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Jfcmtog c&cmngfi fur fljt fwrgk
DISCOURSE
DELIVERED BY
SIR JOHN BOWRING
AT
ST. MARTIN’S HALL,
ON
FEBRUARY 17, 1867.
ALSO
THE INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS
OF
J. BAXTER LANGLEY, Esq., M.R.C.S., F.L.S.
LONDON :
TRUBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1867.
Price, 2d.
a
A.
•
SIAM AND THE SIAMESE
�Ji
I
1^
�J. Baxter Langley, Esq., said—
I congratulate myself that in assembling for the sixth time to con
tinue these services, under the title of Sunday Evenings for the
People, and I am sure you will unite in congratulating me on the fact
that the attendance of those whom I see around me in such large
numbers, indicates that these services meet an obvious want of the
people of London. It has been my custom to notice in my opening
address some of the events of the preceding week, and though on this
platform we know no politics, and have no antagonism to any estab
lished creed, it is my duty to recognise the fact that on Monday
evening when the Minister of the Crown brought forward the pro
gramme of the Session ; he alluded to a condition of things which I
think germaine to the matter which we in assembling here have in
hand, and which has a bearing on what we have undertaken here.
'1 he passage' is as follows : —
“ Since 1832 this country has, no doubt, made great progress; but it is during
the last ten years that that progress has been most remarkable. I will not now
attempt to inquire into the particular causes that have brought about this great
advance, but It bink I may say there is one : overeign cause which is at the bottom
of everything, we suggest, and that is, the increased application of science to
social life. (Hear hear.) We are all familiar with the material results which
that application of science has produced. They are prodigious, but in my mind
the moral results are not less remarkable. That revolution in locomotion which
would strike us every day as a miracle if we were not familiar with it, has given
to the great body of the inhabitants of this country in some degree the enlighten
ing advantages of travel. The mode in which steam power is applied to the
printing press in this country produces effects more startling than the first dis
covery in the loth century. It is science that has raised wages ; it is science
that has increased the desires and the opportunities of labour ; it is science that
has enobled labour.”
Here we have sought to erect a Church for the future. Recognizing
the advantage of the services in the ordinary churches, we feel that
they do not meet the exigencies of the people at large. There is too
much disposition to regard science as antagonistic to religion ; but
here we make science the handmaid of religion. We do not seek to
oppose the churches, but we seek to supplement them; and since
literature and the fine arts have an elevating and enobling effect on
all who come in contact with them, we seek to supply, by the aid of
the most eminent men in every branch of science, the information
which cannot fail to be valuable, leaving you to apply the truths
which they will teach ; and asking you to unite with us in seeking to
develope our organization, which in the future shall produce greater
results than we can even foresee in the present.
�Ml
�SIR JOHN BOWRING’S DISCOURSE
OX
SIAM AND THE SIAMESE.
Between the two most peopled andmost powerful empires that the world
has ever known—China, with a population of wore than 400,000,000
of human beings, and the British Empire in India, with scarcely
less than half that number, there is a tract of country sometimes called
a Peninsula, but erroneously so, inhabited by three nations—the Annamites—commonly called Cochin Chinese, by the Burmans, and by the
Siamese. The Siamese are the most advanced and civilized of these peo
ples, having a language and literature of their own, occupying a terri
tory of about 250,000 square miles, maintaining a population of
from five to six millions. There is a Siamese manuscript, some
centuries old, giving an account of their earliest introduction to the
European world, and it seems that in those remote times a French
ship visited that country. The captain made his way to the capital,
and was introduced to the Sovereign of Siam. He, with very natural
patriotism, talked to the Siamese of the greatness of the country
from which he came. He described Paris, no doubt, somewhat
in a romantic style, as if “ all its streets were paved with gold,
and all its folks were witty.” But certainly he did inspire the minds
of the King and people of Siam with a desire to know more of
the wondrous land of the West. And the narrative is interesting.
