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NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY
INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY
AND
NATIONAL POVERTY.
REASONS WHY IN EVERY FAMILY THE NUMBER SHOULD
BE REGULATED; THE METHODS THAT HAVE BEEN
PROPOSED, EXTENSIVELY ADOPTED, AND FOUND
TO ANSWER FOR DOING IT; TOGETHER
WITH A FEW VALUABLE HINTS
FOR THE YOUNG.
BY
JNO.
HY.
PALMER.
“ One would imagine that children were rained down upon married people, direct
from heaven, without their being art or part in the matter; that it was really, as the
common phrases have it, God's will, and not their own, which decided the numbers
of their offspring." “ No one would guess from the language of either (rich or poor)
that man had any voice or choice in the matter. So complete is the confusion of
ideas on the whole subject, owing in a great degree to the mystery in which it is
shrouded by a spurious delicacy, which prefers that right and wrong should be
mismeasured and confounded on one of tlie subjects most momentous to human
welfare, rather than that the subjects should be freely spoken of and discussed.
People are little aware of the cost to mankind of this scrupulosity of speech."
John Stuart Mill.
LONDON:
E. TRUELOVE, PUBLISHER, 256, HIGH HOLBORN.
1875.
PRICE TWOPENCE.
�After penning the following pamphlet it seemed to the writer, that
to ensure the complete success of his effort, some little preface wa3
needed to be addressed to those who from various circumstances
are unable to regulate families of their own. Although the subject
applies definitely to persons in the reproductive age of life, yet it
must not therefore be supposed that none others are interested in it.
By a careful consideration of the law and its precept endeavoured to
be set forth on pages 8 to 13, I think it will appear that the matter
is of immense importance to everyone. Many are of opinion that
apart from the practice here recommenced there is no effective
remedy for the wide spread poverty, and with it the vice, crime,
and misery that prevail. For strong language in support of this
I would refer the reader to Book II, chapter 13, of John Stuart Mill s
“Principles of Political Economy,’’..(People’s Edition) in which he
treats on the Remedies for Low Wages; also to “ Poverty, its only
Cause and only Cure,” in “Elements of Social Science.” These
authors especially desire the formation of a sound, healthy public
opinion in favour of small families. To assist the growth of that
opinion by stating some important reasons why it should everywhere
obtain, and how it may be complied with, has been the object of
the present writer.
On pages 14 to 17 will be found a little advice, which, had it been
known, and perseveringly followed by many persons when young,
would have saved them from a deal of expense, shame, and misery.
�REASONS WHY IN EVERY FAMILY THE
NUMBER SHOULD BE REGULATED.
As its title indicates, the object of this little pamphlet is to state as
briefly as possible some important reasons why the number in every
family should be regulated, to point out the various methods that
have been proposed, extensively adopted, and found to answer for
doing it. The ideas here put forth are not new, they are most of
them to be found fully developed and demonstrated in the books
mentioned in the preface, and from which they have been taken.
The present writer desires only to give such a condensation as he
thinks will be useful for general distribution by all, even the poorest
who should feel an interest in the subject. I say by the poorest, for
although the reasons apply with great force to all, yet they refer
especially to, and their importance will be seen the clearest by working
men, the toilers and the bread-winners, who with their wives and
children make up the vast majority of the nation.
By regulating the number in a family I mean that the parents,
having brought forih as many children as circumstances warrant
them in having, they shall thereupon cease to beget any more. If
people have this power, and I shall presently show that they have,
then it follows, that they also possess some control over the times
when such increase shall take place. The author of the “ Elements
of Social Science,” and Mr. R. D. Owen, in his “ Moral Physiology,”
deal only with the subject of controlling the number of children to be
born; Mr. Combe, in his book on the “ Constitution of Man,” treats
of the kind of children they will be I wish to urge that parents
should regulate with reference both to the number and the kind of
child)en they desire.
