of that universal sympathy which evolves in an everlasting flux of its symbols. Hence, the vi­ cissitudes of kingdoms—hence, periods of the world in which one principle of government, or of being, rather than another, soars to an ascendant—hence, that we have at one season an all-sacerdotal .EEgypt and an all-commercial Carthage; and, at another, an Athens, re­ splendent in arts and arms, in poetry and philosophy; in whatever goes to form the apotheosis of the species—and again a monkish period, when hundreds upon hundreds of cycles are lost in enchain­ ing the human spirit, and in imposing upon it fetters and super­ stition. To trace, or rathei’ to penetrate to the incipiency of change, were, of course, curious occupation enough. To discover how imperial Rome became macadamised (perhaps, the term may be allowed) to the level of modern Italy, were strange indeed; but, although no philosophic enquirer may have, as yet, reached the fond of the proMilitary Magazine. No. 2, Vol. 1. H �52 OF THE CIVIL AND MILITARY FORCES OF THE AGE. blem, yet does the fact not less present itself, that modification in the circumstances of nations does momentarily ensue, and that imperial Rome is lost in existing impotency. Whatever, therefore, the cause, the fact is obvious, that the govern­ ing influences of nations vary. Yesterday they were political—to­ day they are social. At one epoch an enlightened Absolutism has determined the general destiny; at another, a multitude of Federa­ tive associations regulate the advance of the human tide. In one age a Cincinatus is summoned to the Dictatorship; at another, an Anti-Corn Law League, and a Richard Cobden. In one is seen the military—at the other, the industrial phase of society. How the economic mass have succeeded to the martial principle is not easily traceable; but that the phenomenon exists, in fact, none can deny. It is then the case that arms are falling under the domination of the peaceful pursuits of life: in what degree, it behoves us now to en­ quire. Ostensibly—and it must be granted that the military principle is as much in force now as ever—the large armies of the world appear at once in proof of this. No one can suppose that in France the martial ardour of the present century is less than it was in the last, or than what it was at the time of the dazzling and chivalrous Francis the First. The war party in Paris would have its ire kindled to frenzy, at the rude surmise that its nation had abated one jot of that gallant promptitude which sufficed to draw half a million of soldiers to the walls of Moscow. Nevertheless, we repeat, the spirit of an age does not wait to mould itself to the caprices or the pertinacities of feeling in individuals. The genius of the times sweeps on, independently of that; and we imagine it may be remarked, even of France, that the military principle is in abeyance to those economic and industrial influences which are so singularly manifest in this country. In Russia, and Austria also, the term tariff is growing louder than that of commissariat. In the former instance, the mind is becoming accustomed to think not so much on vast military appointments, as of duties on tallow and hemp; while, under Prince Metternich, the clearance and steam navigation of the Danube appear far readier themes than speculations on the number of troops Vienna were pre­ pared to transport over the Alps to Lombardy. In Prussia, the �OF THE CIVIL AND MILITARY FORCES OF THE AGE. 53 military power seems rather an exercise for discipline’s sake, than for any real purpose of actual warfare. The country of Frederick the Great seems reduced in these present times to a military experiment, as an example, rather than a terror, to nations ; while, glancing to­ wards the Ottoman Empire, the eye beholds a military mass, lessened not so much in amount, as lost to all approximation, in point of any of the formidable elements of valour or strength which composed its former character. When Bacon wrote his celebrated axiom that “ above all, for empire and greatness, it importeth most, that a na­ tion do profess arms as their principal honour, study, and occupa­ tion,” it is evident he had no “ inkling” upon his mind of the order of things at the present time. It may, without scruple, be assumed that martial powers were not now the salvatory power of the once glorious City of the Golden Horn. All the military capacity in the world would not lessen its impotency and degradation ; but its mili­ tary fame has become tarnished because of its deficiency in those traits which are necessary to uphold the military character. Gibbon observes, of the purer ages of the Commonwealth: “ the use of arms was reserved for those ranks of citizens who had a country to love, a property to defend, and some share in enacting those laws which it was their interest, as well as duty, to maintain.” And here we are presented with a grand view of what the military power of a State might be. Here it is shewn that a military power, so far from being incompatible with civil freedom, as is frequently falsely asserted, may take its origin in the loftiest conditions of freedom. In fact, with military organizations, as with the clerical, and every other order which exists in a State, it is the genius with which it is embued that renders it either a blessing or a curse. In Great Britain espe­ cially, the military principle has not enthusiastic supporters. Where­ fore it has not, is scarcely our vocation at present to enquire ; but what it is necessary to ascertain is, the extent to which, for the conso­ lidation and security of the empire, it is required; and why and inas­ much that it cannot be dispensed with. Having frankly and fairly admitted that the tone of the age is not military—that, in the flux and progress of circumstances, nations have proceeded from military to other governing rules of action—it may not be presumptuous to insist why, notwithstanding, a military organization cannot be departed from ?—and why the condition of �54 OF THE CIVIL AND MILITARY FORCES OF THE AGE. the world renders an armed force essential to the interests of coun­ tries ? To any one, then, who glances over the political map of the world, it will be evident that, although no nation is prepared for aggression, yet that all are upon the defensive. To be thus, is a stage from actual warfare. In fact, the earth lies bound in the arms of peace. The period is precisely that of Adrian, when it is described of the Roman arms : “ They preserved peace by a constant preparation for war.” And the great powers of Europe feel this to be the case, that the general security is guaranteed by the readiness of each for war. The discipline then of those armed ranks should be the highest. Away with brute force !—there is no demand for it; but intellectual culture, profound science—in fine, mentai operation—are now called to do the work of mere physical sinew. Is England to neglect her military ability under such circumstances ? Surely not. Her se­ curity is more and more dependant upon the character of her military ability. The old Romans, it should be remembered, laid so little stress upon valour, unless accompanied by skill and practice, that in their language, the name of an army was borrowed from the word which signifies exercise. At a period when refinement has been carried far in every thing, it is time to introduce it into our army. It is time that its organization should become matter of thought, not merely as relates to its physique, but to its morale. The British legions should hasten to become patterns to the world of refined in­ tellectual superiority. If our present military tactics mean bullying, and our military fortitude the faculty of applying, or enduring, the “ cat,” the sooner we look to the reform of the system the better. Do without soldiers, Britain cannot. Her colonies are a call upon her for them—India is held by them—Ireland rejoices in a third of her whole standing army. Our military positions, in the Mediterranean, in the Atlantic, and in China, were not worth an hour’s purchase without them. In our penal settlements there are thousands of mal­ contents retained in something like moral decency and subjection by only the presence of a few bayonets. Yet, with all the importance of the British arms, what has the State done towards its improvement and advancement ? The truth is, it has been shamefully left without any public enquiry. It is never heard of, unless a volley of cannon, from some crimson field in the East, recalls the knowledge of its �OF THE CIVIL AND MILITARY FORCES OF THE AGE. 55 existence: then a crown of laurel may be decreed to the General; but what is yet thought of the prospects of the private ? To be sure, if he be wounded, there is a shabby pension for him ; but, if he com­ mit a breach of discipline, he is to be flogged—or recently was so— aye, to the score of a thousand lashes I 1 Shame that a flogging system should have obtained in the British army, when Frenchmen scouted it in theirs. Why, if we have no honour for our actual defenders, let us at least honourably dispense with their services. If we scout the sword of our soldiers, let us lay it in its scabbard. At all events, and in calm truthfulness, it is necessary for the public to examine into the question of its military force, and estimate its value to the Civil requirements of the State, or the position of the empire will be hazarded. In plain terms, the British army cannot longer be abandoned to itself, and shut out from the general enlightenment of the age, without the entrainment of difficulties which future States­ men may shrink from coping with. As formerly an army was the brute force of a nation, so it should now be the intellectual adjunct to a dignified principle of diplomacy. If the British legions had been inspired with the sentiments which should have ennobled them, when Poland fell before the cruel ambition of the Czar, freedom would then have been safe, as it would have been sufficient that England should have evinced her indignant rage at the approach of the Cossack, to have saved Warsaw by a mere demonstration. But when war opens between uncultivated forces, who shall say where it shall terminate ; and it was this dread which stood between England and the land of Sobiesky when the Vistula was crossed by the Scythian savage, in 1830. Above all nations of the earth, England requires a refined soldiery. She wants it as a metaphysical engine; and she must rise to it, if she wish to keep her position in the balance without rivalry or fear. At the same time, we heartily echo the opinion of the Times, that she should not be anxious to exhibit herself in “ a regiment and a half” to Czars of Russia, or Princes of Prussia. Real strength is most fre­ quently covert: at any rate, it never seeks to display itself in a spirit of empty ostentation. The country has really seen enough of no­ meaning reviews, and should, for the future, be content in cultivating a more intrinsic martial power. In an age of earnestness like the present, we might add, that park exhibitions of the character alluded �56 OF THE CIVIL AND MILITARY FORCES OF THE AGE. to by the Times have more for their intent to bring military operations into ridicule, than to endow them with national respect. Men smile as the artillery pours forth its mock terrors; and bayonets glis­ tering for no object under heaven but to gratify a puerile vanity, leave an impression on the fancy of a theatrical pageant on which one places no faith, nor for which do we cherish any esteem. In place of sham contests, it were preferable to pursue the study of real skill and accomplishments. Because a soldier is not actually in the heat of a campaign, it does not follow that he should not master the theory of his subject. There is a system of intellectual tactics in which it henceforth becomes the duty of the British soldier to perfect himself. It is to the degradation of the military art that it has been so long one of exclusively physical thrusts and bruises. In fact, it were to anni­ hilate the reality of war, to make its idealisation perfect. The evolutions to which a general would have to resort in actual encounter with an enemy, he should have acquired by his mind, as a matter of abstract study, before the field were ever entered. The commonest drill-sergeant should participate the scientific prescience of the superior officer. Each man in his regiment should be able to seize the ideas of his military leader with the same ease and rapidity as he is now merely able to proceed from slow to quickened paces. The veteran who knows only to shoulder his musket, is still raw in comparison of the informed recruit whose reading and meditation have made him acquainted with the strategy of a Turenne, and the true secret of military superiority. When military knowledge should be thus universally diffused, bloodshed would already have been proscribed. The old ideas of carnage would be swept into those records of past barbarism in which are numbered the wholesale scouring of regions of Jengis Khan or Tamerlane. * It is, too, precisely as the means of a more deadly warfare have arrived to the knowledge of mankind, that the chances of a positive state of belligerence have been lessened. When amongst all nations the calculations on the military art are become obvious, war will not be attempted. Hence, the phase of an * “ This irruption,” says Elphinstone, “ of the Moguls was the greatest calamity that has fallen on mankind since the Deluge. They had no religion to teach, and no seeds of improvement to sow; nor did they offer an alternative of conversion or tribute; their only object was to slaughter or destroy; and the only trace they left was in the devastation of every country which they visited.” �OF THE CIVIL AND MILITARY FORCES OF THE AGE. 57 Armed Neutrality—the phase that nations have almost put on at the present period. But an Armed Neutrality calls for the very highest consummation of military science; it calls for the last perfec­ tion of, not mere martial prowess, but of profound and subtle theory. An Armed Neutrality, while it passes a veto on actual bloodshed, yet ■ requires in an imperative degree the sagacity, the study, and the judgment, of how mankind may be most certainly slaughtered. Brute force is an element beside the question in an Armed Neutrality. It is as if it did not exist; or worse, becomes a terror to itself. It is not brute force, but the educated soldier an Armed Neurality imperatively calls for. It is a Military principle abounding in intelligence, an Armed Neutrality forcibly exacts; it is a military organization—self­ gifted as an intellectual inspiration—that a State requires to aid in the endeavour to arrest the approaches of real war. In fine, the Civil security of nations now demands an educated and refined Military principle. In Great Britain especially, the idea of what were martial has been long regarded with suspicion and distaste. The general impresion is, that Civil liberty is imperilled by an approximation to any license of military prerogative. The empire has, in fact, tolerated a necessity before which it has appeared to tremble. Yet, can an army be dispensed with? Would one English­ man spring to the platform and declare that an army were a useless encumbrance? If it cannot be dispensed with, common sense de­ mands why it should be uncared for, or be distasteful? Common reason exclaims,—strip it of its terrors, by investing it with graces. That is,—convert it from barbarism to an intelligence—give it affections; a character to maintain—give it culture and amenity. Then, it could not well be conceived how the Civil element should rebel against the Military; rather, why they might not mutually assimilate and combine. Why they have seemed antagonistic ele­ ments, is, inasmuch as that the Civil enjoins order, and the Military had seemed to have conferred its sanction upon discord. The British soldier has been dreaded by the Civilian, because his habits seemed irregular, his manners low, his propensities running to self-indulgence amidst gross pleasures. The ale-house seemed the native element of the private escaped from duty, and, combined with these traits, a total disregard of domestic duties. The higher enjoyments of exist­ ence seemed unsought by the tumid grades under the rank of Ensign �58 OF THE CIVIL AND MILITARY FORCES OF THE AGE. and Cornet. But the axiom should be, let the State care for its army, so that change come ovekthe spirit of the dream ; and above all let it be exhorted to the army itself:—“ Renovate yourself, reform yourself, march on with the improvements of the times.” The political question involved is, however, of the greatest magnitude and interest. It is the destiny of nations that most truly may be said to tremble in what may be the character of their armed force; until the adverse principle of civilization is supplanted by one entirely of pro­ mise, the world may depend upon it, armies must be maintained, and will, to the end of the chapter. If Military principle must be kept up, let it be put to its full force; it should embellish while it protects a State, and should certainly solace instead of alarm. The aspect of Europe is strictly that in which the Military principle must remain in its full vigour. Yet it were preposterous to suppose that the Civil force were destined to suffer any abatement in its influ­ ence from that cause. Commerce must now beautify the earth. Bloodshed may cease; but not a battalion must be sliced from the army estimates. The Military must now come in to support the Commercial and Civil power. Cannon may not bellow ; but where a British ship spreads its canvass to the gale, garrisons must exist to its protection on the shore whither it bears its way. There is no denying it—Armed Neutrality is the order of the period. France, Germany, Russia,—even Switzerland, even Spain, —array their armed forces, and England—Shall she not do the same? But if a British army is to continue in existence, why let it do so to the honour and glory of the empire. Let it not be a stigma to the country. Let it not be a terror to the timid—a violation of, or an antithesis to, the Civil desiderata of the age. The Army of England —why let it perform its functions; let it fulfil its mission. There is no reas’on why the Civil and Military forces of a State should be in mutual opposition; there is no reason why they should not intimately coalesce. But to realise the possibility, they must not be held in dissonance. The Civil must not be allowed to outstrip the intellectual advancement of the Military. The Military element must rise to the same standard of excellence as the Civil, and then, un­ questionably, they may co-exist, not to their mutual disparagement, but in the light of forces combined for the consolidation of the interests of the State. �59 THE DUKE AND THE WATERLOO VETERANS. On perusing, the other day, the motion of l\Ir. Duncombe, Member for Finsbury, in the late Session of Parliament,- regarding the New­ port conspirators, Frost, Davis, and Williams, a military occurrence, to which the treasonable attempt of those men gave rise, was recalled to our remembrance. On the occasion alluded to. every member of the military profes­ sion felt pleased that the gallant leaders of the military parties—to whom, under Divine Providence, the town of Newport owed its pre­ servation—were deemed worthy of being raised one step in the ladder of promotion—not only because it was nobly earned, but that it afforded an earnest that for the