The King determined to send an embassy to France, and to re
present in that embassy whatever was honorable to and characteristic
of the Siamese kingdom, and prominent amongst the officials was, as
was customary in those times, a mag’ician, who was considered an
important member in the staff of an ambassador. Even at the
present day it is not an unusual thing to nominate men acquainted
with the arts of necromancy to accompany official travellers ; and the
�6
Siam and the Siamese.
man selected on this occasion is reported to have been one of the
most eminent of his class. When the vessel which conveyed the
ambassy reached the coasts of France there was a terrible storm, and
the magician was requested to use his superhuman power that they
might arrive safely on land. And he is said to have subdued the
winds and the waves, so that the vessel reached its destined port
in safety ; then inquiry was made of him as to the influences which
had enabled him to still the adverse elements ; he said it was because
he was empowered to unite the influences of the French with those of the
Siamese that the storm abated, and the vessel arrived unharmed. I
will read from the document the statement which the ambassador
made on returning to the Siamese Court:—
“ They were admitted to the presence of the King, and the King or
dered a company of 500 French soldiers, all good marksmen, to
be drawn up in two ranks, facing each other, 250 on each side.
They were commanded to fire. They fired, and each soldier lodged
his ball in the musket barrel of the soldier opposite. The King
asked the Siamese ambassador if there were any sharp-shooters as
good in Siam; and the ambassador replied that the King of Siam
did not esteem this kind of skill as worth much in war. The King
of France was displeased, and asked what kind of skill the King of
Siam did esteem, and what kind of soldiers he did appreciate ?
The ambassador replied, “The King admires soldiers who are well
skilled in the magical arts ; and such as, if good marksmen like your
Majesty’s soldiers here, should fire at them the bullets would not
touch their bodies. His Majesty the King of Siam has soldiers who
can go unseen into the midst of the battle, and cut off the heads of the
officers and men in the enemy’s ranks, and return unmolested. Ho has
others who can stand under the weapons of the enemy to be shot at
or pierced with swords and spears, and yet not receive the least
wound or injury. Soldiers skilled in this kind of art he values very
highly, but he keeps them for his special use in his own country."’ When
the French King heard this he was unwilling to have the trial made ;
but the ambassador said, “You need not fear: they have an art by
which they can ward off your bullets.” They were ordered to come forth,
and they came. The French soldiers all fired several rounds,
some at a distance, some near, but the powder would not ignite, and
the guns made no report. The magician desired the French soldiers
not to be discouraged : “ They shall fire and the guns shall go off. ”
They fired—all the balls fell to the ground before they reached the
Siamese soldiers, of whom not one was struck.”
Such was the first state of relations between Siam and
France; and I have no doubt that the European credulity
was almost as great as the Siamese. But Siam has long
been an object of interest to Europeans. There is an account
of a conversation between Mr. Boswell and Dr. Johnson, in
which the latter declared that the Siamese might have sent missions
�Siam and the Siamese.