The first part of my task will be to demonstrate the existence and
illustrate the working of a great law in nature, a knowledge of which
is of the utmost importance; for unless it be understood there can be
no regulation in aiiy proper sense of the term. And the law is that
children’s characters are entirely the result of circumstances, which
circumstances are to be considered as to whether they were previous
to or after birth. Circumstances previous to birth may be called
constitutional; those after birth educational.
Taking first the constitutional circumstances, I need only direct
attention to the unvarying continuance of national peculiarities as a
sufficient proof that the qualities of children are determined first of
all by the stock from which they are born. Thus from white races
will be born white children, from black races black children, from
tall races tall children, from short races short children. Similarly
from brave races come brave children, from intelligent races come
�4
intelligent children, and vice versa. And as races are made up of
individuals it is further seen that children are as their parents
are, whether white or black, tall or short, strong or weak, healthy
or sickly, intelligent or otherwise. Mr. Geo. Combe states that
“Physiologists, in general, are agreed, that a vigorous and healthy
constitution of body in the parents, communicates existence in
the most perfect state to the offspring, and vice versa. The
transmission of various diseases from parent to children is a
matter of universal notoriety: thus consumption, gout, scrofula,
hydrocephalus, rheumatism, and insanity, are well known as maladies
which descend from generation to generation. “ Strictly speaking,
it is not disease which is transmitted, but organs of such imperfect
structure that they are unable to perform their functions properly,
and so weak as to be easily put into a morbid condition by causes
which sound organs are able to resist.” Not that this transmission
compels the offspring of consumptive parents to be consumptive too.
but it “renders them so weak as to be easily put into a morbid
condition.” If the rules of health are thoroughly known and rigidly
practised, the tendency may be diminished, or even effectually
warded off. Therefore I would solemnly warn all who are afflicted
with any hereditary disease, never, on any account to beget children
until they have thoroughly investigated the laws of health, and
determined to enforce them on themselves and their children. *
A clear and uudeniable proof of the transmission of qualities, and
also that the characters are derived from both parents, is to be
found in the progeny of marriages between moral and intelligent
Europeans and native Americans who are inferior. “All authors
agree,” says Mr. Combe, “ and report the circumstance as singularly
striking, that the children of such unions are decidedly superior iu
mental and moral qualities to the native, while they are still inferior
to the European parent.”
But there is a most important modification of the law, namely that
the qualities of a child are determined not only by the constitution of the
stock from which it is derived, but also by the faculties which are strongest
in power and activity in the parents at the particular time when the
organic existence of that child commences. In proof of this Mr. Combe
relates a case in which at the time of impregnation both parents were
utterly insensible through drinking, the result being the birth of an
idiot. Another case of a parent addicted to drinking who transmitted
the same tendency to several of his children, but children born to him
after he had formed more correct habits were not so inclined. When
two parties marry very young the eldest of their children is generally
less intelligent than those born to them in more mature age. So too
“ It is rare for the descendants of men far advanced in years to be
distinguished for high qualities of either body or mind.” Anything
* Hereditary Descent, it* Laws and Facts applied to Human Improvement, by
0. S. Fowler.
�which causes the mother to be frightened, excited, irritated, over
anxious, or depressed in spirits, has an injurious effect on the future
being, and should therefore be avoided. Persons desirous of becoming
parents ought well to consider these things ; if they can they should
obtain the books in which they are fully and distinctly expounded,
live up to the characters they would desire their children to possess,
and then select that period in their lives most favourable to the
production of strong, healthy, good-natured and intelligent children.
Having thus dealt with the constitutional circumstances, my next
duty is to point out that whatever may be the inborn qualities of a
child, yet as an adult its character will be very greatly influenced by
the circumstances atttending its early life. Its physical health will
depend upon its supply of food, clothing, lodging, personal cleanliness,
and exercise. A child with insufficient food or clothing cannot grow
up strong. Large and well ventilated bedrooms are as necessary to
health as plenty of food. Wide airy streets are better for health
than narrow close courts and lanes. Daily washing of the body, and a
frequent change of underclothing are also indispensable. And exercise
should not be such as to overtax the worker. For children to ripen
into strong and healthy men and women all these matters require
careful and constant attention. The Government inspection of food
in the market, “ Local Boards of Health,” “ Half Time Acts ” to prevent
children from being gradually killed by exhaustive labour, show to
what extent these principles are already recognized by the State.