future the advisers of the Crown would be more alive to the merits of the subalterns, though to those who were fast descending into the vale of years the introduction of a new system of promotion could afford but a small portion of conso­ lation. Had those who had the power from 1810 to 1840, and whom gratitude should have prompted to generous deeds, shown an equal alacrity in bestowing rewards for military merit, we should not now have the melancholy spectacle daily presented to our view, of Cap­ tains and Lieutenants with silvery, if not hoary locks, serving their country in the same rank that they held thirty years ago when at the head of their gallant companions they rushed to the deadly combat, —'not against a half-armed, half-clad, undisciplined rabble ; but wellarmed, well-trained, and well-tried soldiers ; and commanded, not by such poltrons as a Frost, a Davis, or a Williams, but by Napoleon himself, or one of his marshals, aided by experience acquired in an hundred fights. That Lieutenant Gray nobly upheld the high cha­ racter which the 45th acquired in the Peninsula, we admit, and also that his promotion was a judicious act on the part of her Majesty’s advisers ; but it was neither a prudent nor a grateful act on the part of the country to promote so young an officer as Lieutenant Gray then was, for a fifteen or twenty minutes'tilt with poor squallid wretches altogether unskilled in the art of war, and to pass over those old Lieutenants—who in the Peninsula, and at Waterloo—had been engaged with troops, by their leader denominated invincible, and not for fifteen or twenty ninutes, but some of them for more than THREE HOURS FOR EVERY MINUTE LIEUTENANT GRAY WAS ENGAGED Newport. Was this a grateful, a prudent, a generous, or a just act? But what has added very much to the poignancy of their feelings is the fact, that the memorial which they forwarded last year to the Sovereign, for permission to suspend from' their breasts some small decoration commemorative of the services in which they had been at Military Magazine. No. 2, Vol. 1, I �60 BRITISH AND FRENCH SOLDIERS. respectively engaged, was not only not supported, but actually opposed by the distinguished chief who should have been the first to carry their humble petition to the foot of the throne. May he live long to enjoy his well won honours, but repent soon of the course he has hitherto pursued regarding the claims of the war veterans. And if a few words of truthful advice could have any effect in bringing about so desirable an object, we would at once say to his Grace, “ Press the claims of your old companions in arms on the attention of the Sovereign, and should your efforts be baffled by some pitiful ob­ jection from the Minister of the day on the score of expense, make him a tender of the full amount of such expense, for considerable though it undoubtedly would be, it would make but a very insignifi­ cant impression on the stores of the good things of this life which the Peninsula and Waterloo heroes, by their gallantry and a profuse expenditure of their blood on a hundred fields, have placed at your Grace’s disposal.” BRITISH AND FRENCH SOLDIERS. Volumes of no ordinary magnitude might be filled with the plans which officers have adopted to rouse the spirits of their followers, but it was reserved for the late ruler of France to show the world that there once lived a man with heart so callous, so completely steeled against everything approaching to the common feelings of our nature, that to elevate himself to universal empire, he stooped to practise upon his soldiers the most detestable frauds, by means of which thousands—yea, tens of thousands of his fellow men rushed at his bidding to the cannon’s mouth, and there found a premature grave. We are assured by one who knew Napoleon well, that previous to a Review, he would say to one of his aides-de-camp, “ Ascertain from the colonel of such a regiment, whether he has in his corps a man who has served in the campaigns of Italy or Egypt. Ascertain his name, where he was born, the particulars of his family, and what he has done. Learn his number in the ranks, and to what company he belongs, and furnish me with the information.” On the day of the Review, Bonaparte, at a single glance, could perceive the man who had been described to him. He would go up to him, as if he recognised him, address him by his name, and say, “ Oh! so you are here ; you are a brave fellow. I saw you at Aboukir. How is your old father ? What! have you not got the Cross ? Stay, I will give it you.” Then the delighted soldiers would �BRITISH AND FRENCH SOLDIERS. 61 say to each other, you see the Emperor knows us all ; he knows oiir families; he knows where we have served. On perusing this extract, one is tempted to exclaim, Can the man who practised so unworthy a stratagem to stimulate the soldiers to fresh deeds of blood and slaughter, to induce them to devote them­ selves like a Decius in some daring enterprise undertaken to raise him another step on the ladder of ambition ; who, to increase his ascendency over his followers, and thereby the more surely secure their aid in the prosecution of his grand scheme of personal aggran­ dizement was base enough to take advantage of the position he occu­ pied, and compel officers commanding battalions to join him in the commission of a vile, a despicable fraud ; and upon the very men to whom he. owed all he possessed, and whose interests it was his duty to watch over with more than a parent’s care, be the same person who on almost all occasions, arrogated to himself the distinctive appella­ tion of the soldier’s friend and father ; the same person, at the bare mention of whose name the most powerful potentates of the Euro­ pean Continental family were at one time wont to tremble on their thrones ; the same person, who, wishing, like Pellas’ ambitious youth, when treading the same ground, to be considered of Origin Divine ; impiously declared to the Mufti, on entering the Sepulchral Chamber, in the Pyramid of Cheops, that he could command a car op fire to descend from Heaven, and guide and direct its course upon earth ; and on being answered in the affirmative, not less apt to exclaim impossible—the base qualities of the mind exhibited by the French ruler on the occasions alluded to, being more nearly allied to those incased in the hearts of the friends inhabiting the lowest depths of Pandemonium, than in the breasts of the blessed inhabitants of the realms above. Nothing can more clearly show, than the conduct of Napoleon, as narrated by his friend and secretary, Bourrienne, that when successful in their first attempts to acquire an ascendency over their fellow men, ambitious individuals like him, but seldom relax in their endeavours to extend that influence, until, by not unfrequently false and fraudu­ lent practices, they have seated themselves so firmly on the highest pinnacle of human greatness to which man can be elevated, that they can dictate whatever laws they please, even to those by whose aid they have been elevated to power. The worshippers of the would-be God ever ready with an apology for their idol, very gravely assure us, that it was from no wish to gratify any personal feeling of his own that he was induced to establish despotism, and to rule with a rod of iron even those brave men who had raised him from the depths •of poverty to a throne, but from an over-ruling necessity. But who �62 BRITISH AND FRENCH SOLDIERS. forced him to play the tyrant, and the charlatan ? Who advised him ? It could not, we think, be his Secretary. And where had he another friend on earth ? Friendship with Bonaparte being but a name. What says Bourrienne, “ IIow often has he said to me, friendship is but a name ; I love no one, no, not even my brothers ; Joseph perhaps a little ; and if I do love him, it is from habit, and because he is my elder. Duroc I ah, yes! I love him too ; but why ? his character pleases me ; he is cold, reserved, and resolute ; and I really believe he never shed a tear I As to myself, it is all one to me ; I know ivell that 1 have not one true friend.” From this it is evident that no per­ sonal friend could have urged Napoleon to pursue the despicable course he did. To what then are we to attribute his conduct to his soldiers, but to an unbounded ambition, and which he perceived he never could hope to see gratified unless he could secure the entire devotion of his soldiers to his interests, and rouse their courage to that point which would enable them to contend, suc­ cessfully, man to man, with their British rivals ; the only obstacle which then obstructed his -progress towards the object which from his earliest campaign he had kept steadily in view, for, that be­ tween the troops of the two nations, there then existed this difference as regards military virtues, “ the French required the spur; the British the curb”—all who have witnessed the conduct of the two armies in action must allow. This may prove a bitter pill for our friends on the other side of the channel to swallow, and not the less unpala­ table, perhaps, that the assertion is true. At the commencement of the action, French troops almost universally exhibit a great deal of ardour ; but when, in their progress, they meet with greater obstacles than they expected at starting, their ardour evaporates, and by-andbye it requires all the tact and courage for which French officers have ever been celebrated to keep their men at their posts. John Bull, on the other hand, is less animated at the beginning of a battle, but, as the action proceeds, his ire kindles, and instead of recoiling from before an obstacle which he may have found greater than he expected, his courage encreases with the danger until he succeeds in planting the standard of victory on the field of honour. That we shall be joined in the opinion we have formed of the character of the troops of the rival countries, by all officers who took part in the Peninsular and Waterloo campaigns, and are qualified to form an estimate of military character, the following little anecdote is a sufficient guarantee :— A French officer, taken in the battles of the Pyrenees, having one day asked Colonel Belson, of the 28th Regiment, if he could assign any cause why in every engagement the number of officers killed and wounded in each army were much larger in proportion to the number engaged than that of the privates, the gallant colonel, more at home �BRITISH AND FRENCH SOLDIERS. 63 at the head of his corps when it was about to present the enemy with a “ bit of the steel,” than when playing the courtier, replied to the querist with all the bluntness and blandness of the soldier, “ I know of no other cause than this, that your officers are compelled to go in front of their men to show them, the way to the cannon’s mouth, we are obliged to go in front of our .men to keep them back," a remark which proved a staggerer for the querist, who was evidently fishing for a compliment, and rather abruptly retired, anything but pleased at having, instead of a highly-seasoned dish of flattei'y, caught a Tartar. It is, however, no doubt true, that through the incapacity, or some­ thing worse, of the General-in-Chief, British soldiers have occasion­ ally been foiled in their attempts to attach victory to their standard, but from a thorough knowledge of the bull-dog courage which lies incased in the breasts of British troops, acquired on not a few crimsoned coloured fields—I assert, that employ them wherever you may—on the banks of the Sutlej, in the frozen regions of America, or the fer­ tile plains of Europe—they will return from every field, on which they may be marshalled, with brows encircled with wreaths of laurel, if led by a General of even common talent, and not out-numbered in a greater proportion than three to two. As corroborative of this opinion, we trust we shall be excused for adverting to a little good-natured sparring match, which occurred at Abrantes, in 1812, between two rather celebrated officers, members of the two distinguished corps, the Bragge-slashers and the Connaught-rangers, who, being birds of passage, were invited to dine at the mess of a few brother-officers, stationed there on duty. During dinner, warlike exploits were forgotten, but when the wine began to circulate, Egypt, Corunna, Talavera, Busaco, Barrosa, Cuidad Rod­ rigo, &c., were echoed and re-echoed, until the gallant disputants had proved, to their own entire satisfaction, at least, that every soldier in their respective corps could upset twenty Frenchmen, with as much ease as they could the glasses before them. To. the no small amuse­ ment of the other members around the festive board, the friendly war of words continued, until “ Six battles a piece had well wore out the night, When Bragge’s gallant Major, to finish the fight,” rose, and in his usual humourous manner, but in rather a parade tone of voice, said to his equally gallant opponent, “ Pooh, pooh, my good fellow; away with your Connaught-rangers; give me the Braggeslashers, the dirty half hundred, and the Gordon Highlanders, and I will clear a way through five thousand of the best French Infantry that ever trod old mother earth.” �64 ON BRITISH AND FRENCH SOLDIERS. History, though prolific in examples of officers attempting to rouse the spirit of their soldiers by fictitious means, is almost silent as re­ gards the means adopted by Bonaparte to obtain a similar object. And why? Because he was the first individual, occupying an im­ perial throne, who, in order to obtain a purely personal object, de­ scended so low, as to put in practice a base, a grovelling device—so totally unworthy of imitation—that, were it to be acted upon on an extensive scale, all confidence in the officers, on the part of the soldiers, would be banished from the ranks ; and the armies of Europe would soon become little better than an armed rabble. During the late struggle in the Peninsula, and the short and glorious one in Belgium, the British Government held out to the private soldier no sort of inducement for one man to equal, or surpass another either in good conduct or gallantry in the field, and yet the Duke of Wellington never experienced the slightest difficulty in prevailing upon his heroic followers to thrash their opponents to their hearts’ content without having recourse to so paltry— so mean a device, not even on those occasions when he was out­ numbered in the proportion of five to one in Cavalry, and more than two to one in Infantry, as on the 3d and 4th of May, 1811. And that those officers who may hereafter he in­ trusted with the command of British troops will have no greater difficulty in getting their men to give an enemy an equally “ sound bateing,” may very naturally be inferred, from what has lately taken place in India, and elsewhere. Distant, far distant, be the day when, in obedience to the call of duty, Britons shall again have to buckle on their armour to chastise foreign insolence, repel invasion, or protect the weak against the aggressive acts of a more powerful neighbour ; but come when it may, we have not the slightest dread, that on being run alongside of a hostile man-of-war, the future race of British Blue Jackets will ever require any other inducement to force their way to the quarter-deck of their opponent than, “ England expects every man to do his duty,” or that on being ordered to come to close quarters with an enemy, their gallant brethren in scarlet will require any other spur to induce them to mount a breach, or take the enemy s bull-dogs by the muzzle than “ Up Lads and at them.” �ON MILITARY LAW * Military Law has usually been considered, not only by the ma­ jority of that portion of the public induced at times to ponder on the matter and others allied to it, but also by the ablest military juris­ consults and writers, (including, amongst others, Adye, Tytler, Kennedy, and Simmons,) as merely an emanation from the social law, dependent upon it, responsible to it, and seeking its assistance under all difficulties. The gallant author of the work—to a cursory notice of which we purpose confining ourselves, and the title of which we have subjoined—entertains however an adverse opinion to these several, and not altogether unimportant authorities ; and throughout his “ Remarks” he merely advocates the separation of military from social law. Major General Napier deems this amalgamation—this mutual dependence—of the two systems, although laid down and acted upon by the legislature, as founded upon an erroneous principle, and affirms that the authors who have written upon military law, have hitherto endeavoured to claim it upon this principle, that they had, really and unmistakeably, “ no alternative.” “ Their works,” he adds, “ were written to expound the law as it is, for the instruction of young officers, mine is written to controvert the propriety of union between the social and military law.” The views adopted and put forth by our author with reference to the army and its administration, together with the tone and general style of his argument, may be gathered from the following extract:_ ■with considerable spirit, though somewhat dictatorially phrased, he employs the following language in discussing the connection between the two systems : What concerns us in this book is, the consideration of the army and its government as they at present exist. That army is annually paid and governed by virtue of a vote passed in the House of Commons ; the members of which represent, a portion of the people of England, according to some ; and the whole, according to others. But, in either case, the House of Commons holds the strings of the public purse, and is consequently supreme. Now this House of Commons has placed the Army under the full control of the King; has very justly so placed it; and whatever may be the variety of opinions, as to the proper formation of the House of Commons, it must be admitted by every man, that the most democratically formed legislature would, if it allowed an army to exist at all, place it, in like manner, under * Remarks on Military Law and the Punishment of Flogging, by Major Gem Charles J. Napier, C.B.