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THE RECEPTION AND ENTERTAINMENT
OF
The Chinese Embassy,
BY THE
CITY OF BOSTON.
1868.
BOSTON:
ALFRED MUDGE & SON, CITY PRINTERS, 34 SCHOOL STREET.
1868.
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�THE RECEPTION.
The visit of an Embassy from the Chinese Empire to the
United States Government, for the purpose of promoting the
interests of the two countries by facilitating the intercourse be
tween them — an event of the highest significance in itself—
was regarded by the citizens of Boston with peculiar satisfaction,
from the fact that the chief personage in the Embassy from this
ancient empire had long been a resident in their immediate vi
cinity, and had, during several terms, represented a portion of
the city in the National Congress. It was in harmony, therefore,
with the unanimous wishes of the citizens, that the City Council,
on the twenty-ninth of May, 1868,— soon after the arrival of the
Embassy from the Pacific Coast, — passed an order for the ap
pointment of a joint committee to tender the hospitalities of this
city to the distinguished visitors.
The Committee, consisting of Aidermen Samuel C. Cobb and
Benjamin James; Councilmen Charles H. Allen, (the President,)
Henry W. Pickering, George P. Denny and S. T. Snow, pro
ceeded to New York on the thirtieth day of May, and invited
the Honorable Anson Burlingame, Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary, and his associates, Chih Ta-jin and
Sun Ta-jin to visit Boston, at an early day, with the members of
their suite, and partake of its hospitalities. In accepting the
invitation, Mr. Burlingame expressed his gratification at this
mark of confidence and esteem from his former fellow-citizens,
who, he said, were the first to extend an official welcome to
his mission.
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�RECEPTION OF THE
4
The delay growing out of the ratification of the supplementary
treaty between China and the United States, which the Embassy
were empowered to negotiate, prevented Mr.. Burlingame and his
(^associates from visiting Boston until the -twenty fipsfr of August.
/&' On the twentieth-the Embassy arrived at Worcester, where they
/
remained, under the care of the Committee of the City Council
of Boston, untj| the following morning. At nine o’clock a special
train was provided by the Superintendent of the Boston and
Albany Railroad, which conveyed the city’s guests and the
Committee to the Western Avenue Crossing, where they arrived
at half past ten o’clock a. m., and where preparations had been
made to receive them.
Mr. Cobb, the Chairman of the Committee, then presented
Mr. Burlingame and his associates to the Honorable Nathaniel
B. Shurtleff, Mayor of Boston. The Mayor welcomed the Em
bassy in the following words:
Mr. Ambassador,—The City Council of Boston has
already, through a committee, formally tendered to you
the civilities that are your due, both as the accredited
representative of the illustrious sovereign of the Chi
nese empire, and also, as one, who, in times past, emi
nently enjoyed the confidence and esteem of the citizens
of this community. My duties on this occasion are,
therefore, so far simplified as to afford me only the
pleasure of expressing, in a few words, the welcome of
this municipality to you, and to your distinguished
associates, upon your entering the capital of the com
monwealth, which in former days you yourself have
personally represented in the high councils of the
nation.
To us it is a cause of much regret that your coming
hither has been deferred until the time of our general
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
5
vacation, when the authorities and many of the citizens
with their families are absent from their homes, and our
halls of counsel and legislation, our schools and institu
tions of science, learning and the arts, are temporarily
closed, and our family hearthstones almost deserted:
For it is the earnest desire of our citizens to give you a
reception fully commensurate with their respect for the
ancient empire of China, and with their own ability to
bestow. Nevertheless, you and the personages com
prising your suite are heartily welcome to the freedom
and hospitalities of this our city; and I trust that your
sojourn with us, though of short duration, may be
agreeable to you, and that the strangers who, for the
first time, visit our peaceful abodes may find somewhat
in our peculiar institutions, of sufficient excellence and
interest to be deemed worthy of notice now, and of
remembrance hereafter on their return to their far dis
tant home.
In the name of my fellow-citizens, I extend to you all
a sincere and most cordial welcome to Boston.
In reply Mr. Burlingame said:
Mr. Mayor., — On behalf of myself and my associates
I thank you for this tender of the hospitalities of the
renowned city of Boston. Hitherto we have avoided
all public demonstrations, not because we desired to
repulse that good will which has followed us from our
first arrival in this country down to the present hour,
but because we felt it to be our duty to postpone our
personal gratifications to the demands of our diplomatic
��RECEPTION OF THE
6
affairs. We have made this single exception for the
reason that Boston was the first to establish relations
with China, — because it was my old home, — because,
sir, it has presented its public schools, and its institu
tions of learning as its highest points of interest. Edu
cation is the foundation of all preferment in China, and
is the basis of those institutions which have outlasted
all others. It was natural, therefore, that my associates
should have desired to make themselves acquainted
with the systems of learning in the West. They will
feel profound grief that it will be impossible for them
to see your public schools in all their perfection. But I
have no doubt that they will see much to admire when
here, and much to remember when far away. Thank
ing you for this welcome, deeply grateful ’to you for
your personal acquaintance, we now present ourselves
to your hospitality with confidence and pleasure.
The company then entered the carriages assigned to them,
and a procession was formed by Colonel John Kurtz, Chief
Marshal, in the following order:—
The Chief Marshal.
Aids — Police Captains R. H. Wilkins and S. G. Adams.
Mounted Police Officers, under the command of Capt. Paul J.
Vinal.
Cavalry Band.
Major Lucius Slade and Staff.
Company B, First Battalion Light Dragoons, Capt. Albert
Freeman.
Company A, First Battalion Light Dragoons, Capt. Barney Hull.
His Honor the Mayor and the Honorable Anson Burlingame, in
a barouche drawn by four horses.
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
7
The Chairman of the Committee, Chih Ta-jin and Mr. Brown
(First Secretary), in a barouche drawn by four horses.
Aiderman Benjamin James, Sun Ta-jin and M. Dechamps (Second
Secretary), in a barouche.
The President of the Common Council, Councilman Pickering,
Fung Laou-Yeh and Tah Laou-Yeh, interpreters, in a barouche.
Councilmen Denny and Snow, Teh Laou-Yeh and Kway LaouYeh, interpreters, in a barouche.
Mandarin Ting, Mandarin Lien, and two scribes, in a barouche.
Carriages containing reporters for the daily, papers
and the servants of the Embassy.
Company C, First Battalion Light Dragoons, Captain Freeman
C. Gilman.
Company D, First Battalion of Light Dragoons, Captain George
Curtis.
•
The route of the procession was as follows: Through Western
Avenue, Heath, Centre, Marcella and Highland streets, Eliot
Square, Dudley, Warren and Washington streets, Chester Square,
Tremont and Worcester streets, Harrison Avenue, Newton and
Washington streets, Union Square, Tremont, Boylston and Ar
lington streets, Commonwealth Avenue, Berkeley, Beacon, Park,
Tremont, Winter, Summer, .Devonshire and Franklin streets,
counter-marching around the flag-staff, through Devonshire, Milk,
India, State, Washington and School streets, to the Parker
House, where the guests were given up.
The customary salutes in honor of a Foreign Minister were
fired from Washington Square, at the Highlands, and from
Boston Common, by a detachment of the Second Light Bat
tery, M. V. M.
In the evening, Mr. Burlingame and his associates gave a re
ception to the members of the City Government in the large
dining-hall on the second floor of the Parker House.
On Friday, at 12 o’clock, a public reception was given by the
��RECEPTION OF THE CHINESE EMBASSY.
8
Embassy in Faneuil Hall, which was handsomely decorated.
The galleries were occupied by ladies; and the body of the hall
was filled by gentlemen, who received Mr. Burlingame and his
associates, on their entrance, with great enthusiasm. The recep
tion continued until one o’clock, when the guests, who were
much fatigued, withdrew from the hall and returned to the
Parker House.
sf
��THE BANQUET.
��THE BANQUET.
t
On Friday, the twenty-first of August, the City Council enter
tained the Embassy with a banquet at the St. James Hotel.
About two hundred and twenty-five gentlemen, including the
members of the City Government, were present.
The company entered the dining hall at seven o’clock.
The Honorable Nathaniel B. Shurtleff, Mayor, presided. On
his right were seated the Honorable Anson Burlingame, Chief of
the Embassy; His Excellency Alexander H. Bullock, Governor
of the Commonwealth; Teh Laou-ych, English Interpreter at
tached to the Embassy; the Honorable Charles Sumner, Chair
man of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States
Senate; the Honorable Caleb Cushing; Major General Irwin
McDowell, United States Army; Commodore John Rodgers,
United States Navy; Charles G. Nazro, Esquire, President of
the Board of Trade. On the left of the Mayor were seated
Chih Ta-jin, associate minister; Mr. McLeary Brown, Secretary
to the Embassy; Sun Ta-jin, associate minister; M. Emile De
champs, Secretary to the Embassy; Fung Laou-yeh, English
Interpreter; Ralph Waldo Emerson, LL.D.; Reverend George
Putnam, D. D.; Mr. Edwin P. Whipple.
Among the other distinguished guests present were Dr. Oliver
Wendell Holmes; the Honorable Nathaniel P. Banks, the Hon
orable George S. Boutwell, and the Honorable Ginery Twichell,
members of Congress; the Reverend Thomas Hill, D. D., Presi
dent of Harvard College; the Honorable George S. Hillard,
United States District Attorney; the Honorable George 0. Bras*
�---------------
-----
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A_____ 1
�RECEPTION OF THE CHINESE EMBASSY.
11
tow, President of the Senate; the Honorable Harvey Jewell,
Speaker of the House of Representatives; Brevet Major General
H. W. Benham, and Brevet Major General J. G. Foster, U. S.
Engineer Corps; Major General James H. Carleton, U. S. A.;
Brevet Brigadier General Henry H. Prince, Paymaster U. S. A.;
Major General James A. Cunningham, Adjutant General; the
Honorable Henry J. Gardner, Ex-Governor of the Common
wealth, the Honorable Josiah Quincy; the Honorable Frederic
W. Lincoln, Jr.; Dr. Peter Parker, formerly Commissioner to
China; the Honorable Isaac Livermore; Sr. Frederico Granados,
Spanish Consul; Mr. G. M. Finotti, Italian Consul; Mr. Joseph
Iasigi, Turkish Consul; the Honorable Marshall P. Wilder,
President of the Board of Agriculture; N. G. Clark, D. D.,
Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions; and many of the
leading merchants and professional men of Boston.
When the guests had taken the places assigned to them, the
Mayor said:
Gentlemen of the City Council, — At your bidding I
most heartily welcome to the pleasures of the present
occasion all who are here to participate in the hospital
ities of the city, in honor of the distinguished visitors
from the oldest and most populous empire of the world.
In accordance with our custom, we will now give atten
tion while an invocation for the Divine blessing is pro
nounced by the Reverend Dr. Putnam.
A blessing was then asked by the Rev. Dr. Putnam.
When the company had dined, the Mayor requested their
attention, and made the following remarks:
THE mayor’s REMARKS.
: —We are met this evening to testify
our respect to the illustrious embassy which is now
Gentlemen
��RECEPTION OF THE
12
honoring our city with its presence. One of our per
sonal friends, who has been absent for a time for the
accomplishment of much good for all nations and all
people, has returned to the scenes of bygone days to meet
his old associates, and to take hand by hand the friends
of his early manhood. * lie has returned more weightily
laden with official honors than his own country, and
those with which it has heretofore held close alliance,
could bestow upon him; and with him he has many
personages of a remote land, equally distinguished for
their important official rank, and for the intellectual,
moral, and social positions which they hold among their
countrymen. We all welcome him and them most cor
dially to our municipality, deeming this honorable and
much desired visitation to our country as a harbinger of
the glorious future, when the' greatest, the most popu
lous, and the most ancient of all the nations of the
world shall open most widely and most freely her
hitherto closed portals to all people of all lands and of
all complexions and tongues.