7
to Europe, but that the Europeans had never sent missions to the
Siamese. It is surprising that a man of such universal knowledge
should have made so strange a mistake. There have been many
missions from Europe to Siam. The most illustrious of Portuguese
poets, Camoens, was wrecked in the Meinam river, of which he gives
a poetical picture, and he is said to have escaped with his Lusiads
in his hand. And the Portuguese have left in that country re
markable vestiges. With them all objects of commerce or conquest
were subordinate to purposes of conversion. I found in that country
Catholics bearing Portuguese names, and representing the traditions of
many generations, who wore Portuguese garments, and were proud
to trace their origin to the Portuguese of the 16th century. The
Dutch never went to Siam to convert anybody or anything, except
to convert men and merchandise into money as fast as was
possifre. They have left there no names, no traditions, and no marks
of any influence. I saw the ruins of their factories, but I never
heard in Siam a Dutch name or a Dutch word. The Spaniards
frequently and vainly tried to establish themselves in Siam. They
made elaborate efforts, and one of their expeditions cost seventy
thousand dollars, and is much vaunted in the history of the Philip
pines, whence the envoys took their departure. But the most remarkble fact in Siamese history is the attempt made in the reign of the
King whom the vanity and prostration of his courtiers called the
“Grand Monarque ” to cultivate and perpetuate relations with
France. A man named Faulcon was wrecked on the coast, and made
his way to the Siamese Court. He brought with him European civi
lisation, and exercised so wide an influence that he became the Prime
Minister of the country. The news of his good fortune reached Eu
rope, and it was thought in France that through his agency and
his zeal for Catholicism, French rule and Papal authority might
be established in Siam. A remarkable letter was written by the
famous French Minister Colbert, and a large number of gentlemen
went to Siam, and were received in a very friendly spirit. The
ambassador’s name was Chaumont, and he published a re
markable account of his reception in Siam. As I had the good
fortune to follow in his steps, I was struck with the fact that the
court ceremonials and the manners of the Sovereign and the people
had undergone few changes in the course of two centuries. As soon
as the Siamese discovered that the purpose of the Pope and the
monks was to tamper with their religion, and that of the King
and his representatives was to interfere with their Government, a re
bellion broke ont. Faulcon was executed, the monks and foreigners
were exiled, and from that time Siam seems to have been forgotten
for something like a century and a half. But it was known to be a
a rich and progressive country, and in process of time successive
attempts were made to open negociations and establish commerce
with the Siamese government and people. It is not necessary
�Siam and the Siamese.
to trouble you with the detail of the causes which led to the
failure of four expeditions from England and two from the United
States. They had very little effect, and the project had apparently
fallen into abeyance, when it was my privilege to receive Her Ma
jesty’s commands to take steps if an opportunity offered for the
establishment of amicable and trading intercourse with Siam. I
was fortunate in having had much previous correspondence
with the King, who is one of the most extraordinary men
with whom in the course of my life I have ever come into
contact. He was the eldest legitimate son of the King of Siam,
but when his father died he, being under age, was superseded by an
illegitimate brother, who seized upon the Government. And to protect
himself from the perils to which the heir to an oriental throne is
always exposed when that throne is occupied by an usurper, he
‘ ‘ made himself holy ”—that is to say, he entered into a Buddhist
temple. There he remained eleven years, and devoted himself to the
study of literature, science, and the acquirement of a knowledge of
the sacred languages, the Pali and the Sanscrit. He also found
time to learn the English and the Latin. On the death of his bro
ther which happened too suddenly to enable him to convey the sceptre
to his own descendants, the nobility and the people demanded the
proclamation of the legitimate King, who was made the ruler of the
country; and it was through his influence that Siam was thrown
open to the commerce not only of Britain but of the world. In
1855 I had the satisfaction of entering into a treaty of friendship
and commerce with that country. In those days the whole shipping
trade of Siam was represented by 20 vessels — one half foreign
and the other Siamese. Now 400 cargoes are annually shipped
from Bangkok alone. Before proceeding to Bangkok I wrote to
the King stating that our public relations were of a very unsatis
factory character, but that I wished to approach him in a friendly
spirit; that I had a force which I had no desire to display;
but if he would meet me and enable me to show him
that our interests were his and that his interests were ours,
if I should persuade him that we were made rather to love than
to hate, rather mutually to serve and conciliate than to distrust and
repel each other, I hoped he would allow me to present my cre
dentials at his Court; that I would come with a large force, if neces
sary for my purpose, but that I would much rather appeal to his
feelings of respect for the position of the country which I repre
sented. I implored him to allow me to come in amity. The Ameri
can missionaries, wiih whom I was in correspondence, did not
encourage us. They thought, whatever assurances I might have
received from the King, that I should be met with a feeling of repug
nance. I had better hopes, and I went. We reached the mouth of the
Meinam Rxver, of which the Siamese are very proud—-as all nations
are proud of their rivers I We English boast of our “Silver Thames”
whose silver indeed is somewhat tarnished! The Portuguese
�Siam and the Siamese.