So too the intellectual and moral welfare of children has been partly
taken in hand by the Government, compulsory attendance at school
for a number of years being already adopted by many of the School
Boards. But the parent who desires the wellbeing of his children
will not be content with the education enforced by the State, he will
endeavour to supply them with good books, and during their youth pay
for their admission to evening classes and lectures, or in other ways
provide them with instructors, and thus train out their intellectual
powers to the fullest extent. And children cannot be thus employed
in useful studies without being morally the better for it. Only
develop in them a taste for good and useful pursuits, and they will
of themselves avoid what is degrading. Then too with regard to a
start in life, it is not right that a parent should turn his boy or
girl out into the first place that offers the means of gaining a sixpence.
A good start in life is half the battle, and parents should endeavour
to give sut> to their children. This brings me direct to the point
of numbers, tor a man who has a family of six or eight children and
only a moderate income cannot help himself. The constant cry of
parents is that they do not know what to do with their children.
They cannot afford to keep them in idleness waiting for something
better to turn up. Nor have they the cash to apprentice them to
a trade, or to put them in the way of getting a little business of
their own. The children must therefore take the first chance of
employment th^t comes in their way, even though it give little or
�6
no prospect of rising to a higher position. Now suppose a man
has had two children born to him, and he and his wife are in good
health, such as would ensure che production of a strong and healthy
child, I urge that if he happen to desire another, he ought first to
consider seriously whether he is able to do for it all that its wellbeing
requires, and that too without injustice to the children already born,
without injustice to his wife, and without injury to himself. If he
cannot do this, then I say he should refrain himself. In other words
a man should beget no more children than he and his wife can bring
into the world strong and healthy; no more than they can perfectly
nourish with wholesome food, comfortably clothe, and healthily and
decently lodge in their homes; no more than the wife can properly
attend to without becoming a drudge, no more tlian the husband can
have well educated, well supplied with good books, and fairly started
in life; in short no more than he can do whole justice with. If a
man be in a high position, receiving a good income, and can comply
with these conditions, there is still one more,—while bringing up to
maturity and sending into the world a large family, can he at the
same time be doing justice to the children of his neighbour? This
last consideration is a national one, which is gradually receiving the
attention it deserves. I am myself of opinion that in the present
state of England no man should beget more than three children,
while the circumstances of many warrant them in having but one
or two. And the reasons for this I will endeavour to make plain by
showing how the four parties affected are severally interested in the
regulation of numbers, namely the children, the mother, the father,
and the nation
In reference to the children let me remind my reader that I urge for
regulation first as to the kind of children, that they may be strong,
healthy, good-natured, and intelligent, four qualifications of inestimable
value to their possessors ; and next that the parents should beget no
more children than they can bring up strong, healthy, good-natured,
and intelligent. If a man only possess these qualities we need have
little fear of his doing well. By enjoying a healthy constitution he is
free from bodily suffering, having strength he is able to perform with
comfort to himself the labour of life. A man of good nature may have
a few enemies, but will certainly get more friends; and if in addition to
this he possess a strong and active intelligence to guide him through
life happy is he. The same holds good in their early years; for
whether they be born of high family or low, of a prince or a peasant,
who so happy as strong, healthy, good-natured, intelligent children!