Especially pleased are we, Mr. Ambassador, that
you, the chief personage of this illustrious embassy, are
flesh of our flesh, and blood of our blood — that your lan
guage is our language, your sentiments and feelings the
same as ours — that our home has once been your home
—and that you have equally the personal respect and high
regards of those who are now your fellow-countrymen, as
of us who have also enjoyed that privilege. Your pres
ence, sir, with us this evening, in your present capacity,
and with these surroundings, gives us, I assure you,
great pleasure and satisfaction, and will be remembered
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
13
most agreeably when you shall have successfully com
pleted your important missions, and when friendly
breezes shall have wafted your trusty vessels with their
precious burden, over the wide expanded ocean, and
returned you in safety and in health to your far distant
homes, to the affections of your friends, the plaudits of
your countrymen, and the approbation of your govern
ment. It is not an empty compliment that you have paid
to our country, in that the first negotiation on your very
remarkable errand should have been made with the United
States: Nor are we of Boston in the least degree insensi
ble to the distinction which you have accorded to our
city, in having made to us the first, and perhaps the only,
formal visit of your embassy to any of the large munici
palities of the land. The strong tie that once so firmly
bound you in friendship to our community has not been
broken; and we are joyfully permitted to hail your indi
vidual presence once more among us, as one of the
felicities of the advent of the friendly mission to our
shores. Time may wear on, events of the greatest
portent may transpire; but ancient friendships should
never cease, nor the pleasant memories of the past be
forgotten. We greet you, sir, most warmly as an old
friend, and we re‘cognize these your associates as new
friends. May these relations never have an end! But
may the bonds which you and our beloved country have
now made, prove of adamantine hardness, and of eternal
duration! May the results of your labors be of mutual
benefit to all countries ! In the days that are to come,
when the doings of the present time shall be regarded
as of the ancient of days, may the grand treaties of this
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�RECEPTION THE OF
14
your embassy be remembered as the Maximae Chartae of
international union for the promotion and security of
political and religious liberty, of learning and intelligence,
of law and harmony, and of perpetual mutual respect
and amity.
It may not be out of place for me to mention in this
presence, that representatives of the oldest constituted
government on the globe, dating back through more dy
nasties of potentates than any other nations can of rulers,
have broken through the reserve of power, wealth, dignity
and pride of ancient rank to tender to the whole civilized
world an interchange of all that can be of any benefit
or profit to individuals or collections of people; while
we, so young in national age, and differing so much
from them in all our customs, manners, laws and
government, are the first to open our arms to wel
come the offer, and to ratify treaties of the most
incalculable good for their country and for ours. The
Chinese Empire may date back to the fabulous era
of Puankoo, and its history may be traced through the
mythological times of Fohy, Shin-noong and their suc
cessors, and down in historical annals more centuries
before the Christian era than have transpired since
the advent of the Messiah; and yet no period of the
existence of that great empire, not even the days of the
great Confucius, can compare in importance with the
present era of her history, which will ever be noted as
the greatest for giving and receiving that the world has
ever known, either from recorded pages or even from
the traditions of the past. The embassy has done wise
ly : For although the institutions of the Chinese, as we 1
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�CHINESE EMBASSY.
15
as their habits and customs, may differ from ours, a great
similarity nevertheless exists in the peculiar situation of
our several territories. Their empire and our republic,
although in different hemispheres, and the inhabitants
antipodes, have somewhat similar positions in what have
been known as the old and the new worlds. Both
countries are north of the northern tropic, and centrally
in the same temperate zone. The national capitals of
both are, as near as chance could place them, on the
same parallel of latitude ; and the United States and
China proper cover about the same amount of territory,
enjoy very nearly the same climate, and are bounded
largely by the great navigable seas and oceans. The
states and territories of the one correspond very closely
with the provinces of the other. But what a vast differ
ence in population! Where we have one inhabitant the
Chinese have ten. They count more living souls than
do all the nations of Europe and both Americas. Indeed
were the Emperor of China, in our republican way of
doing things, to submit to the hard duty of shaking hands
with his subjects, it would take more years to accomplish
the civility, on the eight hour system, than were accorded
to the venerable Parr—who, as you all have heard, lived to
the remarkable age of one hundred and fifty-two years
— and this too without keeping up with the births that
would occur during the time. Indeed, were he gifted
with eternal life he never would complete this intermi
nable undertaking.
Perhaps I may be pardoned, gentlemen, in saying,
that before the discovery of America by Columbus, the
earth was seemingly flat, and contained little else than
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�RECEPTION OF THE
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Europe and Asia and a small part of Africa—at least all
descriptions of it would lead to such a supposition — and
that the only route to the ancient dominions of the Great
Kahn of Cathay (now, China) was by tedious overland
travel, for the passage by sea around the Cape of Good
Hope had not been discovered. The grand object of the
voyage of Columbus, who had just come to the idea of
the sphericity of the earth, was to find a new route to
Cathay ^and Cipango by a westerly course; and it is
a remarkable fact that the Genoese adventurer, before
starting on his grand voyage, actually provided him
self with letters to the great powers of those almost
unknown places from the fortunate Ferdinand and
Isabella, then the sovereigns of • Spain.
Sailing
with a belief that where the ocean terminated land
would have a beginning, the great discoverer of this
western hemisphere, on the twenty-first day of October,
1492, first-of Europeans, set foot on ground, which in
his belief was the desired land of his search: But in
stead he had found another continent; and the passage
so much needed, was subsequently, and but five years
later, discovered in another direction, and the route, by
doubling the Cape of Good Hope, was established, and
the laborious journeys to the east through inhospitable
wildernesses and dreary deserts ceased forever.
But, gentlemen, if I say much more about ancient
China, I shall leave no room for the present of that great
empire : And I need not now tell you of the great mechanrcal effort of more than twenty centuries ago — the
building of the great Chinese Wall, surpassing those of
Babylon; nor of the great canal, the longest in the
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�CHINESE EMBASSY.
17
world, and completed before the birth of Columbus; nor
of block-printing, practised by the Chinese five hundred
years before Faust, or Guttemberg, or Schoefler ever
dreamed of the art; nor of the invention of gunpowder,
known centuries before the days of Roger Bacon; nor
of the power of the loadstone, which helped direct the
Chinese navigator long before the passage to Cathay
was sought by Europeans, or our own country discovered
through its instrumentality. Each of these themes would
exhaust all the time, and more too, that is allotted to
me. But all these have their significance, and all have
had, and will continue to have, their influence for good.
I may, however, without fear of complaint, say to
our stranger friends, that we whom they are now visit
ing are a peculiar people; that we all love liberty,
and desire that others shall enjoy it with us; that
our small band of forefathers, about the time that
the present dynasty commenced in China, peaceably
sought these shores, driven from their' transatlantic
homes by vexations and persecutions, and here planted
themselves and their principles; and that we have
grown up from such beginnings to what they now find
us. From the first we opened our doors freely to all men;
no wayfarer, of any clime or tongue, was ever denied a
welcome here. We had room for ourselves, and we
had spare room for others. With the great Chinese
sage, we have ever practised the Golden Rule of our own
ancestors, but better expressed by him, “ Do not unto
othemwhat you would not have others do unto you;”
and I verily believe that in the wise sayings of some
learned aphorist of the Orientals, we may be able to
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�RECEPTION OF THE
18
find another of our good sayings, “ Be virtuous and you
will be happy,” also much improved by reversal, “ Be
happy and you will be virtuous.”
It may ‘be interesting for our visitors to know,
that from this community first commenced the China
trade of this country ; that from this and a neighbor
ing port sailed, till recently, all the merchant vessels
that traversed the oceans between America and China;
and that much of the wealth of the old families of Bos
ton was obtained in the China and East India trade.
But hereafter all trade with China will be attended with
less difficulty than it was heretofore, — thanks to the
present peaceable mission. * The dawn has already ap
peared. China and the United States will hereafter
exchange productions without let or hindrance, and
the arts of peace and civilization will equally and
reciprocally flourish in both.
Religion — the boon
most dearly esteemed by all men — will be liberally
enjoyed in both nations, and by all people. The day
will soon come when we shall be the east and China
the west; when all travel between these mighty nations
shall be over the justly-named Pacific Ocean, (for dis
tance from our east to our west will soon * be annihila
ted,) and the western passage — the long-lost hope and
desire of the ancient navigators — shall be accom
plished.
Gentlemen, let us rejoice in the event that has
brought us together this evening; and while we give
welcome to those who visit us for the first time, may we
be sufficiently grateful for the benefits which must in
course result from their benevolent and wise mission!
�'.'/YisM
e?s«r(Ksi'-C- \d-3*&ij*F’ id?LA
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*
�CHINESE EMBASSY.
19
After music by Gilmore’s Band, the Mayor announced as the
first regular toast:
“ The President of the United States.”
The Band performed the American national air.
The Mayor then announced as the second regular toast :
“The Emperor of China.”
The Band performed the Chinese national air.
The third regular toast,
“ The Chinese Embassy,”
was received with much enthusiasm. When the Mayor intro
duced Mr. Burlingame to respond, the company rose and gave
nine cheers.
SPEECH OF HON. ANSON BURLINGAME.
Mr. Mayor: In rising to respond to what you have
said, and to this cordial greeting, I feel how utterly
inadequate are any words of mine to meet the require
ments of this occasion. Events are more eloquent than
words. The presence here ofcTny associates, with the
sunshine of the Orient upon their faces, and the
warmth of its fires in their hearts, arouses more emo
tions than the most eloquent tongue can express. The
land of Washington has greeted the land of Confucius.
The great thoughts of the one have been wedded to
the great deeds of the other. Nothing can be more
impressive than the facts themselves. The Imperial
and the Republican seals have been placed side by
side upon a great bond of friendship forever. In the
�'off TO wmscwi
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4arjq oliso^m -sidi lb
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ffivrnoX
otolis’oili enodi ^nnfeaifi .o^rig adi ni
Mros oi (.dbsl'q Isrft odi ni cofn ihnrog fwoIIs ion
■adt tsdi p*a nop biodw eMwino^- pi boaaoiqro
hoA'apiq o.di oto 6MiJ ar asMO io wffib.ao’>
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�RECEPTION OF THE
20
♦
presence of this majestic past, the members of this
mission would be glad to rest and be silent; but silence
you will not have. And there is no rest for mortals save
in the grave. Breaking, then, the silence which you will
not allow, permit me, in the first place, to seize a
thought expressed by yourself, where you say that the
physical condition of China is like unto the physical
condition of the United States. That is true. China
lies along the Pacific, as the United States lie along
the Atlantic. It has, as you say, the same area; it has
the same isothermal lines ; it has a like system of rivers
and mountains. The great river Yangtse Kiang empties
to a bucket-ful the same volume of water as the Missis
sippi; the distant plains of Mongolia answer to the
great prairies of the northwest.
But they are not only like to each other in their
physical aspects, they have relations to each other in
other respects. They have moral and political relations
of a similar character with ours. China is divided into
provinces as this country is divided into States. The
Chinese hold to the great doctrine that the people are
the source of power. You vote by ballot; in China
they vote by competitive examination. You shout
when your fellow-citizen is elected; they shout when
their scholar has received his degree They are scorn
ful of caste, and so are you. You tolerate every faith,
and so do they. You proceed to make a law by peti
tion; they proceed by memorial. This memorial is
recorded; it is passed to the Great Council; it is
approved by the Government; it is handed over to the
Great Secretariat; and if it shall be found to be accord-
�infki c8$tJ oxli fes wiiHx&st odi
J
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sv/rtW fciH $ aiJi-*^ c«wra^38*.) io Irud js’j^o: 4
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•;«.■.>t
�CHINESE EMBASSY.
21
tug to the tradition and the laws, that Secretariat is
charged with its publication to the world. So that
China is not a land of caprices, -—it is a land of laws.
So, also, they are like unto us somewhat in their
school system. It is voluntary. They pay great atten
tion to their schools. They hold the office of teacher
to be the highest in the world. The great man in the
Tsungle Yamen to-day, one of the greatest, perhaps the
greatest scholar there, Tung Ta-jin, who presided over
the translation of Wheaton’s International Law, took
from Mr. Wade, the British Secretary of Legation, a
translation which he made of our own Longfellow’s
Psalm of Life, the first secular poem ever trans
lated into the Chinese language, and placed it
upon a fan, which he sent by my hand to our great
poet, that gift leading to a correspondence between
these illustrious men. I say Tung Ta-jin makes it ever
his boast, in the Tsungle Yamen, that he was once a
poor school-teacher.