—Messrs. Boone, New Bond-street, �66 OX MILITARY LAW. the control of the chief magistrate. At all events so it is now ; and con­ sequently that army (both collectively and individually) breaks the Social., as well as the military law, in disobeying the King, or “ Captain-General,” set over it by the constitution: if once an army deliberates whether it shall obey orders, or not, it ceases to be an army ; and soon becomes an armed mob, without the unity of purpose which generally animates a mob ; for difference of opinion will arise of necessity in most deliberative bodies ; and difference of opinion among armed men soon becomes a combat. The right of an army to exist is, therefore, settled by the constitution; and existing constitutionally, its essence consists in implicit obedience to the King as its constitutional commander. Nor does this principle admit of any com­ promise or infringement. It is true that individual opinions are and must be free ; we know that that men cannot control their opinions ; for “ He that complies against his will Is of the same opinion still.” But if opinions are uncontrollable, and that free men have a tight to speak their opinions, it is not so with deeds : deeds ate not always free, and least of all in the army. I strenuously deny to the soldier the right to hesitate before he obeys orders. And for the same reason, I deny the justice of punishing him for any deed that he may commit in obedience to orders, be­ cause to do so is inconsistent; it is to make the law punish soldiers for obedience to its own enactments. It is true that a solder is a citizen ; but he is an armed and a paid citizen ; and therefore, necessarily, in such bonds and trammels that his field of action as a denizen of the community is limited to a small space indeed. The fact is, that the British soldier s heart and feelings are those of a citizen; but his actions are only so far those of a citizen as they consist in obedience to military authority. That authority is set over him by the citizens themselves, through the means of their repre­ sentatives 5 and by the slightest breach of obedience he offends and fails in his duties to those citizens,who (supposing their representatives to be on a just footing) tax themselves to pay and arm him for their defence. Perfect obedience is then a yoke which every soldier of the British army voluntarily places upon his own neck when he enlists. It may be said, that in case of civil war my reasoning will not hold good. The only answer I make to this objection is by asking, what reasoning ever did, or ever will hold good, when “ might is right?" Charles was a felon in 1649, and a martyr ml 660! Cromwell was enthroned] in -1653, axdi gibetted in 1660 ! and all amid public acclamation. The punishment of flogging is also treated of in the volume under our notice. General Napier confesses that he has entered on the sub­ ject with much hesitation, but he concludes it to be one from the consideration of which he ought not to shrink, <5 The public, he writes, c£ have raised this question, which is now like 1 a troubled spirit,’ and can be laid by discussion alone. We do not propose however at present, entangling either ourselves or oui’ readers in the discussion of so momentous—so vitally important a question to the �ON MILITARY LAW. 67 interests and well-being of the Army and its members. Suffice it, therefore, that we now limit ourselves to a brief exposition of our author’s opinion on the subject. In reply, then, to the question which he asks, “ Can flogging be safely abolished ?” General Napier adopts a middle course—“ medio tutiseimus ibis”—and affirms that “it can be safely abolished in peace ; but cannot be abolished in war'' The inherent objections to flogging, he states to be, its unequal in­ fliction ; its indelibly branding the man ; its danger to his life ; its ill effects on the soldiers’ minds ; in a word, its being torture ; and he thus recites the details of his affirmation as to the safe abolition of the punishment during the time of peace. Believing it to be then a needless act of severity, he continues :— If sailors are not promptly obedient in a ship tossed by the storm, the vessel is lost: so an army in the field, without prompt obedience, may be lost. As greater promptness is necessary in a ship than in an army, so we see necessity forms the law, and ordains that instead of the slower process of punishment by a court-martial, the captain of a ship may flog at once, without any court. By analagous reasoning it appears, that an army at home, and in time of peace, will require less vigorous and prompt punish­ ment than it does abroad, and in time of war; because, First.—There is no immediate, and if I may be allowed to use the expres­ sion, no convulsive effort to be produced. Secondly.—There are not the same crimes to punish; for in war, on a campaign, and in the colonies, all crimes are tried by military law. whereas in time of peace, and at home even in time of war, all the great crimes are tried by social law, or according to social law, excepting mutiny. Here, then, we find that flogging has been established promptly to sup­ press those great crimes which military law has to grapple with in war, Which do not merit death; and which, were there means and time, would be adequately punished by imprisonment and fines; and that among these crimes are some created by war, crimes which are purely military; and still farther, we know that immediate and violent results are to be produced, which are not demanded in peace. Flogging is then a means suited to an end, and that end is war\ now if the end ceases to exist, we may reasonably suppose that the means are no longer necessary, and may be safely abolished. Such is General Napier’s chief reason for believing that the punishment of the lash may be given up in time of peace; We had designed extracting, and at the same time adding a few of our own comments upon, many other portions of this volume, but our space, for the present, is exhausted. Like a true soldier, General Napier shows himself, by these writings, a brave yet benevolent man, and on all points demanding the exercise of mind, exhibits consider­ able shrewdness, if not sagacity. A constant stream of interesting and professional anecdote, enlivens the entire volume. Military Magazine. No. 2, Vol. 1. K �68 LETTER FROM THE SKELETON BROTHERS TO MR. JOHN BULL. We are none of those, my dear Mr. Bull, who are never happy but when making free with the character of an absent friend, or neigh­ bour; but your conduct to us has been so widely different from that which we had every right to expect—all the communications ad­ dressed to you during the last twenty years having been treated with marked neglect—we are compelled thus publicly to submit our grievances, for doing which, the unenviable position we occupy must plead our apology. Through your parsimony, ingratitude, or penny-wise-and-poundfoolish economy, we have, for more than twenty years, been daily exposed to the taunts and sneers of every knight, and lady-fair, who have been induced to visit the Acropolis of the modern Athens; and it adds not a little to our miseries, to see our neighbours—and should be, friends—the Nelson, the Playfair, the Stuart, the Burns, the Melville, and other monuments, raised to departed worth, not only joining the other parties in their attempts to bring us into ridicule, but daily, yea hourly reminding us of our poverty-stricken appear­ ance, by contrasting, in the presence of strangers, their highlyfinished and symmetrical with our own skeleton figures. But all this we could patiently bear, and in silence, were none but natives of Scotland permitted to visit the celebrated eminences, where for twenty years we have borne, almost without a murmur, the pelting of the pitiless storm; but, unfortunately for us, for our beloved coun­ try, and not less in concern for our friend, Mr. Bull, travellers, in considerable numbers, from all quarters of the world, are annually attracted to the Acropolis, to enjoy the splendid panoramic view of Auld Reekie which it affords, and who are not content with a hearty laugh at our expense, but, on returning to their native land, they, on submitting a plan of Edinburgh for the inspection of their friends, never fail to point to us with the finger of scorn, as monuments of our country’s poverty, and John Bull’s ingratitude. In days of yore the Land of Cakes, and you, my dear Mr. Bull, were wont to handle each other rather roughly, but, surely, now that you and Auld Scotia have buried all your little bickerings in oblivion, and become one for weal or for woe, you do not still permit the issue of Edward’s march to Bannockburn to rankle in your bosom. We do not for a moment suppose you capable of any thing of the sort, though not a few of our countrymen fancy, that either that or some other ancient affair in which you came off second best, must be preying upon your mind. Otherwise you would, long ere this, have shewn a �SKELETON BROTHERS. 69 disposition to present to the land of the mountain and flood some small token of personal friendship, in grateful remembrance of the important services which her sons had rendered to you in your late terrific struggle for your very existence. It is possible that you may fancy yourself not at all indebted to our much-loved country, or that the services of the latter may have escaped your recollection, for there is no denying the fact that the memory often proves treacherous when we wish to forget a favour conferred upon us. With your permission, therefore, I will endea vour to recall to your remembrance a few of the services in which the sons of Scotland acted no unimportant parts. From the breaking out of the late war to its final termination, what engagement took place, by land or by sea, in which the soul of Cale­ donia wefe, if not the foremost, equally forward, with that gallant countryman in the fight ? Who commanded the British fleet in the glorious battle of Camperdown ? A Scotsman. From what country were the majority of the European forces who wrested the important fortress of Seringapatam from the hands of the Indian Chief, and secured a peerage for their General ? Was it not Scotland? Who commanded the expedition to Egypt, in 1801, and fell mortally wounded at the close of that victory which secured the capitulation of the enemy ? A Scotsman ! From what country were the men com­ posing the two regiments who, on the 13th of March, 1801, dis­ tinguished themselves so nobly at Mandora, in Egypt? Scotland. What country claims the man by whose noble daring on the field of Assaye, the brow of the hero of that memorable fight was encircled with a wreath which will never fade—is it not Scotland. Were not the men composing three of the regiments of the military armament, which, in 1806, secured the permanent annexation of that splendid colony, the Cape of Good Hope, to the Crown of England, as also the first and second in command—natives of Scotland. Who commanded the British army which on the Plains of Maida first taught the enemy that even with a numerical superiority of three to two they had no chance of success ?—a Scotsman. From what country were those soldiers transported to the Calabrian shore, who not only charged, but actually measured bayonets with the enemy on the plains of Maida, and drove from the field all who escaped the points of their weapons ? —was it not Scotland ? Who commanded the British army at the capture of Copenhagen, in 1807 ?—a Scotsman. Who destroyed the French fleet in the Basque roads ?—a Scotsman. Who commanded the British army at Corunna, and died in the arms of victory ?—a Scotsman. Who was second in command on that occasion, and lost an arm in the action ?—a Scotsman. And who succeeded to the command on the fall of the two officers just named, and drove the �70 SKELETON BROTHERS. enemy from the field ?—also a Scotsman. Who commanded the naval armament to Holland, in 1809, the most important that ever left the British coast ?—a Scotsman. And------of the------ divisions into which the army of------ men was divided, were commanded by Scotsmen. What country claims the hero of Barrosa, one of the hardest fought battles in which British troops were engaged ?—is it not Scot­ land ? Does not Scotia claim as her own the only two generals who fell on the breach of Ciudad Rodrigo, in 1802 ? Were not two of the three regiments engaged at the storming and capture of the French works, at Almarez, in 1812, composed of Scotchmen, and the third regiment commanded by a Scotchman ? From what country were those men whose conduct at Maya, in July 1813, is characterized by the gallant historian of the Peninsular war equal to that of the Spartans at Ther* mopylaa ?—the heath-covered mountains of Scotland. And, lastly, from what country were the men who composed three of the four British regiments, particularly reported by the Duke for their gal­ lantry at Quatre Bi’as ? Scotland. From what country were the 260 soldiers who, on the plains of Waterloo, not only charged, but actually broke, a column of 3,000 French infantry, and paved the way for their total destruction by the Cavalry Brigade of Sir William Ponsonby? The mountains of Scotland. In fine, throughout the whole of the frightful struggle the sons of Scotland were never backward when stern duty called upon them to face the grim king on the field of strife, but in every action whether in the Peninsula or elsewhere, poured out their blood in torrents for their country. It is extremely painful for us to advert to the services of our coun­ trymen in the way we have just now done, but we have no other al­ ternative ; for, although you are perfectly aware that, in proportion to her population,. Scotland furnished considerably more than her quota of men for the two services in the late war, that the aid she rendered to you was of so efficient a description that you were enabled not only to keep the seat of war far from your own fireside, but to drive the would-be conqueror from the throne he had usurped, to give peace to the world, and enable you to claim the pre-eminence among the nations of the earth. You have hitherto failed to acknow­ ledge the services of the living, by bestowing upon them some trifling badge; or to commemorate the services of the fallen brave, by subscribing to the general fund established for the purpose of raising a suitable edifice to their memory. Such was not the way that the nations in olden time were wont to reward their brave defenders, as you very well know. Why then do you not follow the example of those who honoured the dead warriors with a monument, and the liv­ ing by inscribing their names on tablets of brass. To hesitate what �SKELETON BROTHERS. 71 course to pursue will but tend to heap odium on your head. For, with a perfect knowledge of the services performed for you by the sons of the north, it says but little, we fear, either for your head or your heart, to have allowed us to remain so long in our present de­ graded position, when a very small annual grant, for four or five years, would have raised us to that rank among our monumental bre­ thren which we were originally intended to hold. Poverty you can­ not plead as an excuse for having so long refused to cover the Skele­ ton Brothers with the unlimited folds of your capacious purse. For have you not, since the foundation stone of the edifice was laid, parted with millions of pounds, as if each pound was of no greater value than a particle of dust beneath your feet, the bare interest of which at five per cent., would amount to a sum twenty times more than would finish the monumental church, and endow it besides. And upon whom did you bestow the twenty millions of pounds, but men who for any service they ever rendered the country, would have been most amply rewarded with the smallest coin known in this realm. What will posterity think or say when they read that in the exuberance of his gratitude, John Bull actually forced twenty millions of pounds into the pockets of men, to whom he owed nothing, while he refused the four-hundredth part of that sum to commemorate, by the erection of a sacred edifice, the heroic actions of those brave men to whom he owes all he possesses, dominion, power, riches, prosperity, and a degree of comfort and happiness never before enjoyed by any nation under the canopy of Heaven ? Why that in your conduct towards your old military servants you have not been guided by stern old British justice, for nothing can be more unjust than to deprive of their reward those who have rendered you prompt and efficient aid in the hour of peril. We do not wish to be ill-natured, but you must excuse us for saying that at the time you so generously parted with your millions, we considered the whole transaction as the queerest price of legisla­ tion and gratitude we had ever read of. May those to whom you may hereafter confide the arrangement of similar matters possess feelings more in accordance with patriotism, and make such arrangements in matters of finance, as will enable you to secure the speedy completion of a work so admirably calculated to inspire the youth of the country with the same romantic courage which was displayed by their ancestors when they achieved those victories which have raised their country to the degree of glory she now enjoys. It was with very sincere pleasure that we lately perused the war­ rants respecting good conduct, pay-medals, &c., for, although we are satisfied that the benefits therein held out to the private soldier will �72 SKELETON BROTHERS. fail to produce the one-half of the good anticipated, yet we willingly concede that the principle on which the warrant is founded is a souud one. That you are of a similar opinion it is but natural to infer. Why not then act upon the same principle in all your transactions with those who own you as a father, whethers member of the naval, military, or civil society? To prevent crime is evidently the object aimed at by the promoters of the warrants. We cannot help think­ ing, however, that you occasionally break through that rule, and by rewarding crime in some quarters, encourage the perpetration of it in others. Even at this moment we fancy you are on the point of acting upon this principle on rather an extensive scale ; but before you finally commit yourselves, we beg you to recollect, that during the late war Scotland furnished more than her proportion of men for the defence of the country, and without a murmur deposited in the national chest her due proportion of the public burdens. That since the peace of 1815 she has continued to pay with equal pleasure her rateable proportion of the taxes, and to improve the condition of her people in every possible way she could devise, and with what success may be guessed from the very high price of land, the abundance of labour at increased rates, and the absence of everything like discon­ tent. Compare for a moment the state of crime in Scotland with that in her sister country, and the number of troops required in each for the protection of the lieges. With a population of two millions and a half, the former requires at present the presence of but one regiment of cavalry, one of infantry, and two depots; while the latter, with a population but three times greater, requires no fewer than eight regiments of cavalry, 15 regiments of infantry, - and 18 depots, besides a police force of from 7,000 to 8,000 men. Compare the con­ cessions you have made to the inhabitants of the Green Isle, the favours you have lavished on them with the concessions you have made, and the favours you have bestowed on our native land. Compare the gratitude of the former with that of the latter — the expense which Ireland, by the restlessness of its population, press you to incur, with the trifling sum required from you by Scotland. And yet it is upon those who are daily covering you with their venom—who are daily brow-beating you, and almost setting you at defiance—who are one day spurning every thing in the shape of a favour, and the next begging on their knees for a morsel of bread— who, in fact, have for years been, and who still are, exerting all their energies, to bring about a separation of the two countries—that you have heaped, that you are daily bestowing, and that you are on the point of conferring numerous favours When acting upon so liberal a scale to those who do not deny the fact that they hold you in de- �SKELETON BROTHERS. testation, what inducement do you intend to hold out to your friends north of the Tweed, to pursue the same praiseworthy, honourable course which they have hitherto done, with so much credit to them­ selves and advantage to you< Although we hold in the utmost detestation the bullying system pursued in the sister isle; yet seeing that you are altogether disinclined to listen to our appli­ cations, though made submitted in the most respectful form we could think of, and that you have in almost