Contrast with such the puny, the delicate, and the dull children
often met with. One is weak in the lower limbs and cannot run,
another from consumptive parents is soon put out of breath when
playing, a third is sickly and bilious and often ill, a fourth has a
watery brain, a fifth, a cross irritable spiteful disposition, a sixth
being unintelligent is dull and lazy with his lessons, and stupid at
anything given him to do. When these maladies and a multitude
�of others are considered, and it is laoicn that fur the most part they
might have been avoided, I think it will be at once admitted that it
would be beneficial for the parents to regulate towards the health,
strength, good nature, and intelligence of their children. As to
numbers, need 1 say that children in small families can have more
comforts than those in large ones? A man with only two children
can do better for them than if he had with the same money to provide
for six others besides. He can give them better food, and in a possible
sickness a few dainties if needed, stronger and better clothes, including
plenty of underlinen, better ventilated and more comfortable bedrooms,
{deasanter living rooms, can lodge them in nicer streets, keep them
onger at school, buy a few books for them, and take more care of their
starting in life. Is it desirable that he should be able to do this?
Would it have the effect of sending into the world stronger, healthier,
wiser, and better men ? If sc then 1 hold that in the interest of his
children a man should regulate their number.
Next the mother’s reasons:—The late John Stuart Mill in his
“Principles of Political Economy” says, “It is seldom by the choice
of the wife that families are so numerous; on her devolves (along with
all the physical suffering, and at least a full share of the privations) the
whole of the intolerable drudgery resulting from excess. To be relieved,
of it w’ould be held as a blessing by multitudes of women who now never
venture to urge such a claim, but who would urge it if supported by
the moral feelings of the community.” I, as one of the community am
endeavouring to support the above remarks, and to urge her claim on
man’s consideration. First, think of the “physical suffering” a woman
has to undergo when bringing forth a child, even if she be herself strong
and healthy. When she is not strong the suffering is intensified, even
to the risk of her life. Many a mother is ruined in health and strength,
many more are lulled outright, by bearing children so quickly one after
another. Would she not be happier bv avoiding this suffering and risk
of life? If so then regulate the time of her childbearing. The mother
too has to endure her full share of the poverty resulting from a large
family, and the whole of the intolerable drudgery. She must have poor
clothes that the children may be supplied, and poor fare that they may
be fed, and that too sometimes when having two lives to sustain she
needs the most nourishment of all. As to her work it is never done ;
what with meals getting, house cleaning, washing, clothes making and
mending, a baby to tend, and it sometimes a poorly one, where is
her rest or peace of mind? Among the poorest her home too is so
■hoerless that her husband often will not stay7 in it, but goes away to
the publichouse, where, in the company of his mates, and with the
aid of drink, he strives to forget his poverty.
Oftentimes the husband dies w’hile the family is still very young,
and leaves nothing for the poor mother but increased slavery and the
permitted beggary of asking for parish relief. Think of the difference
if the wife had only one or two children, strong, healthy, good-natured,
and intelligent, and with them the assurance from her husband that
�8
she is to bear no more. How her toil is saved ! With what care sne
can nourish her children 1 How daintily tend the home ! How well
preserve her own health and beauty !
And think too _ how much better for the husband ! For in social
affairs whoever gives real happiness to another increases thereby his
own. Is it not bettei for the man to have two children well nourished
well dressed, well lodged, well educated, and well started in life, than
to have six or eight children so badly provided for that he is almost
ashamed to own them ? And what husband does not feel pleased when
his wife looks fresh and happy ? Who can take a pleasure in seeing the
lines of care come early on her face ? I say then that a man for his
own sake should regulate the number of his children. For, by taking
care of his wife, that she does not conceive while in delicate health,
that she be spared the pains of bearing a large family, and the slavery
of tending it afterwards, he will draw towards himself a double portion
of her love and kindly offices; when, returning from his day’s toil, a
welcome smile is ready for him, along with his well kept and comfortable
home. With a large family a father is never free from the harassing
care of providing the means of living, but with a small one he is relieved
of such trouble, and in its stead may lay by a little store for his
own and his wife’s old age. It is surely pleasant to feel that you have
something in the bank ready for a “rainy day,” that you will not
become a burden to your children. Let me, therefore, urge on my
readers the desirability of regulating in favour of strong, healthy,
good-natured, intelligent children, and for such a number as the parents
can do whole justice with, both to the children and to themselves.