But, however great may be the physical resemblances,
however many resemblances may be found in other
respects between them and the nations of the West,
it is certain that we have much to learn from them, and
they have much‘to learn from us. We have to learn
from them to respect old age; we have to learn from
them sobriety; we have to learn from them good
manners; we have to learn from them habits of schol
arship ; we have to learn from them how to cultivate
fish; we have to learn from them much in relation to
agriculture, much of the effect of heat and cold, and
light and shade upon plants; how to irrigate, how to
�s '9cf I4pow M
; .Barf s^^^nxifs
.’>wW. ^s >weq ^uiv'^id'O lo xv.on ohios w
'lgxg vdj ■ Lioirn
xu/LlU w og ck»
oftkUi'Jos
aiote vaxa. aaagffi) oxfT
u43 ■(JiLs -{..hvf io ?;«oiLhv a.bb ob ^oxft ^4w tftoaawt giD
,-.
;lhU ■ d^oii? JajiB bpH throw ad Jud ^vd.Lj
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�RECEPTION OF THE
22
manure the land. Indeed, it would be a most profitable
employment for some man of observing powers, some
scientific man, to go to China and record the facts he
finds there. The Chinese may not be able to give him
the reasons why they do this thing, or why they do that
thing, but he would find that, through long ages of
experience, they had at last ascertained the right way.
I do not know of so wide an unreaped field for a scientific
man, and I trust that the greatest living naturalist, Prof.
Agassiz, will next year make an expedition to the Chi
nese Empire.
But not* to follow your suggestion too far, I say, we
have much to learn from them. We have many wise
maxims to acquire from them. They have much, also,
to learn from us. They have all the modern sciences,—
they have all those things to learn from us, which are
the result of our necessities. We lived far apart, and
we invented the steamboat, the railroad, the telegraph,
to bring us nearer and nearer together.
But without pursuing this line of thought further,
permit me to give you something more nearly relating
to the present. I leave everything that may be said
about the ancient sages of China who lived before Soc
rates, to the distinguished gentleman on my left, [Mr.
Ralph Waldo Emerson,] who knows much more of
them than I do ; and I come now to consider, for a mo
ment, the treaty which has just been concluded between
the United States and China. And I shall not, I assure
you, trespass upon your time to enter into any elaborate
exposition of that treaty. No, sir, I leave the exposi
tion of that treaty to the distinguished Senator on my
�.yasAffws aaasciH#
oilvr I>rb cstMw8r sib rd nohpmda a?i sbw odw ,'hip.E'
eV58 ofconr aimt/I .o^oy auoftrijisair b ii iol bouroor^
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6cw Wifi jioif dr ©jfet blmw ifohfw ihiqa ©yiaabrggB
vp/-:.;tn obrn oadoj bsm -teozoifai lo o&hcpis -adi oJ M ©y.qd
.'< >s.j.ij.j'-jBX'uJiii.} "ioQud dzO id ivEghc* gj; JmmI O ' .©l'iuI lie
iw/id .:: mjst 1»1 Oftb.’.’JvM
’ILn bi-djidd'- jfet.d
Q-
♦
�CHINESE EMBASSY.
23
right, who was its champion in the Senate, and who
procured for it a unanimous vote. Permit me to say,
briefly, that that treaty had its origin in the desire to
give the control of China to herself, in opposition to
that aggressive spirit which would take it from her and
give it to the caprice of interest and to the rude energy
of force. It had its origin in the belief that institutions
which had withstood all the mutations of time, have
something in them worthy of consideration ; in the be
lief that institutions, cherished unanimously by one-third
of the human race, may possibly be the best institutions
for the people of China, and that at least they are enti
tled to hold on to them until they shall be changed by
fair argument. That treaty had its origin in, and in fact
is the outgrowth of, that co-operative policy which was
agreed to by the representatives of the Western pow
ers recently assembled at Peking; that policy substituted
for the old doctrine of violence one of fair diplomatic
action; so that if a Consul and the Taoutai could not
agree, before war should ensue, the question at issue
should be referred to Peking, and thence to the home
governments. That policy was in brief an agreement,
upon the part of the representatives of the treaty
powers, that they would not interfere in the internal
aifairs of China; that they would give to the treaties
a fair and Christian construction; that they would
abandon the so-called concession doctrine, and that
they never would menace the territorial integrity of
China. On these principles rests the security of China.
They were warmly approved by the Government of
China which naturally desired that they should find
�M'
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oJj m (.anorhG^.oI
lo aovidoxs odJ xd Bfdaji ^oiloq
>9ii .n Loxfe odvf €03h*iS ^aiiaboiU xi81o sorfoteqa.jb hsoTg’
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vd W b%i§s an /A;nd vodJ v5v
�RECEPTION OF THE
24
expression in a more solemn form than they were in at
the present time. The evidence of this co-djierative ♦
policy rested in the archives of distant legations, in the
great despatches of Sir Frederick Bruce, who shed a new
lustre upon diplomacy in the East. I say that China,
feeling the advantage of these principles, desired that
they should be carried forward into more solemn forms.
Accordingly they have, as agreed to by the great treaty
powers of the West, passed into the unbending text of
the treaty recently made at Washington.
Now, in a word, what is that treaty? In the first
place, it declares the neutrality of the Chinese waters
in opposition to the pretensions of the ex-territoriality
doctrine, that inasmuch as the persons and the property
of the people of the foreign powers were under the ju
risdiction of those powers, therefore it was the right of
parties contending with each other to attack each other
in the Chinese waters, thus making those waters the
place of their conflict. This treaty traverses all such
absurd pretensions. It strikes down the so-called con
cession doctrines, under which the citizens of different
countries, located upon spots of land in the treaty ports,
had come to believe that they could take jurisdiction
there, not only of their own citizens, not only of the
persons and property of ,their own people, but of the
Chinese and the people of other countries. When this
question was brought under discussion and referred to
the home governments, not by the Chinese, originally,
but by those foreign nations who felt that their treaty
rights were being abridged by these concession doctrines,
the distant foreign countries could not stand the discus-
�/TagASMH 38SPHE0
-woq.
’pavo Jniii toys I bnA Jitomom i? 10I noio
onioa xl^noxli ?8onrU3ob xtoiagoonco adi Bonobnsds and to
ods-hoLim sriiilO iii oinH inoaoiq odd is elsjfoifto xiodi lo
.oi jOaoniiO odd doqxa oi odsdiobnij - — di xol Lnaiuoo oi
d^rodi as oaonidC). odd ioojoxq oi eoaoiddO odd dosdis
.imr:nnavo^ oaonidO odd oi ^dedod ic-xr bib ^’xoiraoi nd?
- ftuintob toniim iu4 boaobnsdfe tovoh L3J - snb.f *
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dnnd ao
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’’; f ‘do v
xbff, -11’iW
:* ws Wxt r bn o.;
Q
:
�CHINESE EMBASSY.
*
25
sion for a moment. And I aver that every treaty pow
er has abandoned the concession doctrines, though some
of their officials at the present time in China undertake
to contend for it —- undertake to expel the Chinese, to
attack the Chinese, to protect the Chinese as though
the territory did not belong to the Chinese government.
China has never abandoned her eminent domain —
never abandoned on that territory her jurisdiction doc
trine ; and I trust she never will. This treaty strikes
down all the pretensions about concessions of terri
tory.
Again, this treaty recognizes China as an equal among
the nations, in opposition to the old doctrine that be
cause she was not a Christian nation she could not be
placed in the roll of nations. But I will not discuss
that question. There is the greatest living authority
upon Eastern questions here to-night. He has stated
that position more fully than anybody else, while his
heart has leaned ever to the side of the Chinese. I say
China has been put on terms of equality. Her subjects
have been put upon a footing with those of the most
favored nations, so that now the Chinaman stands with
the Briton or the Frenchman, the Russian, the Prussian,
or the subjects of any of the great powers. And not
only so, but by a Consular clause in that treaty they
are given a diplomatic status by which those privileges
can be defended. That treaty also strikes down all dis
abilities on account of religious faith. It recalls the
great doctrine of the constitution which gives to a man
the right to hold any faith which his conscience may
dictate to him. Under that treaty the Chinese may
�•tut
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>
Moimpaa
olrfwa wib I^oiqs
J.;ir:>Vkd sllawb xfaiidv? JrxKja Oifi
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�RECEPTION OF THE
26
spread their marble altars to the blue vault of heaven,
and may worship the spirit which dwells beyond. That
treaty opens the gleaming gates of our public institu
tions to the students of China. That treaty strikes down
or reprobates — that is the word — the infamous Coolie
trade. It sustains the great law of 1862, drafted by
Mr. Eliot of Massachusetts, and pledges the nation for
ever to hold that trade criminal. While it does this, it
recognizes the great doctrine that a man may change
his home and his allegiance. While it strikes at the
root of the Coolie trade, it invites free immigration
into the country of those sober and industrious
people by whose quiet labor we have been enabled
to push the Pacific Bailroad over the summit of the
Sierra Nevada. Woolen mills have been enabled to
run on account of this labor with profit. And the great
crops of California, more valuable than all her gold,
have been gathered by them. I am glad the United
States had the courage to apply their great principles of
equality. I am glad that while they apply their doc
trines to the swarming millions of Europe, they are not
afraid to apply them to the tawny race of Tamerlane
and of Genghis Khan.
There is, also, another article which is important to
China. It has been the habit of the foreigners in China
to lecture the Chinese and to say what they should do and
what they should not do ; to dictate, and say when they
should build railroads, .when they should build tele
graphs ; and, in fact, there has been an attempt to take
entire possession of their affairs. This treaty denounces
all such pretensions. It says, particularly, that it is for
�•
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1
�CHINESE EMBASSY.
27
the Chinese themselves to fix the time when they will
initiate reforms,— when they will build and when they
will refuse to build,— that they are the masters of their
own affairs; that it is for them to make commercial
regulations, and to do whatever they will, which is not
in violation of existing treaties and the laws of nations,
within their own territory. I am glad that that is in
the treaty; and while the treaty expresses the opinion
of the United States in favor of giving to China the
control of her own affairs, it assumes that China is to
progress, and it offers to her all the resources of
Western science, and asks other nations to do the
same.
The United States have asked nothing for themselves.
I am proud of it. I am proud that this country has
made a treaty which is, every line of it, in the present
interests of China, though in the resulting interests of
all mankind. I am glad that the country has risen up
to a level with the great occasion. I am glad that she
has not asked any mean advantages, such as weaken
one people and do not exalt another. By leaving China
free in all these respects, she feels secure, or will feel
secure when these principles are adopted. When she
feels that the railroad and the telegraph are not to be
instruments by which she is to be disrupted or destroyed
then she will come out of her seclusion and enter upon
a course of trade, the importance of which, and the
amount of which, no man can compute. The first thing
for her to have is security; and this treaty gives her
security. It places her broadly under international law.
I know this treaty will be attacked. You will wonder
�sht
ic
bio oxD lo Jhiqa JodJ ^d fxnfac&B od Iliw jJ 4i fa
; osoxl$ strndln ilehMI bsaoqqo tfoidw esilkrl nt eiotaJA]
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am•” cd Lotoftd at Ji fwxsood .bhow odtlo ircJ ofd
f
7
�RECEPTION OF THE
28
at it. It will be attacked by that spirit of the old indigo
planters in India, which opposed British reforms there;
and by such as opposed Emancipation in the West
Indies; it will be resisted by the spirit of the old opium
smuggler in China. But notwithstanding all this, I be
lieve that treaty, or the principles of that treaty, will
make the tour of the world, because it is founded in jus
tice. This mission, feeling confidence in the rectitude of
their intentions, confidence in the merits of the policy
which they propose, do not ask what reception they
shall have in the countries to which they shall go, but
trust themselves fairly and fully to the spirit of West
ern civilization.
And now, having detained you too long, permit me to
thank you all for the kind manner in which you have
listened to what I have had to say. I thank you, Sir,
for your personal allusions. I thank dear old Boston
for her grand demonstrations of good will. I thank the
American Government that it has placed a great ques
tion beyond the reach of individual misfortune. And
now, having said this, the mission will press along the
line of its diplomatic duty to other fields of effort.
The Mayor then announced as the fourth regular toast, —
“The Commonwealth of Massachusetts.”
He called upon His Excellency, Alexander H. Bullock, to
respond.
SPEECH OF GOVERNOR BULLOCK.
Mr. Mayor: The impressive ceremony and the cor
dial reception of the evening have been conducted so
far and so well that no duty remains for me save offi-
�■ ’3 A3 Mil
-gji RL1SG
LltwJ f lu'lt siojg lodanr^cB^Lb wg oinaau
j AJ/roGO/? aicnuii M# flu xfl felicpO Ml flliw Mar
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�CHINESE EMBASSY.