every case attended to the wants and the wishes of others when backed with big words and threats of immediate repeal,—we tell you very plainly, that unless your inducements extend to five annual payments of four thousand pounds each, to be paid on our friends producing an equal sum, to be applied to the finishing of the Waterloo Monumental Church, the senior member of this family holding the rather lucrative appointment of Liberator ; the second, that of Conciliator ; and the third, that of Head Pacificator, will place themselves at the head of the flower of the Scottish youth,—then march “ The Blue Bonnets over the border,” And on the right bank of the Tweed take up a position, until a sense of shame shall induce you to come down with at least an instalment of the debt of gratitude which you owe to the sons of the mist, that they may proceed without one day’s delay, to complete the sacred edi­ fice in a manner every way worthy of the gallant men whose heroic deeds it is intended to commemorate, and of your much despised, and almost broken-hearted children, The Skeleton Brothers. Calton Hill, Sept. 1846. �BATTLES OF MOODKEE, FEROZESHAH, AND SOBRAON. That officers appointed to command others, should possess other qualities than either zeal, or activity, or gallantry, or intelligence, is the opinion of one whose authority in all military matters few will dispute; but what those other qualities are, and whether any, or all of them, lie encased in the breasts of the officers now at the head of the Indian Government and army, we will leave for decision to the mem­ bers of the Government by whom they were appointed, and the rela­ tives of those gallant men who died on the fields of Moodkee, Ferozeshah, Aliwal, and Sobraon, and whom they never again can address by the endearing appellations of father, son, brother, or husband. Far be it from us to add to the pangs which we fear must still be felt by those with whom rested the sole control of the resources of our Indian empire, as often as they recal to their remembrance the scenes which passed before their eyes at the close of the battles of Moodkee and Ferozeshah, and reflect that the horrors of those spectacles might have been, if not altogether prevented, at least greatly lessened, by an earlier attention to the grave matters adverted to in the letters of the political agent, particularly after the receipt of those communications, the contents of which rendered it no longer doubtful, but that to get quit of its mutinous soldiery, the Court of Lahore had resolved to bring about a collision with the British on the banks of the Sutlej. Far be it from us to criticise too closely the conduct of those on whom devolved the duty of directing the late operations in India, seeing that whatever errors may have been committed, not a few of them have been redeemed by the gallant bearing of the parties, on those occa­ sions when duty called then to meet the daring foe in moral combat. But we cannot refrain from expressing our astonishment, that with the hostile demonstration of the Sikhs in 1843, and 1844, and the anti-English spirit exhibited by the Sikhs in the year 1845, before their eyes, the authorities should have listened for a moment to an assurance of continued amity, emanating from the leaders of a muti­ nous soldiery, or the ministers of a Court, composed of individuals to compare whom with the veriest dregs of the populace in the purlieus of St. Giles, would be to cast an unmerited stigma upon the latter. In the first stages of a disease, an error in a physician’s prescrip­ tion generally proves fatal. In like manner, an error in a general’s preparatory arrangements, at the commencement of a campaign, but too often leads to unfortunate results. Had the maxim, “ Suspect every act, every movement of an enemy, though there should really be no apparent cause for it,” been kept in view by the Governor-General, Ferozepore would not have been left �75 BATTLES OF MOODKEEj &C.. so far from its supports, with so slender a garrison as one regiment of British, and seven regiments of Native Infantry, two regiments of Native Cavalry, and twenty-four pieces—a force adequate for the duties of the place in a period of profound peace, but altogether inade­ quate for its defence at so critical a juncture, being within fifty miles of the head-quarters of the Sikh army, amounting to 80,000 men, with a field-train of 150 pieces of artillery, many of them of large calibre; whilst the nearest body of troops intended for its support, in case of attack, was quartered at least 120 miles in its rear, an arrangement which the Sihks accepted as an invitation to attack the post before it could be succoured from the rear. For what says Lal Singh:— “ Sirdar Jonaher Singh used to speak to me about attacking the English; my heart’s desire is now accomplished; therefore, I hope to be sent against Ferozepore, and will bring over the whole army of the English to the Sikh Government, and Ferozepore, will be taken without fighting:” a letter which tends to show us that the chief officers of the Sikh army were of opinion that the garrison of Ferozepore was of itself so unable to cope with the force they could send against it—that they had nothing to do but appear before its gates, to make it submit without firing a shot. It is quite true, as stated by the Governor-General, that Ferozepore was treacherously attacked, without provocation, or declaration of hostilities. But did the Governor-General expect anything else? If he did, he unquestionably was the only subject of the British Crown who entertained the Quixotic notion that the Sikh Commander —before crossing the Rubicon—would, in imitation of the celebrated royal Tuscan chief, Porsena, intimate to the British Commander-inChief the time when, and the place where, he intended to make an attack—or once think of publicly declaring war against the Indian Government, until he had the whole of the legions marshalled on the right bank of the Sutlej, ready to pounce upon what they fancied an easy prey. Sir John Littler and his gallant little band are also noticed in the despatches, and in a way to have it thought that the authorities were warranted in leaving so sm ill a force in Ferozepore— the long service, tried valour, and experience of that officer, being equal to a reinforcement of some battalions. But all this furnishes but a poor and unsatisfactory apology for putting to hazard the very existence of the splendid empire entrusted to his rule, for that it was placed in the most imminent danger by the inadequate means taken to meet the threatened danger, is obvious from various portions of the despatches before us. What says the Commander-in-Chief, in his despatch of the 29th December, detailing the battle of Moodkee:— “ The junction was soon effected, and thus was accomplished one of Military Magazine. No, 2, Vol. 1. L �BATTLES OF MOODKEE, &C. the great objects of all our harassing marches and privations in the relief of that division (Ferozepore garrison)of our army from the block­ ade of the numerous forces by which it was surrounded.” But ticklish as were the positions of the various corps of the army, previous to the relief of Ferozepore, they were in a still more ticklish state towards the close of the day of Ferozeshah, for the proof of which we again refer toapassage in thedespatches oftheBritish General, dated the 22d Dec.: —“ His guns, during this manoeuvre, maintained an incessant fire whilst our artillery ammunition being expended in these protracted combats, we were unable to answer him with a single shot” a passage? which leads us to inquirejoy whom so monstrous an error could be com­ mitted; as to force the British troops to engage in so momentous a struggle without first securing for them an ample supply of powder and shot; for that a very palpable error was committed by some one is evidenced by the fact, the the British were the assailants, not the assailed, and consequently that battle was of their own seeking—an error but for which thousands of human beings would, for a further term, have continued to tread the earth which now encircles their inanimate clay on the deeply-crimsoned fields of.Moodkee, Ferozeshah? Aliwal, and Sobraon—fields on which thousands of our brave defen­ ders had to face the grim king in all the hideous forms which he as­ sumes on those plains where nations met‘in battle-array. But, however desperate the afiairs of the British may have been previous to the relief of the garrison of Ferozepore, their position was so much improved by that fortunate event, as to render the very des­ perate remedies subsequently applied by the British chief for the cure of the disease which they had occasioned, altogether uncalled for. On the 19th and 20th of December, the whole of the Sikh disposa­ ble force was in front of the British. If, therefore, the Sikhs did not consider themselves strong enough to attack their opponents on one or other of those days, when but a portion of the British troops had arrived at the scene of active operations, was it at all likely that they would leave their entrenched camp to give their antagonists a meet­ ing, after the latter had been strongly reinforced ? Consequently,the British generals must be considered as having laid themselves open to the charge of having prematurely brought on the battle of Feroze­ shah; as the object which they wished to obtain by engaging in that terrible conflict, might, by waiting a few days, until the heavy ar­ tillery, and the whole of tire reserves, had joined them, have been achieved with the loss of less than a tithe of the British blood so profusely expended on that occasion. Half a century having elapsed since those gallant individuals entered the military service of their country, it is not a little remarka­ �BATTLES OF MOODKEE, &C., 77 ble that the old military maxim, “ wait for praise until your comrades bestow it,” should have been unknown on the banks of the Sutlej, at the date of the despatch from the celebrated field of Ferozeshah. On that occasion the Governor-General, then second in command, writes to the Commander-in-Chief as follows:—“ The whole line instantly advanced, and animated by your example, carried every thing before them; and, having traversed the camp from one extremity to the other, drew up in a perfect line, expressing by loud cheers, as we rode up the line, their conscious pride that every man had done his duty.” We rode up the line, may possibly help our friends to come to a correct notion as to the object which the writer had in view in penning this paragraph. That the gallant officers should, under the circum­ stances, have been more than usually excited on that occasion, is perhaps not to be wondered at; but, after making every allowance for the little display of egotistic feeling which their warmest friends could wish, we cannot help thinking but that they would have occupied a still higher place in public estimation than they now do, had the passage from the Go ver nor-General’s despatch just quoted, and the following from that of the Commander-in-Chief, viz., “ The line then halted, as if on a day of manoeuvre, receiving its leaders as they rode along its front with a gratifying cheer,” never met the public eye; passages which, they will, no doubt, be grieved to learn, have been the unfortunate cause of introducing into almost every barrack-room a severe description of head-ache, occasioned, it is believed, by the inmates indulging, after perusing the extracts, in a too immoderate use of their risible powers. Much has been said and written respecting the generalship dis­ played by the British generals in the various battles, but after maturely considering everything bearing upon the subject—whether in the despatches, the private letters from the scene of action, or the commentaries of friends, and others, at home—we cling to our original opinion, and, in the language of the “ Duke,” respecting his great rival at Waterloo, say, they did not manoeuvre at all, but went to work in the true bull-dog fashion, and accomplished their purpose in a manner which, had they lived in the good old time of Spartan glory, would have secured for them the minor privilege of sacrificing a cock, but not the major privilege of sacrificing an ox, that warlike people being of opinion that as the performances of the mind are su­ perior and preferable to those of the body, so was stratagem, on all occasions, to be preferred to open force. Though the chiefs succeeded, therefore, in defeating their powerful antagonists, yet by attempting to take “ the lions” by the beard, instead of attempting to draw them �78 BATTLES OF MOODKEE, &C. from their lair by some one or other of the thousands of stratagems which had been adopted, on similar occasions, by those who had gone before them, and thereby adopting a mode of attack which rendered a stout heart, and a no less active than willing pair of hands, of much greater service than a good head, they must be prepared to surrender no small portion of the honour and glory acquired on those sanguinary fields to the gallant officers, non-commissioned officers, and soldiers, by whose indomitable courage the laurels were secured, and who, on every occasion, “ Firm did front the threatening storm, And braved with fearless breasts fell death’s terrific form.” Most fervently do we pray that no friend of ours may ever be reduced to the necessity of quitting home and friends to secure a scanty subsistence at the cannon’s mouth, if on all future similar occasions, officers in command are to be permitted to render valour as hazardous a trade, as the despatches of Lords Gough and Hardinge prove it to have been on the banks of the Sutlej. If the Governor-General is to receive £5000 per annum from the East India Company, and £3000 from the British Government, for an terror ofpolicy which led him to postpone to far too late a period the preparations necessary for avert­ ing or resisting the invasion of the Sikhs—what provision, we ask, is intended to be made for the families of those gallant spirits who gave their lives in those sanguinary battles to retrieve that error ? Or what reward is to be bestowed upon the survivors, by whose extra­ ordinary feats of heroism those victories were achieved, for which the Governor-General of India has been elevated to the peerage ; and either has been, or is to be, otherwise most munificently rewarded ? We wait for a reply. �79 IS WAR NECESSARY? And if necessary, should it be made to appear a luxury by being trapped with so much glitter and gaud? We have been led into this inquiry by two rather inapposite things, the perusal of accounts of Peace Meetings at the Hall of Commerce, and the inspection of a series of beautiful plates illustrative of the garb of the Indian army. * The argument of the lecturers at the Hall of Commerce was that war is a horrible, and peace a desirable thing. This is as true as if said by “ poor Richard” himself. The highest living authority has pronounced it impossible to exaggerate the horrors of war. Man’s imagination—indeed, woman’s too—lags in the wake of the reality. As the bray of trumpets has often drowned the groans, en­ treaties, aye, and curses of the wounded and dying on the battle field, so does the news of victory—with the details of gallant daring and brave endurance—drive from the thought of those who live at home in ease the agonies, present and enduring, that very victory has en­ tailed. All that we grant; we grant, too, that the rights of property in a scene of warfare are set at nought; life has no sacredness, for it is the soldier’s duty to destroy it in his enemy—to take it from men with whom he has no personal quarrel, whom he very properly re­ gards with no animosity. These things, and many more, have been stated by the lecturers in question (and their motives are deserving of all respect, while their eloquence is that of earnest men); but the remedy they would apply, would aggravate the evil they seek to remove. Let the belief once be established in England, that a soldier, even a private soldier, is not an honourable, as well as necessary calling, let the people be induced to think that war is but a base and bloody trade—let discontent be engendered at the cost of the two services, and a niggard spirit be allowed by the legislature to reduce the num­ bers, and lessen the efficiency of the men, and the materiel of war, and what would be the result? War would be inevitable, because victory over this wealthy country, would be thought assured. What caused the Americans to consent to the peaceful settlement of the Oregon question, what but the knowledge that England was * Costumes of the Indian Army.—R. Ackerman, Regent-street. �80 IS WAR NECESSARY? fully prepared for war? That, though not anxious to wound, she was prepared to strike, and to strike home too. What, we repeat, in this instance manifestly preserved the peace ? Our being armed at all points for war. And so, until society is very different, it will ever be. No, gentlemen of the Peace Society, if you succeed in making the soldier’s calling an unpopular and, therefore, a slighted one—if you succeed in diminishing the number of our forces, and make an army and a navy appear costly encumbrances, the Emperor Nicholas, Mr. President Polk, and M. Thiers, would declare that, to their views, you were the best friends the age had produced. To maintain, then, as we contend it should be maintained, the feel­ ing of the honourableness of a soldier’s life, distinctive dress and martial bearing are necessary ; hence the importance of constant drill and carefully distinctive equipment. Viewed in this light the soldier’s dress is not mere tailor’s work, and the study of Mr. Ackermann’s admirable engravings will strengthen our argument. From the fit­ ness and the gracefulness of many of those costumes the home regi­ ments might derive useful hints. The profession is certainly much indebted to the publisher for the manner in which, at the present time, he has brought out these facsimiles of a soldier as he should be. F. B. �81 BATTLE OF WATERLOO. 