And also such a number as by having them the parents do no
injustice to their neighbours. This may seem a new doctrine to my
readers, but it is by no means new to the thoughtful men of the a»e.
A doctrine that has been before the world for seventy-five years, and
accepted by the ablest of the political economists who have lived during
that time, cannot be called new. It may be unknown to the masses,
or ignored by those who should obey it, but that does not remove
the suffering caused by violating it. The precept is founded on what is
called the Law of Population, which was first discovered by the Rev.
Thomas Robert Malthus, and published by him in 1798. If the remarks
which I shall make on this subject are not convincing to my readers let
me earnestly request the perusal of the chapters on Poverty, its only
Cause and only Cure, page 331; the Law of Population, page 457 ;
the Laws of Exercise, Fecundity, and Agricultural Industry, page 485,’
and the Opinions of English and Foreign writers on the Law of
Population, in the “ Elements of Social Science.” See also a few
chapters in J. S. Mill’s “Principles of Political Economy,” namely
Bk. I, chapters 9, 12, 13 ; Bk. II, chapters 11, 12, 13 ; these and many
observations in other parts of his great work derive their force from
being based on the Law of Population.
Which law may be briefly stated thus :—1. It is not only possible
but natural for population to continue doubling itself every twenty-five
�9
years. 2. In old countries it is not possible for it in the same time,
and from the same soil, to continue doubling its supply of the necessaries
of life. 3. If therefore the births continue at such a rate as to double
the population in twenty-five years, then those that cannot maintain
themselves in their native place must either emigrate, be supplied with
food from other countries, or die a premature death from poverty.
4. If the population of any place is not doubling itself every twenty-five
years then it must be either from premature deaths, emigration, or
limitation of the number of births. 6. Wholly to avoid premature
deaths, and the necessity of emigration or importation of food, the
number of births must be limited to the number that can be nourished
in their native place. 6. Wherever poverty of resources and therefore
the necessity of emigration exists, there has been too great a number
of births. These rules apply to every village, town, county, or country
in the world.
To enforce the first statement I need only to quote from Mill’s
“Political Economy,” people’s edition, page 97, where, in treating of
man’s multiplying power he states, “ It never is exercised to the
utmost, and yet in the most favourable circumstances known to exist,
which are those of a fertile region colonized from an industrious and
civilized community, population has continued for several generations,
independently of fresh immigration, to double itself in not much more
than twenty years. That the capacity of multiplication in the human
species exceeds even this is evident if we consider how great is the
ordinary number of children to a family where the climate is good,
and early marriages usual; and how small a proportion of them die
before the age of maturity, in the present state of hygienic knowledge,
where the locality is healthy, and the family adequately provided with
the means of living.” In the “Elements of Social Science,” page 451,
quoting from M’Culloch, the eminent statistical authority, we find’
“It has been established beyond all question that the population of
some of the States of North America, after making d re allowance for
immigration has continued to double for a century past in so short
a period as twenty, or at most twenty-five years.” For the figures
and calculations see “Elements of Social Science,” page 277. If the
population of the British Isles could increase at the same rate, it
would in seventy-five years amount to no less than 240,000,000, or
nearly as many as the present population of all Europe. And by
continuing the process another fifty years the number of 960,000,000
would be reached, a number nearly equal to the estimated present
population of the whole world. On the second head Mr. Mill says,
“After a certain and not very advanced stage in the progress of
agriculture it is a law of production from land that in any given state
of agricultural skill and knowledge, by increasing the labour, the