29
cially to assure our distinguished guests that I heartily
unite with the Capital in all the honors accorded to
them. Aside from the gratification we feel in extending
this welcome to our own fellow-citizen, now returned
to us as the head of an august mission, I surely may be
permitted to express your sentiments as well as my
own in recalling, with some satisfaction, the part which
our Commonwealth has borne on the large field of
American diplomacy in the recent historical period.
With Mr. Adams at the British Court, Mr. Motley on
the Continent, Mr. Burlingame in the great empire of
the East, our senior Senator, (Mr. Sumner,) at the head
of foreign affairs in the Senate, — the fortress of our
diplomatic security, — and Governor Banks in a like
position in the House of Representatives, — the people
of Massachusetts have had reason to be satisfied with
the share committed to them in the civic responsibilities
of our time. It is not to the present point that I shotdd
say that each of these gentlemen has performed his duty ■
so well that we cannot readily see how it could have
been done better; for the world knows that already.
But it is permissible that I should say, in view of those
broad relations which these citizens of our own have
sustained* on the three continents of civilization, that
the future historian of the Commonwealth must record
that her fame never shone brighter, more conspicuous,
or more beneficent than during this period. I may,
therefore, be permitted, both as magistrate and as citi
zen, to allow my local pride to culminate this evening,
as it blends with your patriotic pleasure, in paying
honors to those who have proved such good masters of
international rights and courtesies.
�<
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7£& am*;
*
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�RECEPTION OF THE
•
30
As an American I rejoice in the recent events which
have developed into something almost like an alliance
for the welfare of the world, the imperial powers of the
East and the West. After all that has occurred in the
last seven years, what patriotic citizen of the United
States does not welcome the friendly hand reached out
to us from Russia and China; — co-terminous countries,
covering one-fifth part of the habitable globe, having
institutions in many respects altogether unlike our own,
but in some particulars quite in sympathy with ours,
eager to join their histories and destinies with ours in a
spirit of conciliation and unity which may hereafter
become the protectorate of the peace of all the nations.
From the former of these two, at a time when we failed
to receive from countries nearer to us that encouragement of our nationality which we had a right to ex
pect, there came for us no voice or wish, expressed or
suppressed, that did not give aid and comfort to every
heart which was in allegiance to our government. In
my remembrance of this, all political names of govern
ments have lost their power. There is a chord of
sympathy that sounds the name of Russia pleasantest of
them all in my ears. The purchase of Alaska becomes
doubly agreeable. I thank Mr. Seward and Congress
for making the trade.
And now, after the war, just when we are to spread
sail on a fresh career of prosperity at home and consid
eration abroad, let us be happy to receive, in advance
of all the governments of Europe, His Excellency Mr.
* Burlingame and his Associate Envoys from China. The
specific provisions of their recent treaty with us may or
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�CHINESE EMBASSY.
31
may not comprise any striking innovations on the past.
As to that I do not much profess to know. I have
been trying to get some information from my friend
Teh, who sits by my side, who, I will say, speaks the
English language with a compass and flexibility and
force which our own countrymen can seldom surpass,
and some of them can hardly equal, after this hour in
the evening. I introduced him to my late comrade in
the legislative halls, Mr. Cushing, who was the pioneer
in American diplomacy towards China, and who went
out as Commissioner to China (if that was the title of
his office) in 1842 or ’43, and, to my surprise, I found,
when I sought to make some comparisons between that
time and the present, that my young friend Teh was
born three years after Mr. Cushing returned, and that
Mr. Cushing and I were much older than my Chinese
friend. But, however that may be, the tone, the tem
per, the spirit in which this Embassy comes to us —
that is a great deal — that inaugurates a new era in the
relations of two powerful peoples. It is enough for
me to know that it is in the interest of justice to the
individual man of both nations; that it is in recognition
of the obligations of all the reciprocities of humanity;
that it is in aid and promotion of international com
merce, which is the handmaid of Equity and Christi
anity. So that, henceforth, the pledged honor of Ameri
cans and Chinamen shall be more potent for all the
purposes of travel and trade and religion and civiliza
tion, than a thousand British cannon bellowing against
the gates of the Celestial Empire, — gates which shall
open in all time to come more easily to the force of fra-
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�RECEPTION OF THE
32
temity than to the force of arms. Why should not
China be respected for that she has resisted with plucki
ness, according to her traditions and with her hearts
and arms, every attempt to blow open her portals ; —
for that she sends her Envoys to-day to make public
tender at the doors of our Capitol of her desire to
establish, as the law of nations, the Golden Rule,
whether it comes to her from Confucius, or to us from
authority infinitely higher.
Let us respect the authority of existing and ancient
nations. One is especially before us now that has
lengthened and enduring annals. As the oldest civi
lized community of the United States, we of Massachu
setts trace our record backward over only two centuries
and a half. And that, we are apt to think, furnishes
ample and dignified work of research for several histori
cal, antiquarian and genealogical societies, in examin
ing ancient mounds, exhuming corroded tomahawks,
and bringing to the light of our day the virtues and the
frailties of some eight or nine generations of men. How,
then, can we not respect a people of a record of five
thousand years'? You may call them rude; but you
have sought their commerce, and have scattered among
all your homes the products of their luxury, their art,
and their labor. You may call them barbarians; but
with their own sense of right they can call you the
same. You may doubt their elemental principles of
government; but they have existed having a govern
ment ages before you were known, and more recently
when you were not sure that you could maintain and
transmit a government. You may question the claim
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�CHINESE EMBASSY.
33
of their literature to common respect; but it ante-dates
all that is known by us of the thought and record which
we call sacred. You may ask, if you will, why China
comes here with an American citizen for her Ambassa
dor, to demand a high place of dignity among the
countries; and she answers, with the eloquence of a
long and masterly history, that she comes offering only
terms of international equality as one of the peoples and
governments of the world of to-day; compacted and
ribbed by the vicissitudes of fifty centuries; self-subsist
ing against all efforts to assail or invade her; but willing,
anxious now, to welcome the sails of your commerce
into her ports, the voices of your missionaries into her
interior, and the rights of your citizens within her juris
diction. In that spirit, and in that cause, I welcome
Mr. Burlingame and his associates, and bid them God
speed on their way to the other countries.
The Mayor then announced as the fifth regular toast,—
“The Supplementary Treaty with China;” —
and called upon the Honorable Charles Sumner, Chairman of
the Committee on Foreign Relations of the United States •
Senate, to respond.
HON. CHARLES SUMNER’S SPEECH.
Mr. Mayor: I cannot speak on this interesting oc
casion without first declaring the happiness I enjoy at
meeting my friend of many years in the exalted posi
tion which he now holds. Besides being my personal
friend, he was also an honored associate in representing
the good people of this community, and in advancing a
��RECEPTION OF THE
34
great cause, which he championed with memorable elo
quence and fidelity. Such are no common ties. Permit
me to say that this splendid welcome, now offered by the
municipal authorities of Boston, is only a natural ex
pression of the sentiments which must prevail in this
community. Here his labors and triumphs began.
Here, in your early applause and approving voices, he
first tasted of that honor which is now his in such am
ple measure. He is one of us, who, going forth into a
strange country, has come back with its highest trusts
and dignities. Once the representative of a single Con
gressional district, he now represents the most populous
nation of the globe. Once the representative of little
more than a third part of Boston, he is now the repre
sentative of more than a third part of the human race.
The population of the globe is estimated at twelve hund
red millions ; that of China at more than four hundred
millions, and sometimes even at five hundred millions.
If, in this position, there be much to excite wonder,
there is still more for gratitude in the unparalleled op
portunity which it affords. What we all ask is oppor
tunity. Here is opportunity on a surpassing scale — to
be employed, I am sure, so as to advance the best inter
ests of the Human Family; and, if these are ad
vanced, no nation can suffer. Each is contained in all.
With justice and generosity as the reciprocal rule, and
nothing else can be the aim of this great Embassy, there
can be no limits to the immeasurable consequences.
For myself, I am less solicitous with regard to con
cessions or privileges, than with regard to that spirit
of friendship and good neighborhood, which embraces
�r
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�CHINESE EMBASSY.
35
alike the distant and the near, and, when once estab
lished, renders all else easy.
The necessary result of the present experiment in
diplomacy will be to make the countries which it visits
better known to the Chinese, and also to make the
Chinese better known to them. Each will know the
other better and will better comprehend that condition
of mutual dependence which is the law of humanity.
*In the relations among nations, as in common life, this
is of infinite value. Thus far, I fear that the Chinese
are poorly informed with regard to usi I am sure that
we are poorly informed with regard to them. We know
them through the porcelain on our tables with its law
less perspective, and the tea chest with its unintelligible
hieroglyphics. There are two pictures of them in the
literature of our language, which cannot fail to leave an
impression. The first is in Paradise Lost, where Milton,
always learned eveif in his poetry, represents Satan as
descending in his flight,
------ on the barren plains
Of Sericana, where Chineses drive,
With sails and wind their cany wagons light.
The other is that admirable address on the study of the
law of nature and nations, where Sir James Mackintosh,
in words of singular felicity, alludes to iC the tame but
ancient and immovable civilization of China.” It will
be for us now to enlarge these pictures and to fill the
canvas with life.
I do not know if it has occurred to our honored guest,
that he is not the first stranger who, after sojourning in
��RECEPTION OF THE
36
this distant unknown land, has come back loaded with
its honors, and with messages to the Christian powers.
He is not without a predecessor in his mission. There is
another career as marvellous as his own. I refer to the
Venetian Marco Polo, whose reports, once discredited as
the fables of a traveller, are now recognized among the
sources of history, and especially of geographical knowl
edge. Nobody can read them without feeling their
verity. It was in the latter part of the far away 13th
century, that this enterprising Venetian, in company
with his father and uncle, all of them merchants, jour
neyed from Venice, by the way of Constantinople,
Trebizond on the Black Sea and Central Asia, until they
reached first the land of Prester John, and then that
golden country, known as Cathay, where the great ruler,
Kublai Khan, treated them with gracious consideration,
and employed young Polo as his ambassador. This
was none other than China, and the great ruler, called
the Grand Khan, was none other than the first of its
Mongolian dynasty having his imperial residence in the
immense city of Kambalu, or Peking. After many years
of illustrious service, the Venetian, with his compan
ions, was dismissed with splendor and riches, charged
with letters for European sovereigns, as our Bostonian
is charged with similar letters now. There were let
ters for the Pope, the King of France, the King of
Spain, and other Christian princes. It does not appear
that England was expressly designated. Her name, so
great now, was not at that time on the visiting list of
the distant Emperor. Such are the contrasts in national
life. Marco Polo with his companions, reached Venice
�U7
*
41
_______________________ ____ _
taMMh
I
�CHINESE EMBASSY.
37
on his return in 1295, at the very time when Dante in
Florence was meditating his divine poem, and when
Roger Bacon, in England, was astonishing the age with
his knowledge. These were two of his greatest con
temporaries.
The return of the Venetian to his native city was
attended by incidents which have not occurred among
us. Bronzed by long residence under the sun of the
East, — wearing the dress of a Tartar, — and speaking
his native language with difficulty, it was some time be
fore he could persuade his friends of his identity. Hap
pily there is no question on the identity of our returned
fellow-citizen; and surely it cannot be said that he
speaks his native language with difficulty. There was
a dinner given at Venice as now at Boston, and the
Venetian dinner, after the lapse of nearly five hundred
years, still lives in glowing description. On this occa
sion Marco Polo, with his companions, appeared first in
long robes of crimson satin reaching to the floor, which,
after the guests had washed their hands, were changed
for other robes of crimson damask, and then again,
after the first course of the dinner, for other robes of
crimson velvet, and at the conclusion of the banquet, for
the ordinary dress worn by the rest of the company.
Meanwhile the other costly garments were distributed
in succession among the attendants at the table. In all
your magnificence to-night, Mr. Mayor, I have seen no
such largess. Then was brought forward the coarse
threadbare clothes in which they had travelled, when,
on ripping the lining and patches with a knife, costly
jewels, in sparkling showers, leaped forth before the
��RECEPTION OF THE
38
eyes of the company, who for a time were motionless
with wonder. Then at last, says the Italian chronicler,
every doubt was banished, and all were satisfied that
these were the valiant and honorable gentlemen of the
house of Polo. I do not relate this history in order to
suggest any such operation on the dress of our returned
fellow-citizen. No such evidence is needed to assure us
of his identity.