25th, 35th, 54th, 59th, and 91st regiments. To the Editor of the “Military Magazine.” Sir,—In the last number of your Magazine, your correspondent, Miles, complains of a capricious distribution of the Waterloo medal. His words are—But I affirm that the Waterloo medal w'as given to a regiment that was not under fire, and to even more than one. Will any military man tell me that the 54th regiment was under fire at Waterloo? Yet if you turn to the Army List, you will find that they received the medal. There were also two or three other regiments in the same brigade with them, who were bivouacked on the ramparts of Brussels, waiting for orders with piled arms, and ready to march at a moment’s notice, but whose services were required to march the prisoners taken on the field into the rear, but they did not get the medal. Will any one tell me that these men were not employed upon the duties of the battle of Waterloo ? One of these regiments was the 25th, or the King’s Own Borderers ; surely that was not equal justice to these corps.” Who your correspondent is, I have no means of knowing ; but it is sufficiently clear, from his statement, that he is not a military man—> at all events, he could not have been attached to any of the regiments under the orders of the Duke of Wellington in Belgium at the date of the battle of Waterloo, the greater part of that statement being con­ trary to facts known to the whole military world. True it is that the 54th regiment received a medal for the battle of Waterloo, though not engaged ; but then it is equally true that all the other regiments of that brigade, the 35th, 59th, and 91st, received medals, none of whom were engaged. So much for your correspon­ dent’s assertion that the 54th regiment received a medal to the exclu­ sion of the other regiments of the brigade. But not less unfortunate is the assertion of Miles, that those four regiments forming the brigade of General Johnston were stationed on the ramparts of Brussels during the engagement. If he had known anything at all of the subject on which he addressed you, he would have known that these regiments were not at Brussels, but sta- �82 RATTLE Of WATERLOO. tioned in advance of it, on the road to Mons, near to Braine-le-Comte, to watch the motions of any column of French troops which Napoleon might push forward in that direction, and, therefore, could not have been engaged in removing the prisoners to the rear, for in the position in which they were posted on the morning of the battle, they remained Until the following day ; in confirmation of which I may state, and this fact is not a little singular, that not one of the four regiments, though only eight or ten miles distant, were aware that a battle was fought, until eight o’clock, A.M., on the 19th of June. This statement, you will perceive, limits your correspondent’s ca­ pricious distribution of Waterloo medals to one regiment, the 25th, or King’s Own Borderers, which, according to his own assertion, was stationed on the ramparts of Brussels, ten miles in rear of the field of battle, the Duke, the whole of the allied army, and the almost im­ penetrable forest of Soigny, betwen them and the enemy. Now just run your eye over the map, and you will at once perceive that, in­ stead of being stationed at Brussels, the four regiments, the 35 th, 54th, 59th, and 91st regiments, occupied a most important post, in line with the allied army, in whieh their chief expected they would be attacked, and consequently had some claim to a participation in the distribution of the Waterloo medal; but the 25th being stationed behind stone walls at Brussels—ten miles in rear of the gory field— with the allied army between the corps and the enemy, could have no claim whatever; for, even if the Duke had been defeated, the gallant Borderers could not have smelt French gunpowder at a less distance than nine miles at any period of that, our memorable, day. H. P. O. �BREVET. 91 Benoit Bender, of the 82nd Foot Richard Henry John Beaumont M’Cum­ ming, of the 15th Foot William Atkin, of the Royal Canadian « Rifle Regt. Donald Stuart, of the 46th Foot Henry Francis Ainslie, of the 83rd Foot John Rowley Hevland, of the35th Foot William Henry Robinson, of the 72nd Foot George Mylius, of the 26th Foot Thomas Josephus Deverell, of the 67th Foot Frederick Eld, of the 90th Foot William Bletterman Caldwell of the 92nd Foot Robert Carr, of the 38th Foot Thomas Maitland Wilson, of the 96th Foot Abraham Splaine, of the 81st Foot Robert Bush, of the 96th Foot James Alexander Robertson( of the 82nd Foot Charles Kelson, of the Ceylon Rifle Regt. James Ward, of the 81st Foot Hon. George Cecil Weld Forester, of the Royal Regt, of Horse Guards John Norman, of the 54th Foot Angus William Mackay, of the 21st Foot James Robert Brunker, of the 15th Foot Gervase Parker Bushe, of the 7 th Light Dragoons Charles Francis Maxwell, of the 82nd Foot Robert Vansittart, of the Coldstream Regt, of Foot Guards Jonh M'Mahon Kidd, of the 87th Foot Henry B. Harvey, of the 87th Foot Edward A. G. Muller, of the I st Foot CAPTAINS to be MAJORS in the William Jonathan Clerke, of the 77th Army. Foot. Isaac Foster, of the 3rd West India Regt. Abraham Bolton, of the 5th Dragoon Robert Alexander Andrews, of the Guards 30th Foot Walter Hamilton, of the 78th Foot John Spence, of the 5th Foot William John Saunders, of the 57th James Draper, of the 64th Foot Foot. Henry Penleaze, of the 1st or Grena­ James Graham, of the 89th Foot dier Regt, of Foot Guards Richard Leckonby Phipps, of the 68th George Weston, of the 14th Light Foot Dragoons Charles Ash Windham, of the Cold­ John Harris, of the 24th Foot stream Regt, of Foot Guards Thomas John Taylor, of the 78th Foot Jaffray Nicholson, of the 99th Foot John James Peck, of the 2nd West Thomas Tulloch, of the 42nd Foot India Regt. George Ogle Moore, of the 82nd Foot Henry Richmond Jones, of the 6th Hon. Robert Edward Boyle, of the Dragoon Guards Coldstream Regt, of Foot Guards Sir James Edward Alexander, of the John Hildebrand Oakes Moore, of th« 14th Foot 35th Foot David Burds, of the 19th Foot N Military Magazine, No. 2, Vol. 1. DaVid England Johnson, of the Sth Eoot Gillies Maopherson, of the Royal Canadian Rifle Regt. Robert Edward Burrowes, hp Unatt. Thomas Gloster, hp Unatt. Thomas George Harriott, hp Royal Staff Corps John Watter, of the 95th Root James Kerr Ross, hp Unatt. Eardly Wilmot, hp Unatt. Edward Basil Brooke, of the 67 th Foot Christian Frederick Lardy, hp Unatt. Edward George Walpole Keppel, hp Unatt. Robert Henry Willcock, of the 81st Foot John FitzMaurice, hp Unatt. Henry Dundas Maclean, hp Unatt. John Campbell, of the 38th Foot John Blood, hp Royal Waggon Train Edward Allen, hp Unatt. John Crawford Young, hp Unatt. Frederick Hope, hp Anatt. James Bowes, of the 87th Foot Lewis Alexander During, hp Unatt. Joshua Simmonds Smith, of the 1st Dragoon Guards Basil Jackson, hp Royal Staff Corps Aralander Tennant, of the 35th Foot William Nesbitt Orange, of the 67th Foot Sir James John Hamilton, Bart, hp Unatt. Charles Deane, of the 1st Foot Henry Arthur O’Neill, hp Unatt. Hon. William Noel Hill, hp Unatt. Henry Clinton, hp Unatt. Charles Stewart, hp Unatt. Frederick Chidley Irwin, hp Unatt. Henry C. Cowell, hp Unatt. John Flamank, hp Unatt. �92 BREVET. Luke Smyth O’Connor, of the 1st West India Regt. Jamest Piggot, of the Sa int HelenaRegt. Authur Horne, of the 12th Foot. Gervas Stanford Deverill, of the 90th Foot Loftus Francis Jones, of the 96th Foot Henry P. Raymond, of the 1st Foot Henry SadlierBruere,of the 4 3rd. Foot Henry Grimes, of the 98th Foot Thomas Middleton Biddulph, of the 1st Life Guards Thomas E. Lacy, of the 72nd Foot Philip Smyly, of the 99th Foot Oswald Samuel Blachford, of the 15th Light Dragoons John Gray, of the 40th Foot Henry Jenkins Pogson, hp Ceylon Regt., Garrison Quarter Master at Gibraltar John Holland, of 86th Eoot Edward Charles Soden, of the 2nd West India Regt. Brownlow Villiers Layard, of the 37th Foot James Loftus Elrington, of the Cold­ stream Regt, of Foot Guards Wyndham Edward Hammer, of the Royal Regt, of Horse Guards John Impett, of the 25th Foot George Wynell Mayow, of the 4th Dragoon Guards Henry Robert Thurlow, of the 90th Foot Geore Talbot, of the 43rd Foot James Campbell of the 87th Foot Edward Littledale, of the 1st Dragoons Charles Murray, of the 16th Foot Hon. David Henry Murray, of the Scots Fusilier Guards Robert Baillie of the 72nd Foot Richard Going, of the 1st Foot Robert Sherbourne Murry, of the 38th Foot John Bolton, of the 75th Foot Mountford Stoughton Heyliger Lloyd, of the 2nd Foot William Barnes, of the 17th Foot Thomas Holes Tidy, of the 14th Foot Charles James, of the 84th Foot Edward Clarges Ansell, of the 74th Foot Daniel Riley, of the 24th Foot Charles Henry Edmonstone, ofthe81st Foot John Mayne, of the 1st Foot Richard Francis Brownlow Rusbrooke, of the Scots Fusilier Guards Henry Douglas Cowper, of the 40th Foot Alexander Jardine, of the 75th Foot Edward Foy, of the 71st Foot Henry Alexander Kerr, of the 1st Foot John Roche, of the 2nd Life Guards Thomas Skinner, of the Ceylon Rifle Regt. James Clarke, of the 1st West India Regt. Francis Mountjoy Martyn, of the 2nd Life Guards William Henry Gillman, of the 68th Foot John Wegg, of the 56th Foot Robert Clifford Lloyd, of the 76th Foot James Fraser, of the 35th Foot Mitchell George Sparks, of the 10th Foot Andrew Armstrong Barnes, of the 25th Foot George Frederick Cooper Scott, of the 76th Foot Hon, Alexander Nelson Hood, of the Scots Fusilier Guards William Davenport Davenport, of the 95th Foot William Sutton, of the Cape Mounted Riflemen Thomas Abbott, of the 3rd West India Regt. Archibald Inglis Lockhart, of the 92nd Foot William Shaw, of the 3rd West India Regt. Thomas Moore, of the 12 th Foot Johnson Ford, of the 43rd Foot George M'Beath, of the 68th Foot Hon. Horace Pitt, of the Royal Regt, of Horse Guards William Robert Haliday, 93d Foot William Johnson, of the 65th Foot WAR OFFICE, 9th Novestbek. Her Majesty has been pleased to appoint the following Officers, of the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers, to take rank by Brevet, as under-men­ tioned. The Commissions to be dated 9th November, 1846 : — ROYAL ARTILLERY. MAJOR GENERALS to be LIEU­ TENANT GENERALS in the Army, Sir Thomas Downman, C.B. Sir Joseph Hugh Carncross, K.C.B. Alexander Watson Edward Vaughan Worsley Henry Evelegh Hon, Henry William Gardner Frederick Walker Joseph Webbe Tobin COLONELS to be MAJOR GENE­ RALS in the Army. John Slessor, late Royal Irish Artillery James Irving, late Royal Irish Artillery �BREVET. Patrick Campbell, Retired Royal Ar­ tillery John Boteler Parker, Retired Royal Artillery William Greenshields Power Alexander Macdonald Thomas John Forbes Alexander Munro James Pattison Cockburn Robert Henry Birch James Armstrong Thomas Patterson Nathaniel Wilmot Oliver Richard John James Lacy LIEUTENANT COLONELS to be COLONELS in the Army. Sir William Macbean George Colebrooke Thomas Tisdall, late Royal Irish Ar­ tillery William Cator John Chester, hp Royal Artillery Alexander Maclachlan Charles Gilmour, Retired Royal Ar­ tillery Stephen Kirby, Retired Royal Artillery John Wilson Kettlewell, Retired Royal Artillery Guy Carleton Coffin, Retired Royal Artillery James Stokes Bastard Thomas Gore Browne Duncan Grant Henry Alexander Scott William Wylde, C.B. CAPTAINS to be MAJORS in the Army. William Henry Bent Francis Ward William Bates Ingilby Thomas Orlando Cater Henry Pester Robert William Story George James Charles Henry Nevett John Bloomfield Henry Palliser Robert Longmore Garstin John Alexander Wilson Richard Tomkins Henry Williams Richard Goodwin Bowen Wilson Burke Cuppage Robert Burn Richard Beaumont Burnaby John Hungerford Griffin Thomas Arscott Lethbridge Da»iel Thorndike Harry Stow William Frazer 93 Charles Gostling Charles Henry Mee Theophilus Desbrisay Charles Bertie Symons Thomas Congreve Robe. ROYAL ENGINEERS. MAJOR GENERALS to be LIEUT. GENERALS iu the Army. Elias Walker Durnford Sir George Whitmore Frederick Rennel Thackeray, C.B. Sir Stephen Remnant Chapman, C.B. John Francis Birch, C.B. Gustavus Nicholls George Wright, COLONELS to be MAJOR GENE­ RALS in the Army. Sir William Gosset, C.B. George Cardew Thomas Fyers Edward Fanshawe, C.B. Thomas Cunningham Thomas Colby LIEUTENANT COLONELS to be COLONELS in the Army. Sir John Mark Frederick Smith Rice Jones Thomas Moody Matthew Charles Dixon Patrick Douall Calder CAPTAINS to be MAJORS in the Army. George Tait Henry Rowland Brandreth Charles Ogle Streatfeild Joseph Elison Portlock Charles Carson Alexander George Currie Page Henry Sandham Thomas Coryndon Luxmoore William Faris Frederick Henry Baddeley Thomas Budgeon Vincent Joseph Biscoe Henry Powell Wulff WAR OFFICE, 9th November. Her Majesty has been pleased to ap­ point the following Officers of the Royal Marines, to take rank, by Brevet, as undermentioned. The Com­ missions to be dated 9th November, 1846:— COLONELS to be MAJOR GENE­ RALS in the Army. Edward Nicolls George Lewis, C.B. Elas Lawrence, C.B. �BREVET. 94 George Jones Thomas Benjamin Adair, C.B. William Hallett Conolly George Beatty Lieut. Col. James Nisbet Colquhoun, vice Rudyerd Anthony Robinson Harrison, v. Cator Henry Richard Wright, vice Dansey LIEUTENANT COLONEL to be COLONEL in the Army. John Wolrige Alfred Tylee, vice Otway Charles James Daiton, vice Anderson William Henry Forbes, vice Palmer David Edward Wood, vice Hornsby Hugh Manly Tuite, vice Armstrong William Emerton Heitland, vice Evans George Innes, vice Rowland Frederick Eardley Wilmot, vice Col­ quhoun James William Fitzmayer, vice Har­ rison George Robert Harry Kennedy, vice Wright. SECOND CAPTAINS TO BE CAPTAINS. CAPTAINS to be MAJORS in the Army. Robert Eord Henry James Gillespie David M‘Adam Samuel Garmston John Harvey Stevens William Taylor Charles Compton Pratt Henry Ivatt Delacombe George Hunt Coryton John Ashmore Charles Fegen Richard Lyde Hornbrook Thomas Scott Villiam Lewis Dawes John Alexander Philips William Jolliffe William Calamy James Fynmore OFFICE OF ORDNANCE, Nov. 16. Royal Regt, of Artillery. TO BE COLONELS. FIRST LIEUTENANTS TO BE SECOND CAPTAINS. Frederick Alexander Campbell, vice Tylee Henry Philip Goodenough, vice Dalton George Bucknail Shakespear, vice Forbes Richard Henry Crofton, vice Wood Matthew Smith Dodsworth, vice Tuite Murray Octavius Nixon, vice Heatland Henry Lynedoch Gardiner, vice Innes Benjamin Bathurst, vice F. Eardley Wilmot Henry Bouchier Osborne Savile, vice Fitzmayer Robert Parker Radcliffe, vice Kennedy Bt. Colonel James Stokes Bastard,vice Forbes SECOND LIEUTENANTS TO BE FIRST Bt. Colonel Thomas Gore Browne,vice LIEUTENANTS. Munro Bt. Colonel Duncan Grant, vice Cock­ Joseph Godby, vice Campbell Dominick Sarsfield Green, vice Good­ burn. enough Bt. Colonel Henry Alexander Scott, Philip Francis Miller, Vice G.B. Shake­ vice Birch spear Bt. Colonel Thomas Dyneley, vice William Wigram Barry, vice Crofton Armstrong Lieut. Colonel Henry Charles Russel, James Thomas Orme, vice Dodsworth George Hatton Colomb, vice Nixon vice Paterson Lieut. Colonel Samuel Rudyerd, vice George William Drummond Hay, vice Gardiner Oliver Bt. Colonel William Cator, vice Lacy Thomas Henry Harding, vice Bathurst Lieut. Colonel Chas. Cornwallis Dansey, Philip Daves Margesson, vice H. B. 0. Savile vice W. P. Power Mervyn Stewart, vice Radcliffe BREVET MAJORS TO BE LIEUTENANT­ Corps of Royal Engineers. COLONELS. BREVET COLONELS TO BE COLONELS Charles Otway, vice Macdonald, re­ Sir John Mark Frederick Smith, vice moved as a General Officer Cardew, removed as a General Officer William Cockrane Anderson, vice Rice Jones, vice Fyers, removed as a Bastard General Officer Reynolds Palmer, vice Brown Thomas Moody, vice Fanshawe, re­ John Romaine Hornsby, vice Grant moved as a General Officer Richard Say Armstrong, vice Scott John Oldfield, vice Cunningham, re­ Mark Evans, vice Dyneley moved as a General Officer George Tempest Rowland, vice Russel �95 BREVET. Matthew Charles Dixon, vice Colby, removed as a General Officer BREVET MAJORS TO BE LIEUTENANT COLONELS. Charles Jasper Selwyn, vice Smith William Matthew Gossett, vice Jones Daniel Bolton, vice Moody Frederick William Whinyates, vice Oldfield Alexander Watt Robe, vice Dixon SECOND CAPTAINS TO BE CAPTAINS. John Williams, vice Selwyn Edward William Durnford, vice Gosset Edward Thomas Lloyd, vice Bolton Henry James William Robinson, vice Whinyates, promoted Thomas Rawlings Mould George Wynne, vice Robe, promoted FIRST LIEUTENANTS TO BE SECOND CAPTAINS. Harry St. George Ord, vice Williams David William Tylee, vice Durnford Hampden Clement Blamire Moody, vice Lloyd John Lintorn Arabin Simmons, vice Robinson George Archibald Leach, vice Wynne SECOND LIEUTENANTS TO BE FIRST LIEUTENANTS. Charles Thomas Hutchinson, vice Ord Edward Metcalfe Grain, vice Tylee Arthur Payne Smith, vice Moody Augustus Meyer Lochner, vice Sim­ mons Philip Ravenhill, vice Leach DEPUTY ADJUTANT GENERAL’S OFFICE, WOOLWICH, Nov. 16. Royal Artillery—General Order. His Lordship, the Master General, has been pleased to make the following appointments, consequent upon the promotion announced in the Gazette of the 9th instant. Colonel Turner, C.B., to command the Royal Artillery in Ireland Colonel Rudyerd, Superintendent of the Royal Military Repository Lieut. Colonel Gordon, Inspector of Royal Carriage Department Lieut. Colonel Hardinge, Director of Royal Laboratory The two latter appointments to take effect on January 1, 1847. Bt. Major Pester, Fire Master Captain C. J. Wright to Royal Mili­ tary Repository. The under-mentioned Officers are posted to the Royal Horse Artillery: Lieut. Colonel Bell, vice Dyneley Lieut. Colonel Louis, vice Cator Lieut. Colonel Brereton, vice Mac­ donald, on Lieut. Colonel’s pay Lieut. Colonel Strangways, vice Har­ dinge, on Major’s pay Captain Dupins, vice Pester Second Captain Philpotts, vice Wood First Lieut. Willett, vice Goodenough First Lieut. Neill, v'cj Gardiner First Lieut. D. M. C. D. Fraser, vice Radcliffe. In consequence of the promotions and foregoing appointments, the un­ dermentioned are posted as follows; Lieut. Colonel Rawnsley to the7thBattalion, vice Bastard Lieut. Colonel Hardinge to the 2nd Battalion, nice Browne Lient. Colonel Andrews to the 8th Battalion, vice Grant Lieut. Colonel Locke to the 8th Bat­ talion, vice Scott Lieut. Colonel Wells to the 6th Bat­ talion, vice Bell Lieut. Colonel Arbuckle to the 1st Battalion, vice Russell Lieut. Colonel Higgins to the 4th Bat­ talion, vice Rudyerd Lieut. Colonel Freer to the 3rd Bat• talion, vice Louis Lieut. Colonel Hope to the 10th Bat­ talion, vice Brereton Lieut. Colonel Eyre to the 8th Bat­ talion, vice Dansey. ON LIEUTENANT COLONELS’ PAY. Lieut. Colonel Otway, the 8th Bat­ talion, vice Rawnsley Lieut. Colonel Anderson to the 10th Battalion, vice Stiangways Lieut. Colonel Palmer to the 4th Bat­ talion, vice Andrews Lieut. Colonel Hornsby to the 3rd Bat­ talion, vice Locke Lieut. Colonel Armstrong to the 5th Battalion, vice Willis Lieut. Colonel Evans to the 9 th Bat­ talion, vice Arbuckle. Lieut. Colonel Rowland to the 2nd Battalion, vice Higgins Lieut. Colonel Colquhoun to the 1st Battalion, vice Freer Lieut. Colonel Harrison to the 7th Battalion, vice Hope Lieut. Colonel Wright to the 6th Bat­ talion, vice Eyre. LIEUTENANT COLONEPS PAY. OX MAJORS’ Bt. Major Pester to the 8th Battalion, vice Depuis Second Capt. Crofton to the 6th Bat­ talion, vice Phillpotts �96 BREVET. First Lieutenant D. S. theGreen to 5th Battalion, vice Wilnett First Lieutenant G. W. D. Hay to the 8th Battalion, vice Neill First Lieutenant M. Stewart to the 3rd Battalion, vice Fraser BREVET. The following Officers were omitted in the list of promotions by Brevet, which were published in the Gazette of the 10th November :— TO BE LIEUTENANT GENERAL IN THE ARMY. Major General Sir Charles Wade Thornton, Lieut. Governor of Hull. TO BE MAJOR GENERALS IN THE ARMY. Colonel Peter Augustus Lantonr, C.B., Half Pay 23d Light Dragoons Colonel Richard William Howard Howard Vyse, Half Pay, Unatt. Colonel Archibald Maclachlan, Half Pay 69 th Foot Colonel John Whetham, Half Pay 1st Garrison Battalion Colonel John Williams Aldred, Half Pay 60th Foot TO BE COLONELS IN THE ARMY. Lieut. Colonel Charles Milner, Half Pay 3d Foot Lieut. Colonel William Mansfield Mor­ rison, Half Pay 23rd Light Dragoons Lieut. Col. George Saunders Thwaites, Half Pay 57th Foot Lieut. Colonel Joseph Jerrard, Half Pay 6th Garrison Battalion Lieut. Colonel John Linton, Half Pay Unattached Lieut. Colonel William Fraser, Half Pay Unattached TO BE MAJORS IN THE ARMY. Captain the Hon. Charles Robert Weld Forester, Half Pay Unattached, As­ sistant Military Secretary in Ireland Captain Henry Daniell, Colistream Regiment of Foot Guards Captain Henry Anderson,Staff Captain Chatham The above Commissions to bear date 9th Nov. 1846 The following Captains, upon Half Pay, who are serving as Staff Officers of Pensioners, TO BE MAJORS IN THE ARMY. Captain Willoughby Montagu, Half Pay Royal Artillery to bear date 23rd Nov. 1841, and Captain Archibald Campbell, Half Pay Ceylon Regiment Captain Thomas Beckham, Half Pay Unattached Captain Martin Orr, Half Pay Un­ attached Captain Henry Frederick Hawker, Half Pay 12th Foot Captain Edward Trevor,HalfPayRoyal Artillery Captain George Herbert Frederick Campbell, Half Pay Royal Staff Corps Caytain Walter Campbell, Half Pay Unattached Captain Edward Stirling Farmar, Half Pay Unattached Captain John Edward Orange, Half Pay 34th Foot Captain William Joshua Crompton, Half Pay Unattached Captain John Francis Du Vernet, Half Pay Royal African Corps Captain William Calder, Half Pay Un­ attached Captain James Stuart, Half Pay 84th Foot Captain William Harloe Phibbs, Half Pay Unattached Captain William Beales, Half Pay 9th Light Dragoons Captain William M'Pherson, Half Pay Unattached Captain John Forbes, Half Pay Unat­ tached Commissions to bear date 9th Nov., 1846 �PROMOTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS. WAR OFFICE, 3rd. Nov. llth Light Dragoons—Lieutenant E. Peel to be Captain, by purchase, vice Cathcart, who retires; Cornet F. H. Sykes to be Lieutenant, by purchas, vice Peel; R. Dennistoun, Gent., to be Cornet, by Purchase, vice Sykes. 