daunt their “ Golden Tagus”, though gold is no longer found in
its sands. We have all heard of the love of the people of Egypt
for the Nile ; and one of the most emphatic benedictions I remember
is that, when I gave three or four pence to a poor Arab woman for
holding my horse, she said, “May you always be blessed by Allah as
he blessed the sources of the Nile.” So in India the Ganges is regarded
as blessed by the Godhead and as blessing those who have had the
privilege of dying on its shores. I have seen Christians, Mahommedans,
and Jews bathing together in the waters of the Jordan, and uniting in
common thanksgiving that they have been permitted to enjoy so
great a glory. Chinese poetry is full of the Yang-tze-Kiang—“ the
Son of the Ocean.” Nor are these feelings confined to the ancient
world : the Americans of the North sing the praises of their Missisippi
and Missouri ; and those of the South of the Amazon and the Plate.
The Siamese call their Meinam the “ Mother of Waters.” When w®
reached the mouth of that river, we were told “ you must not
enter it with your ships of war.” So the King sent down a fleet of the
most splendid galleys, like coronetted dragons, beautifully gilt
and painted; and I was told to “ Come up in these galleys, and
abandon your ships of war.” I said, “ I shall accept your attention
and come in your galleys, and the ships shall follow ; and you must
tell your people that I am coming as a friend and not as a foe.”
And the King issued a proclamation declaring that we were coming
not as an enemy to humiliate, but as a friend to extend friendship.
We had many difficulties as to receptions and invitations, but the
King requested me to come to meet him in his palace at midnight.
A magnificent palace it is ' He said, “I want to see you as a friend,
and now I wish you to assent to one condition : in your country
people wear swords in the presence of the Sovereign, but that is
against our custom.” I said, “Undoubtedly I am bound to pay your
Majesty all the attention that I pay to my own Queen, and the wearing
of a sword is a point of etiquette.” He said, “It is never the case at our
Court.” But I was able to give evidence that the point had been con
ceded at the reception of the ambassadors of Louis XIV.; and
the King allowed that, as the British Queen was at least as great a
Sovereign as the French King, her envoys had a claim to every honor
which had ever been granted And so I and my suite were received
in the Great Hall, standing erect and wearing our swords, while the
Siamese dignitaries lay prostrate on their faces, and not one of* them
dared to lift his head to the King, who sat upon a superb throne.
The ceremonies being over, the King asked me to come to him in the
palace. I went and found the King of Siam (whom a short time
before I had' seen encumbered with the robes of royalty, with bright
gems glittering from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet)
with nothing on him but his shirt. He had a child upon his knee,
and the only thing it wore was a garland of white flowers upon its
head. I contrasted the grandeur and glory of the Monarch with th®
simplicity and the affection of the tender parent, and the latter appeared
to me more worthy of homage than the potent King. I spoke of ths
�10
S'/CJ nt and Ihe Si a mete.
Meinam. It is a wonderful river. It is somewhat like the Nile, its yellow
waters being fringed with emerald banks fertilized by its inundations. I
don t know whether it is more attractive by night or by day. By niomt
the fire flies cover the trees with marvellous splendour, the loud noise of
the Ghik lizard is heard, and animal and insect life is as vital as by day ;
when beautiful birds, and beetles, and butterflies are full of activity; and
fish that speak, and fight, and travel by land, and strange reptiles and
quadrupeds abound. Siam gives great evidence of Chinese influenc n
Chinese houses, with their led and yellow ornaments, are seen ail
along the banks of the Meinam. The Chinese are the great civilizers
of the East, and a million and a half of them are settled in Siam.
They are the most advanced, industrious, persevering and economical
of all the oriental nations. Bangkok is an aquatic City, almost all
the houses are on the water, and when the inhabitants shift their
residences, they move their entire habitations up and down the river.