The success of Marco Polo is amply attested. From
his habit of speaking of millions of people and millions
of money, he was known as millioni, or the millionaire,
being the earliest instance in history of a designation
so common in our prosperous age. But better than
“ millions ” was the knowledge he imparted, and the
impulse that he gave to that science, which teaches the
configuration of the globe, and the place of nations on
' its face. His travels, as dictated by him, were repro
duced in various languages, and, after the invention of
printing, the book was multiplied in more than fifty
editions. Unquestionably it prepared the way for the
two greatest geographical discoveries of modern times,
that of the Cape of Good Hope, by Vasco de Gama,
and the New World, by Christopher Columbus. One
of his admirers, a learned German, does not hesitate to
say that, when, in the long series of ages, we seek the
three men, who, by the influence of their discoveries,
have most contributed to the progress of geography and
the knowledge of the globe, the modest name of the
Venetian finds a place in the same line with Alexander
the Great and Christopher Columbus. It is well known
that the imagination of the Genoese navigator was fired
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
39
by the revelations of the Venetian, and that, in his
mind, all the countries embraced by his transcendent
discovery were none other than the famed Cathay, with
its various dependencies. In his report to the Spanish
Sovereigns, Cuba was nothing else than Zimpangu, or
Japan, as described by the Venetian, and he thought
himself near a grand Khan, meaning, as he says, a king
of kings. Columbus was mistaken. He had not
reached Cathay or the grand Khan; but he had discov
ered a new world, destined in the history of civilization
to be more than Cathay, and, in the lapse of time, to
welcome the Ambassador of the grand Khan.
The Venetian, on his return home, journeyed out of
the East, westward. Our Marco Polo on his return
home, journeyed out of the West, eastward; and yet
they both came from the same region. Their com
mon starting-point was Peking. This change is typical
of that transcendent revolution under whose influence
the Orient will become the Occident. Journeying
westward, the first welcome is from the nations of
Europe. Journeying eastward, the first welcome is
from our Republic. It only remains that this wel
come should be extended until it opens a pathway
for the mightiest commerce of the world, and embraces
within the sphere of American activity that ancient
ancestral empire, where population, industry and edu
cation, on an unprecedented scale, create resources
and necessities on an unprecedented scale also. See
to it, merchants of the United' States, and you, mer
chants of Boston, that this opportunity is not lost.
And this brings me, Mr. Mayor, to the Treaty, which
�f.
�RECEPTION OF THE
40
you invited me to discuss. But I will not now enter
upon this topic. If you did not call me to order for
speaking too long, I fear I should be called to order in
another place for undertaking to speaking of a Treaty
which has not yet been proclaimed by the President.
One remark I will make and take the consequences.
The treaty does not propose much; but it is an excel
lent beginning, and, I trust, through the good offices of
our fellow-citizen, the honored plenipotentiary, will un
lock those great Chinese gates which have been bolted
and barred for long centuries. The Embassy is more
than the treaty, because it will prepare the way for
further intercourse and will help that new order of
things which is among the promises of the Future.
The Mayor then introduced Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, who
recited the following poem:
POEM BY OLIVER, WENDELL HOLMES.
Brothers, whom we may not reach
Through the veil of alien speech,
Welcome I welcome I eyes can tell
What the lips in vain would spell;
Words that hearts can understand,
Brothers from the Flowery Land 1
We, the evening’s latest born,
Hail the children of the mornI
__
*
•
We, the new creation’s birth,
Greet the lords of ancient earth
From their storied walls and towers
Wandering to these tents of ours I
Land of wonders, fair Cathay,
Who long hast shunned the staring day,
�i
__________
_______ .
d
._
A.
_
�CHINESE EMBASSY.
Hid in mists of poets’ dreams
By thy blue and yellow streams;
Let us thy shadowed form behold;
Teach us as thou didst of old.
Knowledge dwells with length of days;
Wisdom walks in ancient ways;
Thine the compass that could guide
A nation o’er the stormy tide
Scourged by passions, doubts and fears,
Safe through thrice a thousand years!
Looking from thy turrets gray
Thou hast seen the world’s decay;
Egypt drowning in her sands;
Athens rent by robbers’ hands;
Rome, the wild barbarian’s prey,
Like a storm-cloud swept away:
Looking from thy turrets gray
Still we see thee. Where are they?
And lo! a new-born nation waits,
Sitting at the golden gates
That glitter by the sunset sea —
Waits with outspread arms for theeI
*
'
Open wide, ye gates of gold,
To the Dragon’s banner-fold!
Builders of the mighty wall,
Bid your mountain barriers fall!
So may the girdle of the sun
Bind the East and West in one,
Till Nevada’s breezes fan
The snowy peaks of Ta-Sieue-Shan
Till Erie blends its waters blue
With the waves of Tung-Ting-Hu —
Till deep Missouri lends its flow
To swell the rushing Hoang-Ho I
6
41
��RECEPTION OF THE
42
Dr. Holmes’s poem was heartily applauded. At the con
clusion the Mayor announced, as the sixth regular toast —
“ Diplomacy,”
and called upon the Honorable Caleb Cushing, formerly United
States Commissioner to China, to respond.
Mr. Pickering, a member of the Committee of Arrangements,
said: “I propose nine cheers for the only minister to China
who bears a Chinese name—‘ Coo-Shing.' ”
The cheers were given with much enthusiasm.
HON. CALEB CUSHING’S SPEECH.
I rise to discharge the duty assigned me on this
occasion, with sincere satisfaction, as affording an op
portunity to express my respect for yourself, and the
city over whose administration you preside, as well as
for your eminent guests. I rejoice to see that they re
ceive peculiar attention here. It especially becomes
this State, so many of whose merchant princes have
been, and are, the merchant princes of China also, to
welcome the ambassadors of China. It is fitting that
the representatives of a country where education,
science, literature, the cultivation of the spiritual as
distinguished from the material man, are held in the
highest estimation, should meet with sympathetic ac
claim in the State of Massachusetts. And here, above
all, should welcome, acclaim and applause be awarded
to an embassy, which, while representing the power
and the wisdom of the Ta Tsing Empire in the person
of these, the native subjects of the great Yellow Khan,
has at its head a statesman who attained distinction in
�■
�CHINESE EMBASSY.
43
the first instance as a representative of Massachusetts
in the Congress of the United States.
To him (Mr. Burlingame), therefore, at the outset, be
all honor rendered. I, as the humble pioneer in that
new region of diplomacy which he has explored to
such great results, can well judge of the magnitude of
the events he personifies, and presume to say that
no imagination of oriental romance could conceive
for its hero a career of usefulness and glory more mar
vellous than that which is exhibited by the Minister of
the United States in China becoming its Minister to thePowers of Europe and America.
And yet, on reflecting on this incident, it ceases to as
tonish me. I take pleasure in saying here, in the hear
ing of all the members of the Embassy, and especially
of the two eminent Ta-jins and their countrymen, what
I have never failed to say on other proper occasions, that
the Manchu and Chinese statesmen, with whom it was
my fortune to come in official contact in China, were men
of the highest cultivation and accomplishment, versed
in the direction of the largest public affairs, possessed of
thorough comprehension of political and international
questions, and worthy in all respects to be ranked with
the most accomplished statesmen and diplomatists of
Christendom. Such men were capable of rising to the
height of any exigency which the progress of time and
events might require the Chinese Empire to adopt,
Thus it happened that my embassy to China was
rather a brief pleasure trip than a diplomatic labor:
For the intelligence and the frankness of Commis
sioner Keying soon removed all difficulties out of my
��RECEPTION OF THE
44
path. And we see ample attestation in the commission
entrusted to Mr. Burlingame of the high character of
the men now at the head of affairs in China.
My name, susceptible as it is of adoption in Chinese
writing and speech, — to which a gentleman just now
kindly alluded, — had its inconveniences as well as
conveniences ; for the sound represents that expression
which, in China, is applied to personages who, in the
ordinary transactions of the missionaries, are called
“ venerable sages ” or “ venerable saints.” In a word,
to those persons in the history of China, of whom Con
fucius is the representative man> and when made
aware of this fact, I was compelled to enter into a most
confidential conference with my own conscience as to
.what name I ought to bear. I did feel somewhat “ ven
erable ” then, I confess,—much more so than I do now:
For now I have become disillusioned and disabused of
many things; and there is but little left for me which
seems entitled to respect. Hardly more than two things
have ceased to be subjects of illusion, — woman’s vir
tue and man’s honor. The changes of time have left
little else upon which the presumptions of the press,
of the bar, and of the senate, [turning to Mr. Sumner,
amid the laughter of the company] have not placed
their profaning hands. And so, also, upon the ques
tion of sanctity. I really did not feel justified in pre
suming to attribute to myself any such qualities ; and,
with the aid of skilful friends, I was enabled to discover
that it was easy to change the sign from “ venerable ”
to “ venerator,” and thus I became' a very respectable
personage, as Coo-Shing — the venerator of the sages
and saints. Beyond that I did not aspire.
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
45
My embassy to China was but the humble beginning
of what we now behold, — of this great change in the
relations of China to Europe and America.
We have listened with admiration this evening to the
clear and instructive exposition given by Mr. Burlin
game of the treaty which he and the American Secre
tary of State (Mr. Seward), have just completed, and
the prompt dispatch of which has been equally hon
orable to our Executive and our Senate. Of that initia
tory treaty it is impossible to exaggerate -the probable
consequences. In order in the least degree to appre
ciate the fact, we must recollect the history and remem
ber the cbndition of China.
The distinguished Senator of Massachusetts on my
left (Mr. Sumner), has referred to the fact that Marco
Polo, after his return from China, was called “ Messer
Million!.” I think that title was applied to him in
derision. I think his countrymen distrusted his tales of
the millions of the population of China, — the millions of
its revenue, and the millions of its cultivated scholars ; for
we may remember that long after his day, and even so
late as the time of the Stuarts, Congreve said, in exhib
iting a personation of mendacity, “ Ferdinand Mendez
Pinto was but a type of thee, thou liar of the first mag
nitude.” Why did Pinto become the symbol of mendac
ity 1 We know now that every word he uttered was
true ; that he was one of those many brilliant voyagers
of Spain and Portugal of whom Vasco de Gama and
Christopher Columbus, as mentioned this evening, were
but higher examples; many of whom left interesting
narrations of their voyages, and that Pinto’s truthful
�---- —---------
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•-* •'-■ *■■!*
�RECEPTION OF THE
46
■Felations of the grandeur of China, of its population, of
its wealth, of its advancement in civilization, of its
agriculture, of its manufactures, seemed so portentous,
so incredible, that no man believed what he uttered,
and attributed it all to the invention of a fertile but
unscrupulous imagination. I say, we now know it was
all true; and that neither Polo nor Pinto unfolded to
us a tithe of the wonders of China.
We know that there is in farther Asia an Empire
which has subsisted for thousands of years, with an un
changed identity of civilization; with a people, at a
period anterior to all our records of history, sacred or
profane, highly cultivated, intellectual, literary, scienti
fic ; with arts of agriculture and manufacture, and with
a commerce, such as we now see.
We know that as they are now, such they were when
our forefathers were but. half naked savages in the wilds
of Britain or Germany. Their astronomical records
carry us far beyond all the science of the Chaldees and
the Brahmans. Whether in the arts of immortality, like
printing, or those of mortality, like gunpowder, they
are our masters. They are the only people of ancient
or modern times, with whom moral and intellectual cul
ture outrank all other things, and constitute the sole
avenue to civil station and power, and they are a people
without parallel in the durability and the vastness of
the adaptability of their institutions. What living
language can count with the Chinese its thousands of
ages of life ? What nation but China showed itself in
the times of Homer the same as at this day ? 'Where,
save in China, has the world ever seen a homogeneous
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
47
people, equal in numbers to the whole of Europe,
constituting a single self-sustaining nation ?
While the magnificent empire of the Assyrians has
passed away like a troubled vision, and left no trace but
a few mounds of earth on the banks of the Euphrates
or the Tigris; while, also, the populous and powerful
kingdom of Egypt is now manifest only by its massive
tombs, temples and pyramids half buried in the sands of
the desert; while Greece and Rome have also all but dis
appeared, and are no longer potential except in the
traditions they have transmitted to us, — at an epoch
anterior to the rise of all these nations, the Chinese
Empire was great, powerful, populous, — civilized in
every possible conception of the word civilized. There
is no definition of civilization, as applied to Athens
or to Rome, there is no definition as applied to Mem
phis or to Babylon, which does not apply with equal
verity to China long before either Babylon or Mem
phis existed.