15th—Lieutenant J. Clancy, from 57th Foot, to be Lieutenant, vice Blake, who exchanges. 1st, or Grenadier Regiment of Foot Guards—E, S. Burnaby, Gent., to be Ensign and Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Munro, promoted. 1st Regiment of Foot—Ensign W. J. Bampfield, to be Lieutenant, without purchase, vice Grey, deceased; B. Carter, Gent, to be Ensign, vice Bampfield. 6th—F. W. H. M'Cleland, Gent., to Ensign, without purchase, vice Sandwith, whose appointment has been cancelled. 13th—Major A. A. T. Cunvnghame to be Lieutenant Colonel,by purchase, vice Squire, whoretires; Bt. Major A. P. S. Wilkinson to be Major, by pur­ chase, vice Cunynghame; Lieutenant G. Mein, to be Captain, by purchase, vice Wilkinson; Ensign J. D, Longden to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Mein; S. Senior, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Longden. 16th—Ensign L. S. R. Lovell to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Flood, who retires; J. Parker, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, wee Lovell. 41 st—Lieutenant C. T. Tuckey to be Captain, by purchase, vice Sadlier, who retires; Ensign C. Graham to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Tuckey; G. Skipwith, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Graham. 42nd—Lieutenant F. Campbell to be Captain, by purchase, vice Goldie, who retires; Ensign A. Bethune to be Lieutenant,by purchase, vice Campbell; Ensign J. E. Paterson, from 72nd Foot, to be Ensign, vice Bethune. 49th—H. Beckwith, Gent., to be As­ sistent Surgeon, vice Garret, promoted to be Staff Surgeon of the Second Class. 57th—Lieutenant M. L. Blake, from 15th Light Dragoons, to be Lieutenant, vice Clancy, who exchanges ; Lieut. G. H. Hunt to be Adjutant, vice M'Namce, deceased. 67th—Ensign R. C. Peel to be Lieu­ tenant, by purchase, vice Humfrey, who retires; R. Blakeney, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Peel. 69th—Lieutenant W. Rhodes to be Captain, by purchase, vice Grant, who retires ; Ensign H. H. Morant to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Rhodes; R. Westropp, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Morant. 72nd—A. Alison, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Paterson, appointed to 42nd Foot. 79 th—Ensign H. J. Street to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Fairrie, whoretires; C. M. Harrisson, Gent., to be Ensign, bv purchase, vice Street. 96th—J. W. S. Moffatt, Gent., to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Ford, whose appointment has been cancelled. WAR-OFFICE, 6th November. 7 th, Dragoon Guards—Nugent Chi­ chester Nagle, Gent., to be Cornet, by purchase, vice Johnston, who retires, 6th November. 2nd. Dragoons—Bt. Colonel Henry Salwey, from Half Pay Unattached, tobe Lieut. Colonel, vice John Frederick Sales Clarke, wbo exchanges; Major St. Vincent W. Picketts to be Lieut. Colonel, by purchase, vice Salwey. who retires; Captain Henry Darby Griffith to be Major, by purchase, vice Ricketts; Lieutenant Henry Thomas Coward Smyth Pigott to be Captain, by pur­ chase, vice Griffith; Cornet William Wallace Hozier to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Pigott; Ensign William Cunninghame Bontine, from 15th Foot, to be Cornet, by purchase, vice Hozier, 6th November. 14 th, Light Dragoons—Cornet Wm. M'Mahon to be Lieutenant, by pur­ chase, vice Hodson, who retires; Her­ bert Edward, Gent., to be Cornet, by purchase, vice M'Mahon, 6th Nov. 15th Regiment of Foot — Ensign Charles William Clayton East to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Hatchett, who retires; Samuel James Blencowe, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice­ East, 6th November. 37th—Assistant Surgeon Jas. Wm.. Fleming, from the 70th Foot, to be Assistant Surgeon, 6th November. 44th — Ensign George Lethbridge Ottley, to be Lieutenant, by purchaes- �98 PROMOTIONS ANT) APPOINTMENTS. vice Noake, who retires ; William Fletcher, Gent., to be Ensign, by pur­ chase, vice Ottley; Lieutenant John Allen Lloyd Phillips to be Adjutant, vice Noake, who resigns, 6th Nov. 46th—Lieutenant Alexander John Macpherson, from Half Pay 6th Foot, to beLieutenant, vice Yonge, promoted; Ensign John Edward Lyons to be Lieu­ tenant, by purchase, vice Macpherson, Whoretires; C. Somerville M‘Alester, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Lyons, 6th November. 66th—Bt. Colonel Fielding Browne, from Half Pay Rifle Brigade, to be Major, vice Bt. Lieutenant Colonel William Longworth Dames, who ex­ changes; Capt. Sir William Gordon, Bart., to be Major, by purchase, vice Browne, who retires; Lieut. James Hunter Blair Birch to be Captain, by purchase, vice Sir W. Gordon; Ensign Robert Conner, to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Birch, 6th November. 70th—Assistant Surgeon John Wm. Johnston, M.D., from the 1st West India Regiment, to be Assistant Sur­ geon, vice Fleming, appointed to the 37th Foot, 6th November, 88th—Lieut. Edward John Vessey Brown to be Captain, by purchase, vice Townshend, who retires; Ensign Claries O’Donel to be Lieutenant, by pbrchase, vice Brown; John Salmon Bayley, Gent., to be Ensign, by pur­ chase, vice O’Donel, 6th November. 27th—Lieutenant William Murray to be Captain, by purchase, vice Kinderley, who retires; Ensign Henry George Woods to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Murray; William Fred. , * Norma Gent., to be Ensign, by pur­ chase, vice Woods, 6tli November. 1st West India Regiment—William Sedgwick Saunders, Gent., to be Assis­ tant Surgeon, vice Johnston, appointed to the 70th Foot, 6th November. 2nd West India Regiment—Edward John Stephens Knapman, Gent., to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Strachan, whose appointment has been cancelled, 6th November. BREVET. Capt. William Holland Lecky Daniel Cuddy, of the 55th Foot, to be Major in the Army, 6th November. UNATTACHED. Bt. Major Thomas Parke, from the Ceylon Rifle Regiment, to be Major, without purchase, 6th November. WAR OFFICE, 9th November. 1st Regiment of Life Guards—Maj of and Lieutenant Colonel John Hall to be Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel, without purchase ; Bt. Major Richard Parker to be Major and Lieutenant Colonel, vice Hall; Lieutenant William Anderton to be Captain, vice Parker. 3rd Light Dragoons—Bt. Lieutenant Colonel George Henry Lock wood, C.B. to be Lieutenant Colonel, without pur­ chase; Captain John William Yerbury to be Major, vice Lockwood; Lieut. James Martin to be Captain, vice Yerbury; Cornet Charles Russell Colt to be Lieutenant, vice Martin. Coldstream Regiment ofFoot Guards —Bt. Colonel Charles Anthony Ferdi­ nand Bentinck to be Lieutenant Colo­ nel, without purchase ; Bt. Colonel Henry John William Bentinck to be Major, vice Charles A. F. Bentinck ; Lieutenant and Captain Robert Van­ sittart to be Captain and Lieutenant Colonel, vice Henry J. W. Bentinck 5th Regiment of Foot—Major David England Johnson to be Lieutenant Colonel, without purchase ; Captain John Spence to be Major, vice Johnson; Lieutenant William Seymour Scroggs to be Captain, vice Spence ; Second Lieutenant John Swaine Hogge to be First Lieutenant, vice Scroggs 67th—Major Edward Basil Brooke to be Lieutenant Colonel, without pur­ chase ; Bt. Major Thomas James Adair to be Major vice Brooke ; Lieutenant William Pils worth to be Captain, vice Adair ; Ensign John Cuthbert Murray to be Lieutenant, vice Pilsworth 78th—Major Jonathan Forbes to be Lieutenant Colonel, without purchase; Bt. Major Rawdon J. Popliam Vassal! to be Major, vice Forbes ; Lieutenant Digby St. Vincent Hamilton to be Cap­ tain, viceVassall; Ensign George Floy­ er Sydenham to be Lieutenant, vice Hamilton. 92nd—Major John Ackerley Forbes to be Lieutenant Colonel, without pur­ chase ; Rt. Major Mark Ker Atherley to be Major, vice Forbes ; Lieutenant Charles Edward Stewart GJeig to be Captain, vice Atherley; Ensign George William Hamilton Viscount Kirkwall to be Lieutenant, vice Gleig 94th—Major James Brown to be Lieutenant Colonel without purchase; Captain William Davenport Davenport to be Major, vice Brown ; Lieutenant George Abbas Kooli D’Arcy to be Cap­ tain, vice Davenport ; Ensign Henry �83 REVIEWS. The Wars of England, &c. &c., By John Harwood, Esq., Thomas Allman, Holborn-Hill. This is a very gaily ornamented little volume, containing a narrative of the various wars, and most notable contests in which England has been engaged. The list commences with the Battle of Hastings, A.D, 1066, and closes with a recital of the capture of Canton, in 1841;—a sufficiently lengthened range in all conscience; and as the details of the several affairs are gathered from the best and most authentic sources, the record may be deemed as very serviceably complete. Mr. Harwood has employed his materials like an artist, and describes the various exciting scenes, with commendable anima­ tion. Deprived of its abominable disfigurement s — miscalled embellishments, the volume would gain considerably in attractiveness. Sharpe’s London Magazine, Volume 2. J. B. Sharpe, Skinner-street. This is the very book for a Military library, with its rich and varied contents, as well in verse as in prose;—indeed, with its attractive reviews, its profuse and showy decorations, and the becoming scarlet uniform, in which it is arrayed, the book itself forms no inappreciable type of the soldier. It is truly a “ Journal of Entertainment and Instruction, for General Reading,” and at the same time so low in price, that the most avaricious churl would scarce be enabled to withstand its purchase. The object of the proprietor has evidently been to make their field as extensive as possible—having something for all, and nothing which could exclude any—to present subjects of all sorts in such a dress, and to infuse into them such a spirit, as would produce an improving and elevating effect upon the moral and intellectual character of every class of readers. All this has been accomplished, and the present work contains a mass of valuable information—solid tangible facts—a substantial body of knowledge, with a soul, too, breathed throughout the entire of its frame—the like to which w e seldom encountered in one single volume. It may be noted as a distinguishing feature of this handsome volume, that there is nothing approaching to mediocrity in its contents; they are all of a first rate character, the illustrative engravings are well executed by artists of eminence, and the several articles have beeji contributed by writers of high talents and acquirements. A Map of South Africa. By G. Wyld, Geographer to the Queen, &c.. Charing Cross. A generation or two back, and “ Geographers on pathless downs, Placed elephants inst ead of towns.” Nearly all that in this admirable map of South Africa is laid down with precision, the courses of the rivers, and indeed, every geographical requisite Military Magazine. No. 2, Vol. 1. M �84 REVIEWS. would then have merely presented a few non-descript-looking palm trees, perhaps also a few giraffes or ostriches, at the present period ; when the Caffre war has directed men’s attention more especially to the Cape colony, Mr. Wyld’s map is a more timely publication. Any one studying it, with the aid of the accompanying chart of Graham’s Town and the Out Ports, will find the details of the Caffre warfare, which without such help seem hope­ lessly confused, simple and easy of comprehension. A Treatise on Urino-Genital Diseases. by G. Franks, Surgeon, Blackffiars Road. This is a very valuable treatise, and doubly so from the way in which the author has treated a subject replete with difficulties. Not being professional, we can only speak from the impression produced by perusal, and that is decidedly favourable. The author is very happy in his manner of explain­ ing strictly medical symptoms, so clearly, indeed, that he who runs may read; and yet not encouraging the presumption that a little knowledge of the subject is sufficient. To this end, he begins with noticing derangement of the digestive organs, and proceeds gradually to trace all disturbing causes that may affect the equilibrium of a healthy state of body, before he enters upon the particular subject of his work. None but a highly edu­ cated medical man could have adopted and carried out the system he has pursued in the investigation of his matter. CHARADE. Come from my first I—aye, come ! The battle dawn is nigh; And the screaming trump, and thundering drum, Are calling thee to die! Fight as thy father fought, Fall as thy father fell; Thy task is taught—thy shroud is wrought— So forward!—and farewell. Toll ye, my second—toll! Fling high the flambeau’s light. Let the hymn be sung for a parted soul, Beneath the silent night. The wreath upon his brow— The cross upon his breast; Let the prayer be said, and the tear be shed So—take him to his rest. Call ye, my whole!—aye, call! The Lord of Lute and Lay; And let him greet the sable pall With a noble song to-day. Go!—call him by his name; No meaner hand may crave To light the flame of a soldier’s fame, On the turf of a soldier’s grave. M. M. �85 THE BREVET. To the Editor of the “Military Magazine.” Sir,—While seated with my friend, Captain Arrow, enjoying a very snug little dinner at the --------- Club, on the evening of the 10th instant, our attention was for a few moments abstracted from the good things before us, and fixed upon three elderly gentlemen, who, hobbling in the best manner that age, wounds, and bodily infirmities would permit them, were threading their way from the door of entrance towards the table adjoining ours, then occupied by another gentleman, who, previous to their appearance, seemed sadly on the fidgets, ever and anon casting his eye first to the clock, then to the door, as if he expected the arrival of some people of consequence. The moment his friends entered, up he started as if prompted by some sharp invisible monitor, and, like a wounded hare, proceeded to meet them. On approaching them, he gave a hand to each of the two in advance, and on their grasping them eagerly and affectionately, he stammered out, “ Long looked for has come at last.” Conceiving he alluded to some long appointed meeting, Arrow and I were about to recommence our attack on the pies, puddings, &c., when we were diverted from our purpose by one of the three remarking, “ True, General, the Brevet has come at last, but not until you and I are on our last legs. It appears to me little less than a mockery for that country which we have served in every quarter of the world, and for a period of half a century, to bestow on us the rank of Major-General when verging towards that period of human existence denominated man s alloted span, and when the only benefit which we can now possibly derive from it amounts to a paltry addition to a pitiful retiring allowance. Had our country, some fifteen or twenty years ago, recognised our claims, and bestowed upon us the rank which she has this day done, we should have received the token of our country’s gratitude with delight; but our country having prolonged her recognition of our claims to a much later period than a truly grateful country would have done, she has, instead of making us her debtors, placed herself in the position of our debtor, and to an extent which it would be idle to estimate, seeing that at our period of life, no act of hers could now compensate for her past ingratitude and neglect.” To this short address, delivered with much feeling and earnestness of manner, General P.—replied, “ Come, come, you are taking the matter rather too much to heart. Time lost cannot be regained. Our country cannot renew our age, consequently she cannot do away with the effects of the injustice of which you so naturally complain. I therefore propose we shall drown all recollection of past grievances in a bottle of port, as we have frequently done before, particularly in those good old times when the services of a British �86 BREVET. soldier were held in much highei’ estimation than they have been ever since they planted the British standard on the walls of Toulouse, and subsequently on those of the capital of France.” This, under the circumstances, prudent advice being approved by the other members, dinner was ordered, and on the cloth being removed, after ample justice had been done to the delicious viands, “ Port, if you please,” was in­ troduced, when “ Champagne to our real friends, and real pain to our sham friends,” was given from the chair, received with cheers, drank with all the honours, and one cheer more. One of the four heroes having rather singularly fancied that he could trace in the countenance of my friend Arrow a very striking resemblance to an old brother officer, in whose society he had spent many happy days, and the conjecture proving correct, my friend and I were kindly invited to share with them the festivities of the evening, which we very gladly accepted, and had no occasion to regret our acceptance of their hospitality, for a more delightful evening I have seldom or ever passed. In the early part of the evening, the Brevet seemed to be completely forgotten, but as time progressed, merrily and more merrily the glass went round, old topics were re-introduced, the Military Gazette was called for; the names of all the general officers were carefully read over by General A, the operation being occasionally interrupted by a few interesting remarks from himself and brother veterans, some of which I have endeavoured to preserve. On the first paragraph of the Gazette WAR OFFICE, Nov. 9, 1846. Her Majesty has been pleased to appoint the following Officers to take rank by Brevet as undermentioned. The Commissions to be dated November 9th, 1846:— To be FIELD MARSHALS in the ARMY. General Sir G. Nugent, Bart., G.C.B. General Henry William Marquess of General Thomas Grosvenor Anglesey, K.G. and G.C.B. being read, the question “ Should the two first new Field Marshals have been raised to their present rank on this occasion ; if, instead of preceding they had succeeded the third on the list of general officers?” was put from the Chair, during which Arrow’s father’s friend remarked, that it was bor­ dering on the burlesque to nominate to the rank of General of Brigade, men, few of whom could, if required, mount their chargers without the aid of their orderly ; but to nominate an officer in the 89th year of his age to the high rank of Field Marshal of the armies of Great Britain, was, un­ questionably, to indulge largely in the ridiculous, an opinion in which all seemed to concur. And in giving his opinion, General P. remarked that the nomination would have this good effect,—it would show the Peninsular �BREVET. 