produce is not increased in an equal degree ; doubling the labour’ does
not double the produce.” This law of agricultural industry is the
most important proposition in political economy. The produce may
be increased by whatever adds to the skill of the labour applied;
*
�12
e-
position in which people live the better are 11 icy able to secure
good positions for their children in their native country. And they
generally do it, leaving those of the poorer classes to shift for
themselves as best they may, either by emigration, the workhouse,
or semi-starvation, and death by the first severe illness that comes
upon them. We may see this illustrated every day in the middle
ranks. A head clerk in a firm or the foreman in a factory has the
first chance of places for his family of boys; the mechanics come
next in the order of their qualities, and so on to the lowest. Not
that the particular ones chosen will do more to increase the prosperity
of the business, but their fathers being in good positions are able
to provide for their sons in their native district. The same takes
place with business men in towns and villages; the best off are able
to secure occupations for their children, and leave to others to go
elsewhere. But with a family of two children a man thrusts no one
out. He merely brings into existence two beings to take the place of
himself and his wife when departed. To bring into existence and
keep in their native place such a number of beings as causes others to
be compelled to remain unmarried, to be half starved, or thrust out,
is an injustice. Let me, therefore, repeat and urge on my readers the
desirability of every couple regulating in favour of strong, healthy,
good-natured, and intelligent children, and for such a number as full
justice can be done with, justice to the children themselves, to their
mother, the father, and to their neighbours.
A thorough knowledge of this Law of Population is of immense
importance to every class in the country, except the highest. For
though there are possibilities in trade, yet every one is liable to be
pressed down by someone else above him who may be endeavouring to
provide for a larger number of children than is his due. So that a man
who has only a small family is better off than with a large one; but
if small families were the rule, his position would be improved still
more. With an industrious people, following to the full the course
here recommended, the workhouses will in time be closed for want
of paupers, the hospitals almost empty for want of patients, gaols
almost, if not quite, unused for want of criminals. Ignorance with
poverty are the most fruitful sources of crime. Remove then the
ignorance and the poverty. Moderate competition in trade is good
for all parties, but a grinding, harassing competition, a struggle to keep
head above water invariably brings a crop of frauds of all kinds. People
must live, and, whether by fair means or foul, the strongest in mind
and body maintain life the longest. For myself I like the old maxim,
“Prevention is better than cure.” Don’t have weak, unhealthy,
cross-natured, stupid children, don’t have more than can be well and
honestly nourished. Without this prevention, all schemes for social
improvement are valueless. Let the reader think of them, one and
all, and he will find none that can exist along with the crushing
influence of over-population, not one that, apart from limiting the
number of births, has had any permanent influence in increasing the
�13
happiness of mankind. Without this they can do no more than
change the misery from one form to another. See to it then, make
yourself thoroughly acquainted with the laws by which qualities are
transmitted from parent to children, the laws for rearing those children
into strong, healthy, honest, and intelligent men and women; and lastly
the great Law of Population as it is at present operating in your own
country. And having yourself gained the knowledge of these things,
you will further see that for your own individual good you ought to
do all in your power to make every one else to understand and obey
the precepts founded on them. One means of doing so would be by
distributing copies of this pamphlet. I can ask you to do this, as
I am interested in its getting well abroad just as much as you are,
and not more.
——♦——
THE METHODS THAT HAVE BEEN PROPOSED,
EXTENSIVELY ADOPTED, AND FOUND SUCCESS
FUL IN REGULATING
THE
NUMBER
IN A
FAMILY, TOGETHER WITH HINTS FOR THE
YOUNG.