And possessing a marvellous tenacity of existence,
there China stands, sublime in the greatness alike and
the unity of her civilization, unchanged by the tempests
of five thousand years. Foreign war has in vain
assailed her. Domestic insurrection has torn her asun
der, and the wounds have been healed with a recuper
ative vitality which seems to presage an immortality
of empire. I say, there China stands, with her four
hundred millions of human beings, exhibiting the only
spectacle the human race ever did exhibit of such an
immense mass of people, holding to the faith of their
fathers, holding to their peculiar science, literature and
��RECEPTION OF THE
48
art, holding, also, to their government, — maintaining
what no European nation has ever had the statemanship
or art to do, supreme power over a region of earth larger
than Europe, and over a population larger than the
population of Europe.
Contrast that with our own petty states of christen
dom. My friend (Mr. Burlingame), will warrant me in
saying, that there are more provinces of the Chinese
Empire, each one of them equalling in population, in
wealth, in power, in the results of civilization, in agri
cultural commodities, in manufactures, in the mechanic
arts, — each one of them, I say, equalling in every
one of these incidents of civilization the proudest
of the kingdoms of Europe. How is it to-day with
Europe ? There we see England, France, Prussia,
Austria, Russia, each engaged in destroying itself by the
vast armies they maintain, exhausting the resources of
their people, wasting labor, wasting life, wasting all the
means of usefulness which this divine creation of govern
ment rightly used can give to man; wasting them by
their intestine wars or by their perpetual apprehension
of wars ; while in China, a larger mass of human beings
is ruled by the sceptre of one sovereign, presiding over
his millions of subjects in his palace at Peking.
I repeat, there is no parallel for it in the history of
the human race; and therefore it is, that this occasion
seems to me to possess claims upon our sympathy, upon
our respect, upon our confidence, beyond any other cor
responding event in our lives. Who among us here
present will ever forget this scene ? Who can fail to
remember that one of our own fellow-citiaens comes
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
49
back from that vast Empire, the representative of its
power and of its millions of human beings, invested
with the sacred, the sublime, the divine mission, to
place them in harmonious correspondence, diplomatic,
political and commercial, with the nations of Christen
dom ?
No longer is China to be a sealed book to the world.
No longer is her policy to be that of exclusion and non
intercourse. No longer is she to look with jealousy
upon foreign powers. She has weighed and measured
these foreign powers. She has statesmen enough of her
own to know and to judge. Wildly is he deceived who
imagines that these men are ignorant men, and unin
formed of the affairs of the world. I would that our
own statesmen presented the same average of intelli
gence and accomplishment that I know is possessed by
the statesmen of China. I say, they have weighed
the statesmen of Christendom. They now appre
ciate their relation to one another, and their rela
tion to her; and they feel that isolation has not only
ceased to be for her interest, but that isolation does not
become her. Is it for her, the inheritor of five thous
and years of civilization, and with her immense popu
lation and resources, to shrink from contact with
these relatively petty states of Christendom ? By no
means. She knows that she has but to advance, as
she now does advance, to take her appropriate place
in the great Republic of States — a place in which she
is to exercise prodigious influence over the commercial
as well as the intellectual condition of the human race.
Her advance is the more noble in that it is peaceful.
�■
I
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�RECEPTION OF THE
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What if the successor of Genghis Khan, from his throne
of Cathay, should again send forth his millions of armed
men like a deluge over Asia and Europe ? I shudder
at the thought.
We cannot over-estimate, we can scarcely compre
hend, all the beneficent effects of that treaty of which
we have heard so interesting an account this evening
from Mr. Burlingame. It is the initiation of measures,
by a treaty between China and that one of the Christian
powers in whose relative neutrality, so to speak, she
may and does impose implicit confidence, that one
of the Christian powers which she feels that she may
and can make the agent, the intermediary, as it were,
between herself and the other powers of the world,—
it is, I say, the initiation of a series of measures which
are to place her on a footing of amicable relationship to
the other great Powers. We have sounded the key
note; we have initiated — unchecked by jealousies,
unaffected by any minor considerations, with the sole
thought how a great and grand thing shall be done
greatly and grandly — that series of negotiations which,
I venture to say, must and will pass the circuit of the
globe as resistless, as triumphant, as the march of the
sun in heaven.
I conclude, therefore, by expressing, in common
with the gentlemen who have preceded me, the
thought which I am sure is welling up in every
bosom here present, and which stands half expressed
upon every lip, — I say, I conclude by expressing my
sense of pride, of gratification, of satisfied patriotism,
in seeing that to the lot of one of our own fellow-citi-
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
51
zens has fallen that most holy and sublime mission of
unsurpassed honor now, and of imperishable glory
among all the nations, as well of Europe as of Amer
ica. And to us it should be the subject of special gratulation that this high duty has devolved not only upon
one of our own fellow-citizens, but upon our own
beloved country, and that in honoring him we do honor
to the United States,
The Mayor announced as the seventh regular toast:
“The union of the farthest East and the farthest West.”
He introduced Mr. Ralph Waldo Emerson to respond.
s
mr. emerson’s
speech.
Mr. Mayor : I suppose we are all of one opinion on
this remarkable occasion of meeting the Embassy sent
from the oldest Empire in the world to the youngest
Republic. All share the surprise and pleasure when
the venerable oriental dynasty,—hitherto a romantic
legend to most of us,—suddenly steps into the fellow
ship of nations. This auspicious event, considered in
connection with the late innovations in Japan, marks a
new era, and is an irresistible result of the science which
has given us the power of steam and the electric tele
graph. It is the more welcome for the surprise. We
had said of China, as the old prophet said of Egypt,
“ Her strength is to sit still.” Her people had such
elemental conservatism, that by some wonderful force of
race and national manners, the wars and revolutions
that occur in her annals have proved but momentary
swells or surges on the Pacific ocean of her history,
��RECEPTION OF THE
52
leaving no trace. But in its immovability this race has
claims. China is old not in time only, but in wisdom,
which is gray hair to a nation, — or rather, truly seen,
is eternal youth. As we know, China had the magnet
centuries before Europe; and block-printing or stereo
type, and lithography, and gunpowder, and vaccination,
and canals ; had anticipated Linnaeus’s nomenclature of
plants ; had codes, journals, clubs, hackney coaches,
and, thirty centuries before New York, had the custom
of New-Year’s calls of comity and reconciliation. I
need not mention its useful arts, — its pottery indispen
sable to the world, the luxury of silks, and its tea, the
cordial of nations. But I must remember that she has
respectable remains of astronomic science, and his
toric records of forgotten time, that have supplied
important gaps in the ancient history of the western
nations. Then she has philosophers who cannot be
spared. Confucius has not yet gathered all his fame.
When Socrates heard that the oracle declared that he
was the wisest of men, he said, it must mean that other
men held that they were wise, but that he knew that he
knew nothing. Confucius had already affirmed this of
himself: and what we call the Golden Rule of Jesus,
Confucius had uttered in the same terms, five hundred
years before. His morals, though addressed to a state
of society utterly unlike ours, we read with profit to-day.
His rare perception appears in his Golden Mean, his
doctrine of Reciprocity, his unerring insight, — putting
always the blame of our misfortunes on ourselves ; as
when to the governor who complained of thieves, he
said, “ If you, sir, were not covetous, though you should
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
53
reward them for it, they would not steal.” His ideal of
greatness predicts Marcus Antoninus. At the same
time, he abstained from paradox, and met the ingrained
prudence of his nation by saying always, “ Bend one
cubit to straighten eight.”
China interests us at this moment in a point of poli
tics. I am sure that gentlemen around me bear in
mind the bill which Hon. Mr. Jenckes, of Rhode Island,
has twice attempted to carry through Congress, requir
ing that candidates for public offices shall first pass
examination on their literary qualifications for the same.
Well, China has preceded us, as well as England and
France, in this essential correction of a reckless usage ;
and the like high esteem of education appears in China
in social life, to whose distinctions it is made an indis
pensable passport.
It is gratifying to know that the advantages of the
new intercourse between the two countries are daily
manifest on the Pacific coast. The immigrants from
Asia come in crowds. Their power of continuous labor,
their versatility in adapting themselves to new condi
tions, their stoical economy, are unlooked-for virtues.
They send back to their friends, in China, money, new
products of art, new tools, machinery, new foods, etc.,
and are thus establishing a commerce without limit. I
cannot help adding, after what I have heard to-night,
that I have read in the journals a statement from an
English source, that Sir Frederic Bruce attributed to
Mr. Burlingame the merit of the happy reform in the
relations of foreign governments to China. I am quite
sure that I heard from Mr. Burlingame in New York,
�J
�RECEPTION OF THE
54
in his last visit to America, that the whole merit of it
belonged to Sir Frederic Bruce. It appears that the
ambassadors were emulous in their magnanimity. It is
certainly the best guaranty for the interests of China
and of humanity.
The Mayor then introduced the Honorable Nathaniel P.
Banks, as Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of
the House of Representatives.
SPEECH OF HON. N. P. BANKS.
w
Mr. Mayor: I am sure it is not my fault that I am
led to trespass upon the attention of gentlemen at this
late hour of the evening. I have learned a little wisdom
from a short acquaintance with our Chinese friends. I
have learned that there is medicine for sickness, but not
for fate; and that When a man comes to a banquet in
Boston he ought to be ready for the destiny that awaits
him.
It gives me, sir, great pleasure to participate in this
most wise and just celebration of the passage of the
treaty to which reference has been made, and the advent
of the distinguished Embassy from China. After what
has been said by other gentlemen, I can do little more
than return to you, Mr. Mayor, and your associates, my
thanks for the honor conferred upon me by your invita
tion, and to the gentlemen present for the kind recep
tion they have given to the mention of my name by you.
I am happy to confirm what has been said by so many
gentlemen in regard to the great advantages which the
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
55
connection, consummated by this treaty is likely to bring
to the United States of America. But I go a little
further than any yet have gone; and I claim for the
distinguished head of this Embassy, whom we have
known so long and so well, more of the gratitude that
is due for the successful initiation and completion of
this great movement than has yet been accorded to him.
It is my belief, sir, — and I speak from long and inti
mate personal knowledge of him — that it is not only to
his sagacity and his experience, but especially by the
profound kindness of heart and generosity of nature,
that he has won the confidence of the Chinese nation;
and that out of this kindness of heart and this generosity
of nature he returns to us with the high commission
which he bears, and shows to us in the future the great
advantages which the two nations are to win from the
consummation of the closer connection which has been
initiated.
There are one or two points of resemblance between
the Chinese nation and the people of the United States
which ought not to pass without observation on such an
occasion as this. The distinguished gentleman on my
right <(Mr. Emerson), has alluded, as other gentlemen
have done, to the fact, that one is the oldest nation of
history and the other the newest republic of the world.
But there are other important resemblances. The
Chinese nation is a government without force. The
United States is a government with no power except
the consent of the people who are governed, All other
nations differ in this respect. Every government, in
every age and in every clime, has sustained, and now
��RECEPTION OF THE
56
sustains, its authority by physical force, while the gov
ernments of China and of the United States alone
trust for their authority to the recognition and the con
sent of the people whom they govern.
Much has been said of the civilization which that
great and ancient nation has attained, and much more
might be said, resting upon human authority, to confirm
the statement; but, in my judgment, there is one proof*
greater, stronger and clearer than any that has yet been
offered, and it exists in this fact — that a nation of four
hundred millions, which has maintained itself for five
thousand years, and, as has been already said, is likely
to perpetuate its power to the end of time, and which
governs its people without other force than their con
sent, must have greater qualities than any other nation
that has yet existed. There is a lesson for Americans
and for Europeans, for civilized nations or for barba
rians. In any government that has this moral power to
control these hundreds of millions of citizens for these
thousands of years, there must be a degree of wisdom
on the part of the people, and a capacity on the part of
the rulers, for which human history elsewhere and at
other times has made no note or record ; and I welcome
the association and connection which they offer us as an
opportunity of attaining information in the science of
government, which we have not yet been able to derive
from any other family or any other example among the
nations of the earth.