And as the Siamese are proud of their rivers, they are also proud of
their towns. One is called the town of ten million elephants, one
is the town of pure gold, another, the town of the diamond walls,
another, the celestial hill, another, the paradise of Archangels ! This
may be vanity, but it is a very common and natural one. Does not
a Swiss exalt in the grandeur of his native mountains ? and I once
met with an Icelander who said “How can you tolerate a country in
which there are no snow storms?”
The Siamese religion is more identified with the national character
aud customs than any other religion in the world. I speak of Budd
hism. I cannot go into the details of that religion, for they occupy
sixty volumes, but I will point out some of its characteristics as
evidence of the fact that no religion ever exercised a great influence
over millions of men unless there were in it many elements of truth
and wisdom ; and if, instead of attacking everything which they find
in the religion of foreign nations, missionaries would recognize
that we are not the monopolists of truth and wisdom, but, that truth
and wisdom are to be found elsewhere, many stumbling blocks would
be removed which now arrest their way. Buddhism is, as I have said,
a part and portion of the social institutions of the land, and has a strong
hold upon the feelings of the people. No man enters upon or enjoys
the rights of citizenship till he has passed a certain time in a Buddhist
Convent, and has gone through a certain religious examination.
Th£ maintenance of the temples and of the priestsis wholly depen
dent upon public opinion. There are in Bankok 1,000 wats or tem
ples, and 10,000 bonzes or priests, and these wats have cost more
than ten millions of dollars, and are supported by voluntary contribu
tions, giving about a million dollars a year. The priests come forth
every morning from their convents, they are not allowed to ask for
contributions, and they are not permitted to thank the donors. They
bear a wallet for articles of food, and a cruise for drink, and they
find at every dooi' a contribution waiting their arrival. Given by
the people without asking, it is received from them without thanks.
The great outlines of Buddhism are, that every child is born purs
�Slum and ths Siamese.
11
that life is a scene of discipline, and that after infinite processes of
purification man will be absorbed in the divinity. If there be much in
Buddhism that represents the ignorance of dark ages, there is much
that even we might study, and study for our instruction. And Budd
hism, like Brahminism, like Christianity itself, is, under the influence
of philosophic discovery, being rescued from the false teachings of the
half-instructed or the wholly uninformed Let me give you a few
w'ords of wisdom from Buddhist books :—
“ Wherever* a single ray of divine wisdom penetrates there is wor
ship, there is praise in honour of the universal sovereign.”
“ How shall words exhibit the infinities of the mysterious creation,
where every atom emanates from all, and all is traceable in every atom,
united in one mysterious whole!”
Very beautiful are some of the speculations into the infinity of
Bpace and time—
A Phra obtained from Buddha the power of travelling two millions
and a half of miles in the time that a shot arrow takes in passing
through the shadow of a palm tree. He travelled at this rate for
10 years in search of infinite space ; he made no perceptible progress ;
he continued for hundred years, then for a thousand, then for ten thou
sand, then for a hundred thousand years, at the rate of two and a
half millions of miles in a second, and he returned disappointed to
earth, not having approached even the border of infinity.
Another sage applied to Buddha to know something about eternity,
and Buddha pointed to a rock of granite sixteen miles long; that
rock he said would be touched once in ten thousand years by the hem
of a spiritual visitant’s muslin garment; and when, by such visits
and by such attrition, the rock shall be reduced to the size of a nut,
then you may begin to have some notion of eternity.
Patience under suffering and submission to authority are among
the prominent teaching of Buddhism. I knew a priest who held his
forefinger for hours in the flame of a lamp till the first two joints
were burnt away.
Time only allows the mention of a few of the peculiar usages of the.
Siamese. At the birth of child, the mother is placed for some days
before a fire, from which she suffers so much, that frequently death
follows. The next stage in the life of the child is the ceremonial
of the top-knot. The hair is gathered together, and the rites con
nected with the removal of the knot, which generally takes*place
about the age of thirteen, constitute an epoch of existence. The
next stage is marriage, which is carried on as it is in China, by those
who are employed by the friends of the parties, and who are supposed
to know the condition and circumstances of both families. The marriage
is performed with the most elaborate ceremonies. As regards death,
in the case of persons of high distinction, a funeral pile is made, on
which the body is placed, and some of these erections cost thousands
of pounds. A great many of the treasures which had belonged to the
deceased are placed on the pile, and are collected with the ashes of
the dead, and sent to the surviving friends of the deceased.