87 and Waterloo subalterns that “ the Duke” had not forgotten his old officers. On disposing of the Field Marshals, General B. said, we will now, if you please, proceed with the Lists of Generals and Lieutenant-Generals, which at every successive Brevet are, 1 am sorry to see, getting “ smaller by degrees, and beautifully less.” LIEUTENANT GENERALS to Sir Charles Imhoff Gabriel Gordon Charles Craven James Orde Sir Charles Bulkeley Egerton, G.C.M.G. Sir Henry John Cumming Thomas Birch Reynard son be GENERALS in the ARMY. John Earl of Carysfort Sir Peregrine Maitland, K.C.B. Hon Thomas Edward Capel Godfrey Basil Mundy Sir Colin Hulkett, K.C.B. Right Hon. Sir Frederick Adam, G.C.B. MAJOR-GENERALS to be LIEUTENANT-GENERALS in the ARMY. Sir Henery King, C.B. Hon. Henry Beauchamp Lygon Sir Edward Gibbs, K.C.B. Hon. Edward Pyndar Lygon, C.B. Sir George Thomas Napier, K.C.B. Henry Shadforth Hon. Sir Hercules Robert Pakenham, Arthur Lloyd K.C.B. John Millet Hammerton, C.B. Sir John Harvey, K.C.B. Parry Jones Parry Sir George Scovell, K.C.B. Sir David Ximenes Sir Neil Douglas, K.C.B. Daniel Colquhoun Charles Nicol, G.B. George Marquess of Tweeddale, K.T. and C.B. Sir William Tuyll Sir George Henry Frederick Berkeley, Sir Frederick William Trench Alexander George Lord Saltoun, K.C.B. K.C.B. Harry Wyndham Sackville Hamilton Berkeley Sir Edward Bowater Sir Charles James Napier, G.C.B. Helier Touzel Sir William Maynard Gomm, K.C.B. Sir Jeremiah Dickson, K.C.B. “ There goes a splendid batch of old warriors,” said General S., “ men who in the late war were ever foremost where danger appeared most immi­ nent—men in whose breasts still rests that spirit, before which the boasted invincibles of Napoleon quailed, on all the fields of Spain, of Belgium, and of France.” Nothing could be more truly soul-stirring than the numerous little ebul­ litions of patriotic feeling which escaped the lips of my new friends, as General A------ called out the names, in what he designated their own List, that of Colonels to be Major-Generals. I should be encroaching too much on your space, however, were I to crave a place for the fiftieth part of the remarks made, and anecdotes related, of the conduct of many of their absent friends ; how Major-General P------ , at a critical stage of the battle of------------ , flew like a meteor across a plain, threw himself and regiment in rear of the enemy’s left wing, and thereby contributed most materially to the success of that glorious day—how Major-General B------ charged a body of the enemy double the numerical strength of his own corps, and made them fly like chaff before the wind—how poor Major-General A-----lost an arm at the battle of----- - ; how Major-General M‘D------ , when — �88 BREVET. covering with his Portuguese battalion the retreat of a portion of the 2nd division in Spain, had his clothes perforated with musket-bullets. A con­ siderable portion of his battalion being in recollection of the old adage, “ He that fights and runs away, Will live to fight another day.” took the road that best suited their views, and left the gallant chief to exe­ cute the orders he had received in the best way he could. But it would be impossible in a less space than an octavo volume to do justice to this subject, and therefore, on submitting the list of Colonels lately promoted to Major-Generals, I shall merely state, thatas all those officers were personally known to one or more of my gallant friends, the eyes of the latter, as each name was pronounced by General A------ , glistened with the purest delight that they had been afforded an opportunity of bearing the amplest testimony to the conduct of their absent friends in all the relations of life—as Christian men and unflinching soldiers. COLONELS to be MAJOR- GENERALS in the ARMY. Charles Edward Conyers, C.B., hp, In­ Thomas William Taylor, C.B., hp Unatt. Lieutenant Governor Royal Military specting Field Officer College George Augustus Henderson, hp, In­ Lawrence Arguimbau, C.B., hp 1st Foot specting Field Officer Sir Henry George Wakelyn Smith, Bart., Roger Parke, hp Unatt. G.C.B., hp Unatt. Robert Barclay Macpherson, C.B., hp, Felix Calvert, C.B., hp Unatt. Unatt. William Stavely, C.B., hp Unatt., De­ Philip Hay, hp 25th Light Dragoons puty Quarter Master General, Mauritius James Allan, C.B., of the 57th Foot Sir De Lacy Evans, K.C.B., hp Unatt. Archibald Money, C.B., hp 60th Foot William Henry Scott, hp Unatt. David Forbes, C.B., hp 78th Foot John Frederick Ewart, C.B., Inspecting Hugh Percy Davison, hp 5th West India Regt. Field Officer of a Recruiting District Henry Adolphus Proctor, C.B., hp 6th Sir Thomas Willshire, Bart., K.C.B., hp Unatt., Commandant at Chatham Foot Hon. Henry Edward Butler, hp 2d GarWilliam Jervois, hp 53rd Foot Garrison Batt. William Riddall, hp Unatt Edward Fleming, C.B., Inspecting Field Thomas Fenn Addison, hp 99th Foot Officer of a Recruiting District Sir Francis Cockburn, of 2nd West In­ John Rolt, C.B., hp Unatt. dia Regt. Philip Bainbridge, C.B., hp, Unatt. De­ Thomas Steele, hp Unatt. puty Quarter Master General in Irel. Carlo Joseph Doyle, hp 2nd Garrison Thomas Erskine Napier, C.B., hp Unatt., Batt. Deputy Adjutant General in Ireland Thomas Charretie, hp 7th West India Nathaniel Thorn, C.B., hp, Permanent Regt. Assistant Quarter Master General Sir George Arthur, Bt., K.C.H., hp York William Henry Sewell, C.B., of the 94th Chasseurs Foot Edward Parkinson, C.B., hp 11th Foot Wm. Lindsay Darling, hp 2d Garrison Thomas Hunter Blair, C.B., hp Unatt. Batt. Richard Lluellyn, C.B., hp Unatt. Sir Joseph Thackwell, K.C.B., of the John Hare, C.B., hp 20th Light Dra­ 3rd Light Dragoons goons Sir William Lewis Herries, C.B., hp Richard Egerton, C.B., hp Unatt. Unatt. Sir William Chalmers, C.B., hp Unatt. John M‘Donald, C.B., of the 92d Foot Charles Beckwith, C.B., hp Unatt. Thomas Staunton St. Clair, C.B., hp William Campbell, C.B., hp Unatt. Unatt. James Claud Bourchier, hp 22d Light George William Patty, C.B., hp Unatt. Dragoons Thomas James Wemyss, C.B., hp Unatt. James Grant, C,B., hp Unatt. �brevet. 8$ George Bowles, hp Unatt. Robert Burd Gabriel, C.B., hp 22nd Thomas Bunbury, of the 67th Root Light Dragoons Hon. Henry Rrederick Compton Caven­ Henry Thomas, C.B., hp Unatt. dish, of the 1 st Regt, of Life Guards William Rowan, C.B., hp Unatt. Philip Ray, hp Scots Fusilier Guards James Shaw Kennedy, C.B., hp Uratt. Henry Godwin, C.B., hp 87th Root Arthur William Moyses Lord Sandys, Thomas William Robbins, hp 18th Root hp (Jnatt. Roderick Macneil, of the 78th Root Sir Thomas Henry Browne, hp Unatt. George Dean Pitt, Inspecting Rield Of­ Thomas Phipps Howard, hp 23rd Light ficer of a Recruiting District Dragoons • William Sutherland, of the 5th Root Robert William Mills, hp 9th Root Henry Rainey, C.B., hp Unatt. Frederick Ashworth, hp 58th Root Hon. Charles Gore, C.B., Deputy Quar­ Robert Bryce Rearon, C.B., of the 40th ter MasterGeneral inCanada,hpUnatt. Root Robert Dalyell, hp Unatt. Henry Balneavis, C.M.G., hp Unatt. Vincent Edward Eyre, late Horse Gre­ William Levelace Walton, hp Unatt. Charles Richard Fox, hp Unatt., A.D.C.nadier Guards to the Queen Thomas Thornbury Wooldridge, hp 91st Charles Augustus Shawe, of the Cold­ Root stream Regt, of Root Guards George Leigh Goldie, C.B., hp Unatt. George Powell Higginson, hp Unatt. The clock having reminded us that it was time to retire before we had arrived at the last name on the list of Major-Generals, General B------ , who had occupied the chair during the evening, rose as the name of Charles Augustus Shawe died away on the lips of his friend, General A------ , and with much feeling, and great spirit, said, “ Seeing that time will not permit us to go over the names of our junior brethren to-night, I am sure you will not hesitate to join me in the fervent prayer, that all of them may be more fortunate in obtaining promotion than a large portion of their gallant prede­ cessors, who, in the hour of danger, stepped forward and not only prevented a bold, an experienced, and then unconquered enemy from landing on our shores, but subsequently soundly thrashed the same haughty and insolent foe on every field on which they met him, from Vemeira to Waterloo. And not less fervently also in the additional prayer, that they may be more fortunate in having their conduct in action, and other merits, submited for consideration in that quarter from which all honours and rewards proceed, than our grey­ headed brethren, the remnant of the thousands of subaltern officers who, in Portugal, in Spain, in France, and in Belgium, poured out their blood without measure for their country, but who most unaccountably have been left to plod their way through the world on their pitiful half-pay allowance, unheeded by all, even by the writer of the following :—“ Whatever may be the future destination of those brave troops of which the Field Marshal now takes his leave, he trusts that every individual will believe that he will ever feel the deepest interest in their honour and welfare, and will always he happy to promote either."—A pledge which, made thirty-one years ago, cannot be too soon redeemed, for so many of those to whom the pledge was given are yearly taking their departure for that bourne from whence neither Field Marshals nor Subalterns return, that, in a few years, not one will remain to have their honour and welfare promoted by him to whose long train of successes they so largely contributed." P. �90 BREVET?. LIEUTENANT COLONELS to be COLONELS in the the Army. Alexander Findlay, hp Royal African Corps William Bush, of the 1st W. I. Regt. Frederick Thomas Buller, hp Unatt. Henry Despard, of the 99 th Foot Benjamin Chapman Browne, hp Unatt. Saumarez Brock, hp 48th Foot Edward Wells Bell, hp Unatt. Alexander Campbell, C.B., of the Sth Light Dragoons John Reed, hp 54th Foot James Jones, hp Unatt. Edward Carlyon, hp 66th Foot Thomas Burke, hp 4th Foot Thomas Samuel Trafford, hp 24th Foot Courtenay Chambers, of the 25th Foot William Graham, hp Unatt. Janies Thomas Earl of Cardigan, of the 11th Light Dragoons Godfrey Thorton, of the 1st or Grena­ dier Regt, of Foot Guards William Cowper Coles, hp Unatt. Sir Michael Creagh, hp Unatt. John Eden, C.B., hp Unatt., Assistant Adjutant General in North Britain Edmund Richard Story, hp Unatt. Sir Robert Burdett, Bart., hp Unatt. Charles Shee, hp Unatt. Humphrey Robert Hartley, hp Unatt. Henry William Barnard, of the 1st or Grenadier Regt, of Foot Guards James Campbell, hp Unatt. Sir Charles Chichester, of the 81st Foot Hon. Charles Grey, hp Unatt. William Lord de Ros, hp Unatt. John Geddes, hp. Unatt. William Henry Cornwall, of the Cold­ stream Regt, of Foot Guards Charles FitzRoy Maclean, hp Unatt. Fhilip Spencer Stanhope, of the 1st or Grenadier Regt, of Foot Guards Charles Collins Blane, hp Unatt. Brinckman Brinckman, of the Cold­ stream Regt, of Foot Guards Philip Dundas, hp Unatt. Edward French Boys, of the 45th Foot Charles Murray Hay, of the Coldstream Regt, of Foot Guards Frederick Farquharson, of the 7thFoot Hon. Henry Montagu, of the Scots Fusilier Guards Charles Leslie, hp Unatt. Henry Edward Porter, hp Unatt. George E. Jones, of the 57th Foot John Dawson Rawdon, hp Unatt. William Persse, C.B., of the 16th Light Dragoons William Beckwith, hp Unatt. Henry Edward Robinson, hp Unatt. George Todd, hp Unatt. Hon. Edward Gordon Douglas Peiinant, hp Unatt. Francis Venables Harcourt, hp Unatt. Hon. Henry Sutton Fane, hp Unatt. Henry William Breton, of the 4th Foot Allan T. Maclean, hp 13th Lt. Dragoons Arthur Marquess of Douro, hp Unatt. George Gawler, hp Unatt. John'Julius William Angerstein, of the 1st or Grenadier Regt, of Ft. Guards Thomas Marten, of the 1st Dragoons Sir John Montagu BurgoyUe, Bart., of the 1st or Grenadier Regt, of Foot Guards Philip James Vorke, of the Scots Fusi­ lier Guards Thomas Gerrard Ball, hp Unatt. Eaton Monins. of the 69th Foot William Cox, hp Unatt. William Croker, C.B., of the 17th Foot Henry Capadose, of the 1st West India Regt. George Morton Eden, of the Scots Fusilier Guards George Dixon, of the Scots Fusilier Guards Frederick MaUnsell, Inspecting Field Officer of a Recruiting District George Baker, hp Unatt. William John Codrington, of the Cold­ stream Regt, of Foot Guards William Turnor, hp Unatt. William Fludyer, of the 1st or Grena­ dier Regt, of Foot Guards John Ross, of the St. Helena Regt. John Wharton Frith, Inspecting Field Officer of a Recruiting District Thomas Falls, hp Unatt. MAJORS to be LIEUTENANT COLONELS in the Army. Thomas Wright, hp Royal Staff Corps William James King, hp Royal Staff Corps Hon. N. Henry Charles Massey, hp Unatt. John Joseph Hollis, of the 25th Foot John Procter, of the 30th Foot Francis Barraillier, hp Rifle Brigade James Henderson, hp Unatt. Peter Shadwell Norman, of the 56th Foot Samuel Workman, hp Unatt. John Swinburn, hp Unatt. Robert Kelly, hp Unatt., Fort Major at Dartmouth George Stuart, hp 42nd Foot Thomas Kelly, hp Cheshire Fencibles, Fort Major at Tilbury Fort Malcolm Macgregor, of the 5th Foot Charles Andrews Bayley, C.M.G., hp Unatt. �99 PROMOTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS. Hamilton Pratt to be Lieutenant, vice D’Arcy. 2nd West India Regiment—Major James Allen to be Lieutenant Colonel, without purchase ; Captain John Jas. Peck to be Major, vice Allen ; Lieute­ nant William Anderson to be Captain, vice Peck ; Ensign Conway James George Williams to be Lieutenant, vice Anderson. Commissions to bear date 9th Nov., 1846 WAR-OFFICE, 13th November. 12th Light Dragoons—Peter Thomas Gunning, Gent., to be Assistant Surgeon, vice MTntyre, appointed to the 26th Foot, 13th November. 3rd Regiment of Foot—The Hon. William Henry Lysagbt, to be Ensign, without purchase, vice M‘Dermott, pro­ moted in the 8th Foot, 13th November. 5th—Serjeant Major C. Carter to be Second Lieutenant, without purchase, vice Hogge, promoted, 13th November. 8th—Ensign Benjamin Kennicott M'Dermot, from 3rd Foot, to be Lieut, without purchase, vice Cox, deceased, 3rd November. 10 th—Ensign George Thompson Whitaker to be Adjutant, vice Galloway, who resigns the Adjutancy only, 24th August. 15th—John Lloyd, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Bontine, ap­ pointed to the 2nd Dragoons, 13th Nov. 18th—Assistant Surgeon James Stew­ art to be Surgeon, vice Grigor Stewart, deceased, 5th August; William Kelman Chalmers, M.D.,to be Assistant Surgeon, vice James Stewart, 13 th November. 19th—George Varnham Macdonald, Gent., to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Anderson, appointed to 37th Foot, 13th November. 26th—Assistant Surgeon Duncan MTntyre, M.D., from 12th Light Dra­ goons, to be Assistant Surgeon, vice Home, promoted on Staff, 13th Nov. 29th—Captain JEneas William Fraser, from 39th Foot, to be Captain, vice Wilbraham, who exchanges, 24th Aug. 37 th—Lieutenant Herbert Russell Manners, to be Captain, without pur­ chase, vice John Harvey, who retires upon Full Pay; Ensign John Grattan Anderson, from 19th Foot, to be Ensign without purchase, 13th November. 39 th—Captain Thomas Wright Hud­ son, from 61st Foot, to be Captain, vice Fraser,who exchanges; Captain^Thomas Edward Wilbraham, from 29th Foot, to Military Magazine. No. 2, Vol. 1. be Captain, vice Fraser, who exchanges, 24th August. 50th—Henry John Hinde, Gent., to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Cormick, deceased, 13th November. 61st—Captain James S. Atkinson, from 39th Foot, to be Captain, vice Hudson, who exchanges, 24th August. 63rd—Ensign Henry White to be Lieutenant, without purchase, vice Hughes, deceased, 31st July; Ensign WilliamHunt to be Lieutenant, without purchase, vice White, whose promotion the 25th August, 1846, has been cancelled, 25 th August. 67 th—G eorge Augustus M‘N air, Gent, to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Murray promoted, 13th November. 76th—Ensign John William Preston to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Peel, who retires; Edward George Gray, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Preston, 13th November. 78th—Ensign Allan John Robertson, from 92nd Foot, to be Ensign, vice Sydenham, 13th November. 80th—EnsignRobert Cassels 01 iphant, from the Royal Newfoundland Compa­ nies, to be Lieutenant, without purchase vice Kershaw, deceased, 13th November. 92nd—Walter John Macdonald, Gent, to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Robertson, appointed to the 78th Foot, 13th November. 94th—Whiteford John Bell, Gent., to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Pratt, promoted, 13th November. 2nd West India Regiment—Fre lerick Blanco Forster, Gent., to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Williams, pro­ moted, 12th November; George Ellis, Gent., to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Lawless, deceased, 13th November. HOSPITAL STARE. Assistant Surgeon William Home, M.D., from 26th Foot, to be Staff Sur­ geon of the Second Class, vice Garret, deceased, 13th November. WAR OFFICE, 20th November. 3rd Light Dragoons—Cornet James Macqueen, from the 16th Light Dra­ goons, to be Cornet, vice Colt, promoted 20th November. 1 st, or Grenadier Regiment of Foot Guards—Lieut, and Captain Henry Penleaze, to be Captain and Lieut­ enant Colonel, without purchase, vice Spottiswoode, deceased 4th November. 3rd Regiment of Foot—Lieutenant Peter Browne to be Captain, by pur­ chase, vice Pryse who retires; Ensign o �100 PROMOTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS. Charles Hood to be Lieutenant, by pur­ chase, vice Browne; Octavius Cobb Rooke, Gent, to be Ensign, by purchase vice Hood, 20th of November. | 7th—Assistant Surgeon Wm. Sedg­ wick Saunders, from the IstWest India Regiment, to be Assistant Surgeon, vice Collings, promoted in the 2nd West India Regiment, 20th November. 21st—Herbert Charles Gray, Gent., to be Second Lieutenant, without pur­ chase, vice Peddie, deceased, 20th Nov. 25th—William Trail Arnold, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice John Hunt Cumming, whose appointment has been cancelled, 20th Nov. 27 th—Ensign Brabazon Noble to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Cox, who retires; William Archibald Kidd, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Noble, 20th Nov. 36th—Major Charles Trollope to be Lieutenant Colonel, without purchase; Captain Lorenzo Rothe to be Major, vice Trollope; Lieutenant Robert Hal­ lowell Carew to be Captain, vice Rothe; Lieutenant Roger Barnston to be Ad­ jutant ; Quartermaster Serjeant Patrick Owens to be Quartermaster, 20th Nov. 37th—Ensign Edward Joseph Netterville Burton to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Hobson, who retires; Joseph Hobson, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Burton, 20th Nov. 41st—Ensign Henry Walter Mere­ dith to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Campbell Graham, whose promo­ tion, by purchase, has been cancelled, 3rd November. 56th—Bt. Lieutenant Colonel Peter Shadwell Norman to be Lieutenant Colonel, without purchase; Bt. Major Nicholas Palmer to be Major, vice Norman; Lieutenant the Honourable John Arbuthnot Keane, from the 33rd Root, to be Captain, vice Palmer; Lieutenant Fox Maule Ramsay to be Adjutant; Serjeant Major Joseph Swaine to be Quartermaster, 20th November. 