There is a single other resemblance to which I will
call your attention, and then relieve you from further
trespass upon your time. The Chinese nation asks the
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
57
maintenance of the integrity of its empire. The Chi
nese nation asserts by its Ambassadors, if not by its
philosophy, the great doctrine of non-intervention,
upon the assertion of which the Government of the
United States was founded. They come now, as has
been said, not merely to ask admission upon the rolf of
civilized States, but to assert a doctrine grander than
any that has yet been proclaimed by men or by nations;
a higher than any of American civilization, or than Eu
ropean civilization has ever been able to announce. We
claim great merit to ourselves, Mr. Mayor and gentle
men, because, in the establishment of our theories of
government, we recognized the doctrine of the frater
nity and equality of man.
The liberties of all men is the great lesson that we
have taught the world, and in our day and our time, it
is, perhaps, as much as might have been expected of us.
We are only two hundred years old. That is all that
we have learned, and that is all that we have taught the
nations of the earth. But there is a grander doctrine
than this, never yet announced in authoritative form to
the nations of the earth, and never yet read upon the
pages of human history. The State is the creation of
God. The individual man is necessary to a state of po
litical society. The creation of the State is necessary to
the progress of man and the civilization of the human
race. The State, therefore, is the grander creation of
the two, and though man be the immediate creation of
Divine Providence, the State is not less the creation of
that power, and its eminence and its power are not less
necessary to work out the destiny and purposes of Prov8
�i
II
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�RECEPTION OF THE
58
idence. The State, sir, hitherto, has been regarded as
the work of man. Governments have claimed the right
to make and to destroy, and the strongest in the course
of human history, has been ready and willing, and
claimed the right, to destroy those who were not less
able to defend themselves.
*
But here come the representatives of this ancient na
tion, that we have been accustomed to class among bar
barian States, with the great doctrine, not merely of the
brotherhood of man, but the higher and nobler result
of civilization, which is the fraternity of nations ; and
if in their mission, whether it springs from necessity or
from wisdom, it shall be their destiny to accomplish the
recognition of this principle of the fraternity of nations,
as the American people have consummated the doctrine
of the fraternity of men, there is little more left for man
to do in the way of perfecting the human race in mat
ters of government, or of extending the beneficient ad
vantages of human civilization. That they will do this,
sir, I can have no doubt whatever. Although in differ
ent parts of the world their theories may be resisted, and
the States of Europe may insist, now and hereafter, as
heretofore, upon the right of intervention, we must re
member that they resisted also our doctrine which has
been consummated, of the equality and fraternity of man;
and so much clearer and stronger is the recognition of
the grander doctrine of the fraternity of nations, that
the reason and justice of the philosophy alone will
carry it onward, as has been said by the distinguished
Senator who has preceded me, as triumphant as the
march of the sun in heaven.
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
59
I read this morning, in one of the city journals, the
letter of a Massachusetts man from the southern part of
Europe, where, in speaking of many important matters
that had fallen under his observation, he alludes to one
which cannot be mentioned without touching the heart
of an American, especially of a Massachasetts man,
particularly .the heart of a citizen of Boston — that the
commercial flag of the United States had been swept
from the seas of the world. Here, sir, where we re
member that, within our own times, within the time of
the youngest among us, the Grays, the Lymans, the
Sturgis’s, and many others of the merchant princes of
Boston, who were the fathers and founders of American
commerce — who gave this city its prestige, its prosper
ity, its power, its wealth ; where we saw that infant com
merce, founded by the fathers of our own neighborhood,
grow to such a power, equalling, if not surpassing, that
of the most successful nations of the earth — we can but
grieve, ay, sir, deeply grieve, that any one travelling
over any portion of the earth should be compelled to
say that the commercial flag of the United States had
been swept from the seas and was to be seen no more.
But, sir, I see in the mission of my friend, Mr. Burlin
game, and his associate ministers, the recovery of that
commercial prestige and power which we have lost. I
need not allude to the sad events which have led to
this change in the commercial power of the United
States. They are too well known, too deeply engraved
upon the hearts of all present, to need any reference
whatever. It was upon the Atlantic, sir, that we had
achieved our power, and where our commerce had sway,
��RECEPTION OF THE
60
and when the maritime nations of the old world, either
out of distrust of our own purposes, or jealous of our
power, seized a fitting opportunity for them, and an
unfortunate one for us, to sweep the American flag from
the seas, it seemed as if it were impossible for us ever
to recover our power. I don’t know that it is to be
expected, or that we shall ever regain our power there.
But the Atlantic Ocean is only a tenth part of the
surface of the globe, land and water. On the other
side of our continent, which we reach in a few days by
our railroads, we stand in view of the Pacific Ocean,
that covers one-third of the surface of the globe, land
and water ; that is controlled on the east by six or seven
or eight hundred millions of people, with a sufficient
number on this side, I think, to keep up our end of the
matter in our little portion, and with the friendly na
tions of Russia, China, Japan, and ultimately, perhaps,
of the Indies, we shall reinstate the commercial flag of
the United States and raise our power, prestige and
prosperity in that line of human enterprise to an ele
vation which the mind of man has never yet been able
to conceive. We may, sir, return the compliment which
has been paid to us by the European nations. And when
our fleets are fixed, and our flag planted upon the Pa
cific Ocean, sharing in the industry and the commerce
of these hundreds of millions of people, we may return
the compliment paid to us by our European friends, and,
as Grant did in Virginia, as Sherman did at Atlanta,
flank the enemy, and take possession of the field. And
this, sir, we do with the aid of this Embassy and that of
the great, intelligent and just people that it represents.
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
61
I remember, sir, reading in that most delicate, beau
tiful, and too short biography of Mr. Sheil, the Irish
barrister, an account of his tutor, of the Jesuit profes
sion, who, by the goodness of his nature, and ^the wis
dom of his intellect, had won the affections of this youth
ful student in the monasteries of Ireland. He says, (and
there is significance in the remark he makes,) that his
tutor was taken away from him without an instant’s pre
paration or notice. This Jesuit was ordered to Siberia,
with instructions to work his way into China by any
means in his power, for the purpose of giving to the
governments he represented the benefit of his discover
ies in that far-distant and little known land. This
shows what effort, what care, what pains have been
taken by the European nations to make themselves ac
quainted with the Chinese people. We, sir, have been
careless of these things; and that Providence which has
taken care of us in so many great trials has opened the
way to us for a greater advantage than the European
nations have ever yet acquired. These men, the Chi
nese — the representatives of four hundred millions of
people—come to us and offer to us their interest, their in
dustry and the profits of their commerce. They ask
nothing from us but the kindness and friendship which
we are ready to show to every nation. And I trust, sir,
that the American people and the American Govern
ment will not be unwilling to do whatever is necessary
to sustain the proffer of friendship which they have
made; that we shall be willing to say to the Chinese,
that, so far as moral influence goes, the integrity of their
nation shall be maintained, as we say to ourselves that
��RECEPTION OF THE
62
the integrity of our nation shall be maintained. Whether
it be against domestic or foreign foes, we will maintain
our power till this continent shall be all American and
our flag known, as heretofore, upon every sea.
Mr. Mayor and fellow citizens, not to trespass upon
your attention any farther, I will close with a sentiment,
which I could wish to have embodied in my speech, a
sentiment that reflects my own feelings, I trust may also
reflect your own judgment.
The Ministers and Associate Officers of the Chinese
Embassy of 1868. The representatives of the political
society of widely different periods of history, and politi
cal powers of opposite parts of the globe ; the agents of
a civilization whose mission it is to prevent the isola
tion and intervention of States, and establish the frater
nity of nations.t May God give them health, strength
and wisdom, and success commensurate with the masrnitude and justice of the great cause they represent.
The eighth regular toast.
“The Commercial Relations between China and the United States”
was responded to by Charles G. Nazro, Esq., President
of the Boston Board of Trade.
SPEECH OF CHARLES G. NAZRO, ESQUIRE.
Mr. Mayor: The topic upon which you have called
me to speak, is one which not only commends itself to
every merchant and every business man, but also finds a
response in the heart of every citizen of our land. We
have arrived, sir, at a new epoch in the affairs of the
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
63
world. Old prejudices are being overcome, and en
lightened minds are beginning to have control, where
heretofore, darkness has prevailed. The discoveries,
through modern science, of the forces of nature, have
rendered achievements practicable at the present day,
which, in times past, have been considered utterly im
possible. The power of steam and of electricity; the
improvement in machinery, and the increased facilities
and speed of transportation and of locomotion, .have
brought the distant countries of the world in close prox
imity ; and nations which before were separated by an
impassible wall of partition, are now brought together
as friends and neighbors. And this is only the first act
in the great drama, and we, who are upon the stage at
the present time, are only a small portion of the actors
who are to take a part in it.
Sir, there is more in this than appears upon the sur
face ; there is a depth of meaning which it is well for
us to ponder and understand. Who, sir, is competent
to foretell the future, who has imagination sufficiently
vivid to depict the effect of these new movements upon
the human race even for the next fifty years ? Already
do we see the great Empire of China, abounding as she
does in wealth, and containing one-third of the popula
tion of the globe, emerging from that state of isolation
in which she has been kept, and reciprocating with us,
and the other nations of the western world, overtures of
kind and friendly relations ; — and to-night we have as
guests her honored representatives; and soon will all
the nations of the earth be bound in the indissoluble
ties of friendship, Christian sympathy and love.
��RECEPTION OF THE
64
What then, sir, are the lessons we are to draw from
these events'? First, and naturally as a commercial
nation, we see enlargement of our commerce ; more ex
tended commercial relations with those distant empires ;
greater profit in trade and large pecuniary gain. And
I think, sir, at the present moment we can hardly esti
mate the great importance of this aspect of the subject.
But while all the world will be benefited, it“appears to
me that our own country will derive peculiar advan
tage. If we are true to ourselves, we shall take our
place in the front r^nk of nations. From our geograph
ical position, our Continent forms, as it were, a direct
highway between the nations of the east and those of
the west. We have youth, energy, natural advantages,
a virgin soil, mineral wealth, inland seas and rivers for
transportation, and every thing that goes to make up a
great country. But we must be true to ourselves. The
flag which we so much venerate and beneath whose folds
we feel so entirely secure from the assaults of foes from
abroad or traitsrs at home, must float without a spot or
blemish. Its azure field must be as pure as the etherial
heavens, of which it is the emblem ; its stars must be
as bright as the celestial luminaries which they repre
sent, and not a foul spot be allowed upon our escutcheon.
If our government in time of peril pledges its word in
good faith for the payment of money, that pledge must
be redeemed when the danger is passed — not in the
letter only, but in the spirit. Better, sir, pay the na
tional debt twice over, than by any mean subterfuge seek
to filch a single dollar from any one who has trusted to
the national honor; nor let us sanction in our govern-
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
65
ment acts, which, if performed by individuals, would
# expose them to the contempt of all honorable men.
If, then, we thus perform our duty to ourselves and
to the world, we may expect great advantages from
these commercial alliances. But, Mr. Mayor, important
as is this view of the subject — and we can hardly over
estimate it — there is a higher and nobler plane from
which to view it. We learn by it, that an unseen hand
is molding and guiding our destiny — and that we are
merely instruments in working out the great problem in
the divine government. We see that the nations of the
earth, drawn and directed by that Providence, are
seeking a closer and more friendly alliance with each
other, and that soon the sword will cease to be the
arbiter through which the national questions will be
« determined, but that mutual forbearance and Christian
courtesy will take its place; we see in it civilization
with all its ennobling and elevating influences spreading
further and wider; and we see that, following in the
track of our commerce, the Christian religion will flow in
copious streams; and that while we send our ships to
those shores laden with the rich products of our land,
they will also be freighted with the glorious gospel of
our blessed Redeemer; and notwithstanding unchristian
and wicked acts may have been done to the people of
those countries (although, so far as my knowledge
extends, our own country has not been guilty in this
particular), we may thus atone for the wrong, and be
instrumental in guiding them into the way of eternal
life.
Then, Mr. Mayor, if these views be correct, and if
9**
��RECEPTION OF THE
66
these results are to follow the present movement, should
we not thank God for it, not only as merchants, but as
philanthropists and Christians, and do all in our power
to promote it? I think, it is a matter of no small
significance that the present representative of the great
Empire of China is not a foreigner, who does not
understand our institutions, but one of own esteemed
fellow citizens ; and that while we receive him most
cordially in his official capacity, we also receive him as
a friend and neighbor, and bid him a warm welcome to
his home; and although the gentlemen associated with
him in the Embassy cannot be expected so fully to
appreciate- us as one of our own citizens, yet their
intelligence will compensate the want of experience;
and we trust, that when they return to their home, they
will bear with them kind remembrances of us, -and we
wish them God speed in their important mission.