�12
Siam and the Siamese.
The claims of the female aristocracy are manifested in a curious
way. It is the practice in China for ladies of rank to make them
selves useless. Their finger nails are allowed to grow to a length of
5 or 6 inches,and they never go to bed without having them care
fully covered up. But the ladies of Siam have a still stranger habit
of exhibiting their emancipation from labour. Their elbows are con
torted and turned outward, so that deformity is one of the recom
mendations of a Siamese lady. No doubt you have heard of the
reverence with which the white elephant is held in Siam. The
stable is beautifully adorned ; he is magnificently caparisoned ; is fed
on the sugar-cane ; he has nobles constantly in attendance ; and he
never goes forth unaccompanied by bands of music. Among the
presents given to me for our Queen was a gold box, with a golden
key, contaning a few hairs of the white elephant’s tail, which the
King deemed to be the most precious of all the royal gifts. The
white elephant is believed to be one of the resting places of Buddha
in his transmigration through the dominions of earth. The Siamese
invariably place high value upon white animals. The white
elephant, white monkey, and the white deer, are peculiarly prized.
I dont know whether this was the inspiration of my friend Words
worth, when he wrote of the “ white doe ” of Rylstone.
I found in Siam an instructive application of the decimal system—
one of the most useful discoveries of human intelligence, and one of
the most valuable auxiliaries to human progress, as without it we
could scarcely penetrate into the realms of geological and astrono
mical discovery. The Siamese distinguish the varieties of rank by
cyphers. No arithmetic oan represent that of the sovereign. The
second king stands at 100,000 ; the half-brother at 50,000; a son, in
office, at 40,000 ; out of office at 15,000. The highest lady in tie
land at 10,000 ; the next in rank only at 600. Then, remote cousins
of royalty stand at 599 and so down to the lowest denomination.
The value of a living being—in other words, the compensation to
be obtained for the loss of such—is regulated by law, and reduced
to English money, may be thus represented :—
Male 1 to 3 months old ..
3 to 4 years
>>
'
Maximum value 26 to 40 do.
86 to 90 do.
ff
Baby value „ 91 to 100 do.
Value of female baby
16s.
55s.
154s.
16s.
11s.
6d. Females..............
Od.
„ 21 to 30 yrs.
Od.
„ 86 to 90 do.
6d.
,. 91 to 100 do.
Od.
11s.
44s.
132s.
11s.
8s.
Od.
Od.
Od.
Od.
3d.
The allotted time is exhausted. I will, therefore, merely add
|
that I am much obliged to ycu for your attendance, and for your
kind attention, and if you should think that anything which I have
said affords you new materials for thought, new motives for the
exercise of candour and charity in the estimate of other nations and
other religions, I shall rejoice.
The service concluded with a selection of sacred music.
A. Macpherson Walker, Printer, 75, Fleet Street, E.C.
�
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Victorian Blogging
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A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library & Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span>
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Conway Hall Library & Archives
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2018
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Conway Hall Ethical Society
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Siam and the Siamese : A discourse delivered by Sir John Bowring at St. Martin's Hall, on February 17 1867
Creator
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Bowring, John
Langley, J. Baxter
Description
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Place of publication: London
Collation: 12 p. ; 21 cm.
Notes: From the library of Dr Moncure Conway.
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Trubner & Co.
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1867
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G5692
Subject
The topic of the resource
Colonialism
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /><br />This work (Siam and the Siamese : A discourse delivered by Sir John Bowring at St. Martin's Hall, on February 17 1867), identified by <span><a href="www.conwayhall.org.uk">Humanist Library and Archives</a></span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
English
Colonialism
Conway Tracts
Thailand