92d—Gentleman Cadet John Henry St. John, from the Royal Military College, to be Ensign, without pur­ chase, vice Viscount Kirkwall, pro­ moted, 20th November. 1st West India Regiment—Thomas Frederick Wall, Gent., to be Assistant Surgeon, vice Saunders, removed to the 7th Foot, 20th November. 2nd West India Regiment—Assist­ ant Surgeon Adolphus Collings, M.D., from the 7th Foot, to be Surgeon, vice Richardson, promoted to the Staff, 20th November. HOSPITAL STAFF. Surgeon John Richardson, from the 2nd West India Regiment, to be Staff Surgeon of the First Class, vice Cham­ bers, deceased, 20th November. MEMORANDUM. The names of the Cornet, appointed to the 7th Dragoon Guards, are Nugent Chichester, not as previously stated. The Army.—On the 10th of Nov. last, a Parliamentary return was printed, showing the average effective strength of the army in each year from 1834 to 1843, specifying severally Dragoon Guards, Dragoons, and Foot Guards, and Infantry of the Line. It hence appears, that in 1834 there were 5,675 sergeants, 1,789 trumpeters and drummers, and 90,831 rank and file, in the army. In 1835, there were 5,722 sergeants,1,794 trumpeters and drum­ mers, and 87,378 rank and file. In 1838,5,730 sergeants, 1,794 trumpeters and drummers, and 86,523 rank and file. In 1837, 5,731 sergeants, 1,811 trumpeters and drummers, and 86,599 rank and file. In 1838, 5,779 sergeants, 1,814 trumpeters and drummers, and 89,314 rank and file. In 1839, 5,876 sergeants, 1,814 trumpeters and drum­ mers, and 95,460 rank and file. In 1840, 6,217 sergeants, 1,840 trumpeters and drummers, and 104,597 rank and file. In 1841, 6,308 sergeants, 1,864 trumpeters and drummers, and 108,194 rank and file. In 1842,6,530 sergeants, 1,950 trumpeters and drummers, and 111,831 rank and file; and in 1843, the effective strength of the army consisted of 6,760 sergeants, 2,064 trumpeters and drummers, and 115,124 rank and file. �101 STATIONS OF THE ARMY. 1st Life Guards; Windsor. 2nd do.; Regent’s Park. Royal Horse Guards; Hyde Park. 1st Dragoon Guards ; Birmingham. 2nd do.; Newbridge. 3rd do.; Piershill. 4th do.; Nottingham. 5tli do.; York. 6th do.; Dublin. 7th do.; Cape of Good Hope, Maidstone. 1st Dragoons; Cork. 2nd do.; Clonmell. 3rd do.; Bengal, Maidstone. 4th do.; Dublin. 6th do.; Longford. 7th Hussars; Athlone. 8th do.; Cahir, 9th Lancers ; Bengal, Maidstone. 10th Hussars; India, Canterbury. 11th Hussars; Coventry. 12th Lancers; Hounslow. 13th Light Dragoons; Newbridge. 14th do.; Bombay, Maidstone. 15th Hussars; Madras, Maidstone. 16th Lancers ; Bengal, Maidstone. 17th do.; Dundalk. Grenadier Guards [1stbatt.]; Winchester Do. [2nd batt.]; St. John’s Wood. Do. [3rd batt.] ; the Tower. Coldstream Guards [1stbat.]; St.George’s B. Do. [2nd batt ]; Portman-street Barracks Scotch Fusilier Gds. [1stbat.]; WellingtonB. Do. [2nd batt.]; Windsor. 1st Foot [1st batt.]; Trinidad, Newbridge. Do. [2nd batt.]; Edinburgh. S 2nd do.; Portsmouth. 3rd do.; Dublin. 4th do.; India, Chatham. 5th do.; Plymouth. 6th do.; Cape of Good Hope. Do. [Reserve bat.]; Hudson’s Bay.Buttevant, 7th do.; Barbadoes, Newry. 8th do.; Bombay, Chatham. 9th do.; Bengal, Chatham. 10th do.; Meerut, Chatham. 11th do.; New South Wales, Chatham. 12th do.; Mauritius, Isle of Wight. Do. [Reserve batt.]; Mauritius. 13th do.; Portsmouth. 14th do.; Canada, Plymouth. 15th do.; Ceylon, Waterford. 16th do.; Gibraltar, Fermoy. 17th do.; Bombay, Chatham. 18th do. ; China, Chatham. 19th do.: Barbadoes, Boyle. 20th do.; Bermuda, Isle of Wight. Do. [Reserve batt.]; Bermuda. 21st do. ; Bengal, Chatham. 22nd do.; Bombay, Chatham. 23rd do.; Antigua, Isle of Wight. Do. [Reserve batt.]; Canada. 24th do.; India, Chatham. 25th do.; Madras, Chatham. 26th do.; Dublin. 27th do.; Cape of Good Hope, Gosport. 28th do.; Bombay, Chatham. 29th do.; Bengal, Chatham. 30th do.; Newcastle-on-Tyne. 31st do.; Bengal, Chatham. 32nd do.; India, Chatham. 33rd do.; Nova Scotia, Mullingar. 34th do.; Corfu, Clonmel. 35th do.; Mauritius, Charles Fort. 36th do.; Weedon. 37th do.; Chatham. 38th do.; Jamaica, Londonderry. 39th do.; Bengal, Chatham. 40th do.; Winchester. 41st Foot; Mullingar. 42nd do; Malta, Isle of Wight. Do. [Reserve batt.]; Malta. 43rd do.; Dover. 44th do.; Belfast. 45th do.; Cape of Good Hope, Isle of Wight. Do. [Reserve batt.]; Cape. 46th do.; Canada, Chatham. 47th do.; Cork. 48th do.; Jamaica, Dublin. 49th do.; Galway. 50th do.; Lodianah, Chatham. 51st do.; Van Diemen’s Land, Chatham. 52nd do.; Quebec, Brecon. 53rd do.; Bengal, Chatham. 54th do.; Gibraltar, Kinsale. 55th do.; Limerick. 56th do.; Chatham. Do. [Reserve batt.]; Manchester. 57th do.; Canterbury. 58th do.; N. S. Wales, Chatham. 59th do.; Limerick. 60th do. [1st batt.]; Bombay. Chatham. Do. [2nd batt.]; Canada, Chatham. 61st do.; Bengal, Chatham. 62nd do.; Ferozepore. Chatham. 63rd do.; Secunderabad, Chatham. 64th do.; Kilkenny. 65th do.; N. S. Wales, Chatham (on passage.) 66th do.; Gibraltar, Templemore. 67th do.; Cork. 68th do.; Dublin. 69th do.; Bury. 70th do.; Templemore. 71st do.; Barbadoes, Isle of Wight. Do. [Reserve batt.]; Canada. 72nd do.; Gibraltar, Nenagh. 73rd do.; Cape of Good Hope, Clare Castle. 74th do.; Aberdeen. 75th do.; Athlone. 76th do. ; Fort George, N. B. 77th do.; Halifax, N. S., Fermoy. 78th do. ; Bombay, Chatham. 79th do.; Gibraltar, Castlebar. 80th do.; Lahore, Chatham. 81st do.; Canada, Jersey. 82nd do.; Canada, Fermoy. 83d do.; Dublin. 84th do.; Madras, Chatham. 85th do.; Birr. 86th do.; Bombay, Chatham, 87th do.; Newport, S. W. 88th do.; Malta, Birr. 89th do.; Canada, Hull. 90th do.; Cape of Good Hope, Chester. 91st do.; Cape of Good Hope; Isle of Wight Do. [Reserve batt.] Cape of Good Hope. 92nd do.; Enniskillen. 93rd do.; Canada, Naas. 94th do.; Aden, Chatham. 95th do.; Ceylon, Tralee. 96th do.; Van Diemen’s Land, Chatham. 97th do.; Corfu, Isle of Wight. Do. [Reserve batt.]; Corfu. 98th do.; China, Chatham, 99th do.; N. S. Wales, Chatham. Rifle Brig. [1st. batt.]; Corfu, Sheerness. Do. [2nd bat.]; Halifax, N. S., Isle of Wight Do. [Reserve bat.] ; Halifax, N. S. 1st West India Regt.; Jamaica, &c. 2nd do.; Nassau. 3rd do.; Demerara, Sierra Leone, &c Ceylon Rifle Regt.—Ceylon. Royal Canadian Rifle Regt.; Canada Cape Mounted Riflemen—Cape of G. Hope RL Newfoundland Comps.: Newfoundland Royal Malta Fencible Regt.; Malta. St. Helena Regt.; St. Helena. �102 MEMORANDA. Pensioners in the Army.—By a return lately printed (obtained by Mr. Hume) an account was rendered of the number of pensioners received from the army on the pension establishment from the year 1834 to the year 1843, both inclusive. The average age of the pensioners was 40 years and 4 months, and the average service of those admitted on the pension esta­ blishment 20 years and 10 months. The number of pensioners who died in the year 1843 was 3,752, and the average age of the pensioners at the time of their decease was 59 years, 2 months, and 15 days. The list of the total number of out-pensioners of all branches of the army on the establish­ ment of Chelsea Hospital in each year from 1834 to 1843, both years in­ clusive, is as follows. In 1834 the number was 86,538,; in 1835, 84,960; in 1836, 86,495; in 1837, 85,396; in 1838, 83,952; in 1839, 82,755; in 1840, 81,553; in 1841, 80,070; in 1842,78,501; and in 1843, 76,692. The numbers included all descriptions of out-pen­ sioners of Chelsea Hospital, as well as black pensioners from 1836, then first transferred to Chelsea Hospital. The Departure of the 37th Re­ giment.—The head quarters of this re­ giment embarked at Gravesend on the 16th ulto: on board the ship Minerva, for Ceylon; the strength consisted of 17 sergeants, eight drummers, and 287 rank and file, under command of Lieu­ tenant Colonel the Hon. Augustus Spen­ cer, with the following officers, Captain A. M. A. Bower, Captain J. Owen Lewis, Lieutenant Charles Luxmoore, Lieutenant W. J. Bazalgette, Lieute­ nant Jackson, Ensigns Shad, Jones, and Hamilton, with surgeon Alexander Brown,M.D. The following detachment of this regiment, comprising 11 ser­ geants, 7 drummers, and 257 rank and file, marched on the 15th from Brompton barracks, en route for Gravesend, and embarked on board the ship Castle Eden for the same destination. The de­ tachment will be in command of Major F. Skelly, with Captain E. D. Atkin­ son, Lieutenant J. B Stavely, Lieu­ tenant R. R. Pelly, Lieutenant James H. Wyatt, Lieutenant T. M. Machel, Ensign E. J. N. Burton, Ensign C. S Blois, and assistant-surgeon Alexander Forbrath. The usual allowance of women and children proceeded with the above troops. The Patent Epithem :—A Substi­ tute for Poultices and Fomentation Cloths. —The perusal of Mr. Marwick’s little treatise respecting this novel combina­ tion of absorbent and waterproof sub­ stances has much interested us. We cannot but admire the ingenuity dis­ played in obviating the many and se­ rious inconveniences of the common methods of poulticing and fomenting go strongly dwelt upon by Dr. Thomp­ son, and other high authorities. We would suggest that epitheme would be as classical as Epithem, and more euphonious, and that the upper sur­ face of the spongio-piline should be made much finer, being at present too rough and course for a skin that is ten­ der or irritable. We hope it will re­ ceive the extensive support it seems to merit. Corporal Punishment in India.— A Parliamentary document has been issued, of twenty-eight pages, contain­ ing several papers relative to corporal punishment in India. Mr. Hume moved for a copy “ of any orders is­ sued by the Govenor-General or Com­ mander-in-Chief in India, Frespecting corporal punishment of Europeans and natives in British India since the 19th of March, 1827.” By a circular, dated the 16th of June, 1827, the Commander­ in-Chief gave some explanation respect­ ing a former circular letter, and the General Orders restricting the punish­ ment of flogging in the native army. Regimental or detachment courtsmartial were reminded that where they sentenced a native soldier to be flogged, his dismissal would also follow, and that they ought not to award the punishment of flogging except for very serious offences against discipline, or actions of a disgraceful and infamous nature, unbecoming the character of a soldier. Another circular was issued in November, 1832. When it happened that a soldier had been found guilty of an offence which rendered it improper that he should remain any longer in the service, although the general con­ duct of the man had been such that an example was unnecessary, or he might have relations in the regiment of ex­ cellent character, upon whom some part of the disgrace would fall if he �MEMORANDA. were flogged, the Commander-inGhief authorised commanding officers of re­ giments, in all cases where a native soldier had been sentenced to coporal punishment, to discharge him from the service, if they considered it to be ex­ pedient, although the punishment was remitted altogether. In every case of a discharge ordered in consequence.of < Court-martial, the circumstances of the soldier having been found guilty and sentenced to corporal punishment was to be distinctly specified in his dis­ charge certificate, and in the monthly casualty list transmitted to head­ quarters. The following is very gra­ tifying:—“ The Commander-in-Chief has observed with great satisfaction how. seldom it is necessary to resort to such punishment in order to maintain discipline amongst a body of men who are free from the vice of inebriety; who are, in general, remarkable for their orderly, quiet, and obedient behaviour, and for whom dismisal from the service, where any individual betrays an op­ posite character, constitutes of itself a severe, and in most cases, a sufficient punishment.” In February, 1835, the following General Order was issued:— “ The Governor General of India in council is pleased to direct that the practice of punishing soldiers of the native army by the cat-o’-nine tails, or rattans, be discontinued at all the presidencies, and that it shall hence­ forth be competent to any regimental detachment or brigade court-martial to sentence a soldier of the native army to dismissal from the service for any offence for which such soldier might now be punished by flogging, provided such sentence of dismissal shall not be carried into effect unless confirmed by the general, or other officer command­ ing the division.” The document con­ tains an Act passed by the Governor, and the Articles of War for the govern­ ment of the native officers and soldiers in the military service of the East India Company. Court Martial.—Head Quarters, Simla, 28th Aug. At a General Court Martial holden at Bombay, on Monday the 20th day of July, 1846, Lieut. John A. Macdougall, Her Majesty’s 28th Regt, of Foot, was arraigned on the following charge :— For fraudulent Conduct, highly unbecoming the cha­ racter of an Officer and a gentleman, in the following instances, viz.:—1st., For having, at Bombay, on or about 103 the 23rd Nov., 1844, obtained from the firm of Messrs. Remington and Co., of that place, the sum of rupees five hun­ dred, under a promise made in a letter addressed to them of the same date, of sending to the said firm his Pay Cer­ tificate, when received by him|from Calcutta, to enable them to draw his Pay in liquidation of the said sum; but which promise he (Lieut. Macdou­ gall) has failed to fulfil. 2nd. In hav­ ing, at Bombay, on the 22nd Jan., 1845, given in payment for expenses incurred by him at the British Hotel there, a draft dated on the aforesaid day, payable 14 days after sight, on Messrs. Remington and Co., of that place, in favour of Mr. Chamberlain, or order, for the sum of rupees fifteen hundred and fifty-four, he (Lieut. Macdougall) well knowing at the time that he had no authority to draw on that firm, and no funds with them to meet the same, and in not having placed funds with the aforesaid firm to discharge the said draft when it be­ came due. 3rd. In having, at Poona, on the 11th March, 1845, given to Mr. .Thomas Blackwell, of the British Hotel, Bombay, a promissary note bearing the date, for the sum of rupees one thousand nine hundred and fiftyfour, being the amount of an original bill for hotel expenses and law and travelling expenses, payable in differ­ ent instalments, on the 1st May, 1st June, 1st July ; and in not having taken measures for liquidating the same on the different dates on which he (Lieut. Macdougall) stood engaged to pay the same. Finding.—The Court, having most maturely weighed and considered the evidence adduced on the part of the prosecution, toge­ ther with what the prisoner, Lieut. J. A. Macdougall, has urged on his de­ fence, are of opinion, that he, the said prisoner, is, with respect to the first instance of the charge, guilty. With respect to the 2nd instance, guilty to the extent of having given a draft for rupees fifteen hundred and fortyfour, instead of fifteen hundred and fifty-four as therein set forth. With respect to the 3rd instance, guilty. Guilty also of the preamble. Sen­ tence.—The Court having found the prisoner guilty, as above specified, do sentence him, Lieut. John A. Macdou­ gall, of her Majesty’s 28th Regt, of Foot, to be cashiered. Not confirmed. Gough, General Com.-in-Chief, East �104 NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. Indies. Hd. Qr. Simla, 26th August, 1846. Remarks by the Right Hon. the Com.-in-Chief.—The evidence is by no means so conclusive as to justify confirmation of the sentence. Lieut. Macdougall is to be released from arrest, and will return to his duty. Suicide of Lieutenant Douglas. —On Wednesday evening Mr. Payne held an inquest at the Horselydown, Fair-street. Horselydown, on the body of Lieut. William Douglas, late of the 12th Regt, of Foot, aged 37 years, who committed suicide by cutting his throat on that morning,being the anniversary of his birth-day. Caroline Dally said the deceased had lodged at her mothers house for the last six weeks, at No. 4, Church-row, Horselydown. About ten o’clock in the morning witness was passing the parlour door, whichrwas wide open, and saw the deceased stand­ ing before a looking-glass in the act of cutting his throat with a razor, the blood flowing profusely. Assistance was immediately sent forj a medical gentleman arrived, but his case was hopeless, and he died in a few moments. Witness had observed a great change in his conduct since Saturday, and she thought he was mad. Mr. H. Gwillam, of 316, Strand, said he had known the deceased from his boyhood. He was of a very strange and impetuous temper. Witness was his guardian. In 1826 he entered the 12th Regt, of Foot ; he had for years been addicted to drink ardent spirits ; his conduct, whilst under its influence, was that of a madman. He had been confined in three different lunatic asylums in Florence within four years. Witness had him brought to England, and he placed him under the care of several eminent medical gentlemen. Witness saw him alive last on Saturday. He had three times before attempted sui­ cide ; twice by stabbing himself, and once, at Leghorn, he threw himself into the sea whilst on board ship. The Jury returned a verdict of Insanity. TO CORRESPONDENTS. To the courteous Author of “ Engines of War," we return our best thanks, and shall be much obliged for his valuable paper. Qui Vive wi'l find part of the information in our columns. The remaining particulars will be readily given, on applying at the Horse Guards. There is no compilation of such information published. Mons. S. H----- , Paris, and J. W. G----- , Esq., Bristol— Our arrangements do not admit at present. We must return the same reply to several other Correspondents, C. F. L----- , I. C----- , &c. Once for all, we beg to state, no unauthenticated case of injustice, reflection on su­ periors, fyc. can be admitted; and though we are always willing to help the right, it does not thence follow, wefeel ourselves bound to publish such. Indeed, it is not always the most advisable plan for the sufferer. Many Notices of Works, Inventions, §•<?., are unavoidably postponed, from the length of our Correspondent's Remarks on the Brevet. All Letters, Books for Review, Communications, &c., should be addressed “ To the Editor of the Military Magazine,” care of Mr. Munro, at the Office, 6, New Turnstile, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London. Advertisements must be sent on or before the 28th of the month. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Victorian Blogging Description An account of the resource A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library &amp; Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Conway Hall Library & Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Conway Hall Ethical Society Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Pamphlet Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Military Magazine. Vol. 1, No. II, December 1846 Description An account of the resource Place of publication: [London] Collation: [51]-104 p. Notes: From the library of Dr Moncure Conway. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1846 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context G5546 Subject The topic of the resource Military Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <p class="western"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /><br />This work (The Military Magazine. Vol. 1, No. II, December 1846), identified by <span style="color:#0000ff;"><span lang="zxx"><u>Humanist Library and Archives</u></span></span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</p> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource English Conway Tracts