Mr. Mayor, permit me, in closing, to offer as a
sentiment:
“ The friendly intercourse of nations. The aid to in
dustry, the promoter of civilization, and the handmaid
of religion.”
The Mayor then introduced Mr. Edwin P. Whipple to
respond to the ninth regular toast,—
“The Press.”
mr. whipple’s speech.
One cannot attempt, Mr. Mayor, to resp d here for
the press, without being reminded that the press and
��I
CHINESE EMBASSY.
67
the Chinese Embassy have been on singularly good
terms from the start. To record the progress, applaud
the object, extend the influence, and cordially eulogize
the members of that Embassy, have been for months no
inconsiderable part of the business of all newspapers ;
and if China anticipated us, by some five hundred
years, in the invention of printing, our Chinese guests
will still admit that, in the minute account we have
given both of what they have, and of what* they
have not, said and done, since they arrived in the coun
try, we have carried the invention to a perfection of
♦which they never dreamed — having not only invented
printing, but invented a great deal of what we print.
But, apart from the rich material they have furnished
the press in the way of news, there is something
strangely alluring and inspiring to the editorial imagi
nation in the comprehensive purpose which has prompt
ed their mission to the civilized nations of the West.
That purpose is doubly peaceful,^for it includes a two
fold commerce of material products and of immaterial
ideas. Probably the vastest conception which ever en
tered into the mind of a conqueror was that which was
profoundly meditated, and, in its initial steps, practical
ly carried out, by Alexander the Great. He was en
gaged in a clearly-defined project of assimilating the pop
ulations of Europe and Asia, when, at the early age of
thirty-three, he was killed — I tremble to state it here —
by a too eager indulgence in an altogether too munifi
cent public dinner ! Alexander’s weapon was force,
but it was at least the force of genius, and it was ex
erted in the service of a magnificent idea. His sue-
��RECEPTION OF THE
68
cessors in modern times have but too often availed
themselves of force divested of all ideas, except the
idea of bullying or outwitting the Asiatics in a trade.
As to China, this conduct roused an insurrection of
Chinese conceit against European conceit. The Chi
nese were guilty of the offence of calling the represent
atives of the proudest and most supercilious of all civil
izations, “ outside barbarians ” —illustrating in this that
too common conservative weakness of human nature,
of holding fixedly to an opinion long after the facts
which justified it have changed or passed away- It
certainly cannot be questioned that at a period which,
when compared with the long date of Chinese annals,
may be called recent, we were outside barbarians as con
trasted with that highly civilized and ingenious people.
At the time when our European ancestors were squalid,
swinish, wolfish savages, digging with their hands into
the earth for roots to allay the pangs of hunger, with
out arts, letters, or written speech., China rejoiced in an
old, refined, complicated civilization — was rich, popu
lous, enlightened, cultivated, humane — was fertile in
savans, poets, moralists, metaphysicians, saints — had in
vented printing, gunpowder, the mariner’s compass, the
sage’s rule of life — had, in one of her. three State re
ligions, that of Confucius, presented a code of morals
which, being as immortal as the human conscience, can
never become obsolete — and had, in another of her
State religions, that of Buddha, solemnly professed her
allegiance to that doctrine of the equality of men,
which Buddha taught twenty-four hundred years before
our Jefferson was born, and had at the same time vig-
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
69
orously grappled with that problem of existence which
our Emerson finds as insolvable now as it was then.
Well, sir, after all this had relatively changed, after
the . Western nations had made their marvellous ad
vances in civilization, they were too apt to exhibit to
China only their barbaric side — that is, their ravenous
cupidity backed by their insolent strength. We judge
for example, of England by the poetry of Shakespeare,
the science of Newton, the ethics of Butler, the religion
of Taylor, the philanthropy of Wilberforce; but wThat
poetry, science, ethics, religion or philanthropy wras she
accustomed to show in her intercourse with China?
Did not John Bull, in his rough methods with the Ce
lestial Empire, sometimes literally act “ like a bull in a
China shop ? ” You remember, sir, that “ intelligent
contraband ” who, .when asked his opinion of an
offending white brother, delicately hinted his distrust
by replying: “ Sar, if I was a chicken, and that man
was about, I should take care to roost high.” Well, all
that we can say of China is, that for a long time she
“ roosted high ” —withdrew suspiciously into her own
civilization to escape the rough contact with the harsh
er side of ours.
But, by a sudden inspiration of almost miraculous
confidence, springing from a faith in the nobler qualities
of our Caucasian civilization, she has changed her pol
icy. She has learned that in the language, and on the
lips, and in the hearts of most members of the English
race, there is such a word as equity, and at the magic
of that word she has eagerly emerged from her isolation.
And, sir, what we see here to-day reminds me that, some
��RECEPTION OF THE
70
thirty years ago, Boston confined one of her citizens in
a lunatic asylum, for the offence of being possessed by a
too intensified Boston “ notion.” He had discovered a
new and expeditious way of getting to China. “ All
agree,” he said, “ that the earth revolves daily on its own
axis. If you desire,” he therefore contended, “to go to
China, all you have to do is to go up in a balloon, wait
till China comes round, then let off the gas, and drop
softly down.” Now I will put it to you, Mr. Mayoi, if
you are not bound to release that philosopher from con
finement, for has not his conception been: realized ? —
has not China, to-day, unmistakably come round to us ?
And now, sir, a word as to the distinguished gen
tleman at the head of the Embassy — a gentleman spec
ially dear to the press. Judging from the eagerness
with which the position is sought, I am lead to believe
that the loftiest compliment which can be paid to a hu
man being is, that he has once represented Boston in
the national House of Representatives. After such a
distinction as that, all other distinctions, however great,
must still show a sensible decline from political grace.
But I trust that you will all admit, that next to the hon
or of representing Boston in the House of Representa
tives comes the honor of representing the vast Empire
of China in “ The Parliament of man, the Federation of
the World.” Having enjoyed both distinctions, Mr.
Burlingame may be better qualified than we are to dis
criminate between the exultant feelings which each
is caculated to excite in the human breast. But we
must remember that the population, all brought up on a
system of universal education, of the empire he repre-
��CHINESE EMBASSY.
71
scnts, is greater than the combined population of all the
nations to which he is accredited. Most Bostonians have,
or think they have, a “ mission but certainly no other
Bostonian ever had such a“ mission ” as he ; for it extends
all round the planet; makes him the most universal Ambassador and Minister Plenipotentiary the world ever
saw; is, in fact, a “ mission” from everybody to every
body, and one by which it is proposed that everybody
shall be benefited. To doubt its success would be to
doubt themoral soundness of Christian civilization. It
implies that Christian doctrines will find no opponents
provided that Christian nations set a decent example of
Christian. Its virtue heralds the peaceful triumph of
reason over prejudice of justice over force, of humanity,
over the hatreds of class and race, of the good of all
over the selfish blindness of each, of the “ fraternity ”
of the great Commonwealth of Nations over the insolent
“ liberty ” of any one of them to despise, oppress, and
rob the rest.
Letters were received from a number of distinguished gentle
men whose engagements prevented their attendance at the ban
quet. Among others, from the Hon. Charles Francis Adams,
late Minister to the Court of St. James; the Hon. J. Lothrop
Motley, late Minister to the Court of Vienna; Prof. Louis
Agassiz, the Hon. Hugh McCulloch, the Hon. Wm. M. Evarts,
Bishop Eastburn, Bishop Williams, the Hon. Richard H. Dana,
Jr., the Hon. Henry Wilson, and the Hon. Wm. Claflin.
��OTHER ENTERTAINMENTS.
On Saturday, the twenty-second of August, the City Council
entertained the Embassy with an excursion in Boston Harbor,
in the United States Revenue Cutter “McCulloch.” At Fort
Warren the guests were received with a salute, and were con
ducted through the Fortress by Major A. A. Gibson, 3d U. S.
Artillery, commanding the post. The company afterwards vis
ited Deer Island, and inspected the City Institutions. After
partaking of a collation at that place they returned to the city.
On Monday following, Mr. Burlingame and his associates
were formally received and entertained by the Municipal au
thorities of Cambridge.
On Tuesday, the Embassy visited Lawrence, with the Boston
Committee of Arrangements, for the purpose of inspecting the
great manufacturing establishments in that city. A special train
was furnished by the President of the Boston & Maine Rail
road Corporation, which started at 10 o’clock, A. M. The
guests were shown through the Washington Woollen Mills and
the Pacific Cotton Mills. After partaking of a collation at the
Pacific Mills they returned to Boston.
On Wednesday, the Embassy were formally received by His
Excellency, the Governor, at the State House. The Indepen
dent Corps of Cadets, under the command of Lieut.-Colonel
John Jeffries, Jr., were drawn up in front of the building, and
saluted the distinguished visitors as they entered.
The Sergeant-at-Arms escorted them to the Council Chamber,
•
��RECEPTION OF THE CHINESE EMBASSY.
73
where the Governor welcomed the Embassy in the following
words: •
Your Excellencies : I welcome you to Massachusetts.
The objects of the mission which brings you hither find
a ready response in this Commonwealth, whose com
mercial relations with the country you represent have
been constant and friendly. Cushing, Parker and Bur
lingame went from our schools to their high and peace
ful work in ChinaI am glad that, coming from one of the ancient em
pires of the East, you are tarrying among us long
enough to observe something of the spirit and mode of
the civilization of the West. The traditions and cus
toms of the old world can take no harm from contact
with the active and aggressive life of the new. Your
nationality and ours ought to become assimilated in
fraternal feeling for the part they may bear in the future
of history.
Your chief, Mr. Burlingame, is no stranger in this
capital where his public life and distinction began. I
offer to him a special and personal greeting among the
friends of former days, of which die memory is stdl
fresh and pleasant to us alL
Mr. E-Lrizgase
as follows:
F^tr Ex'fMexqj: Permit me to thank you for dm
warm wekome, to thank you for the bes utiful language
m whxh it is expressed, to thank you for the high
in winch it m
This good-will we
ukt to be the driivn of the highest
k die
it
*
��li
RECEPTION OE THE CHINESE EMBASSY.
world in behalf of the mission on which we are here.
Massachusetts was the first to send out messengers of
peace, and to establish relations with China. May the
spirit in which she first established those relations con
tinue to the end! and I invoke the aid of all here to unite
in the effort we are making to realize the unification of
all the people. Thanking you, feeling deeply touched
by your personal allusions, I will bring my remarks to
a close, trusting that you may have all prosperity, and
that the Commonwealth over which you preside may be
prosperous also.
Mr. Burlingame then advanced, and taking the Governor’s
hand, said:
✓
I now grasp your hand in friendship, and I trust that
to you and to the people who are here, this grasp of
friendship will be continued to all ages.
*
The Embassy remained in Boston until the 2d of September,
and were entertained in an informal way by the Committee of
Arrangements, and by private individuals. They visited the
City Hall, the Institute of Technology, the Public Library, the
City Hospital and the Waltham Watch Factory. They were
also entertained by the Municipality of Chelsea.
On Wednesday morning, at 8| o’clock, they left Boston for
New York, in a special car attached to the regular train on the
Boston and Albany Railroad.
��
Dublin Core
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Title
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Victorian Blogging
Description
An account of the resource
A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library & Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span>
Creator
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Conway Hall Library & Archives
Date
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2018
Publisher
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Conway Hall Ethical Society
Text
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Pamphlet
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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The reception and entertainment of the Chinese Embassy by the City of Boston
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Boston (Mass.) City Council
Description
An account of the resource
Place of publication: Boston
Collation: 74 leaves ; 23 cm.
Notes: From the library of Dr Moncure Conway.
Publisher
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Alfred Mudge & Sons
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1868
Identifier
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G5242
Subject
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International relations
China
USA
Rights
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<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /></a><span> </span><br /><span>This work (The reception and entertainment of the Chinese Embassy by the City of Boston), identified by </span><a href="https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/www.conwayhall.org.uk"><span>Humanist Library and Archives</span></a><span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</span>
Format
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application/pdf
Type
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Text
Language
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English
China-Foreign Relations-United States
Conway Tracts
United States-Foreign Relations-China