Having thus dealt with the principal reasons why in every family the
number should be regulated, my remaining task is to state the methods
that have been proposed, extensively adopted, and always found success
ful in doing it, leaving my readers to choose which they please, or to
select any other that happens to come to their knowledge. And in their
selection they will be guided by the answers they give to the following
questions: Is the moderate exercise of the generative organs conducive
to health or to bodily and mental weakness ? If their moderate
exercise does not cause weakness, then the pleasure derived from their
instinctive use, independent of, and totally distinct from, its ultimate
object, the reproduction of our race, is it good, proper, worth securing
and enjoying ? Or in other words, is it desirable that the instinct
should never be gratified without an increase of population ? The
author of “ Elements of Social Science,” on pages 492 to 505 of his
important work, deals with the Law of Exercise, and endeavours to
show that a moderate indulgence of the sexual instinct is absolutely
necessary to long continued health. Two extracts will indicate the
position he takes : “ The Law of Exercise is that the health of the
reproductive organs and emotions depend on their having a sufficient
amount of normal exercise ; and that a want of this tends powerfully
to produce misery and disease in both man and woman.” “ It is stated
aB a law by Mr. Paget, Dr. Carpenter, and other eminent authorities,
that ‘each organ, by the very fact of nourishing itself acts as an
excretory organ to the rest of the body.’ That is, every organ selects
from the blood the proper materials for its own nutrition, and in so
�doing it renders the blood more fit to nourish the others. This ia
especially true of secreting organs, such as the ovaries and testicles,
which produce fluids that are intended to be cast out of the body, and
are more or less noxious if retained. Hence whenever any important
organs are not duly engaged in their own special function not only is
their own vigour impaired, but that of the others also. The ideal of
health indeed cannot be Btated otherwise than as consisting in the due
performance of all the bodily functions.” The author quotes from
numerous medical writers supporting this view, and describes the
various diseases which they say arise from repressing the sexual desire.
In the same chapter are also given the arguments on the opposite view,
that the. Law of Exercise, while applying to other organs, has nothing
to do with the organs of generation. I will just caution the reader
that the matter should be decided by facts alone. For an examination
of the second question, and an emphatic answer in the affirmative I
refer the reader to the little book entitled “ Moral Physiology,” by
Robert Dale Owen. * As a matter of fact all who while not desiring
an addition to their families yet continue to indulge in sexual embraces
show by their actions that they either think it necessary for health,
the pleasure good, proper, worth securing and enjoying, or that their
instinct gets the better of theii judgment. The same is the condition
with those who will not marry, 'yet risk the awful danger, and accept
the moral degradation, of a prostitute’s embraces. (On these last points
see “Elements of Social Science,” pages 112 to 156.) If after testing
these principles the reader is of opinion that the arguments for what
is called the Law of Exercise, are so much bosh, and that the pleasure
of the act is not good, not desirable, not worth having, then all he has
to do is to select the most favourable periods for conception to take
place, and perform the sexual functions so many times according to the
number of children circumstances warrant him in having. And if at
any other time he happens to feel a desire for sexual embraces he must
treat it as a disease in his system, and doctor himself accordingly.
For if he allows this or any other passion to get the better of°his
judgment, either he, his wife, his children, or his neighbour, and
perhaps all parties will assuredly suffer in consequence.
For myself I frankly confess that I believe in the Law of Exercise,
but do not think it desirable that a child should be the result of every
sexual embrace. I am of opinion that voluptuous, or as they are
sometimes termed, wet dreams are nature’s temporary substitute for
the sexual act, and, like it, when only seldom, say once or twice a
month, are not a source of mischief. But should they become frequent,
as they tend to do, the persons are made weak, and, if ignorant of their
cause, are generally in good condition to be fooled by the first crafty
doctor that finds them. To prevent their injurious effects let those
who have them be sparing in their diet, take no stimulants, never use
tobacco, sleep cool, rise early, bathe or wash the whole body daily,
Published by E. Truelove, 256. High Holborn, London.
�z
15
rubbing with a towel till in a glow, splash cold or almost cold water on
the parts, (ladies to use the vagina syringe) take plenty of exercise in
the open air, and avoid exciting the organs by rubbing. Whoever has
been guilty of this latter practice, and injured their health, let them
immediately stop it, follow the course here marked out, and keep
clear of advertising quack doctors.
To prevent conception let the husband so steadily manage the
sexual act as to give full enjoyment to his wife, and then immediately
before the emission of the semen, withdraw the penis completely.
For an account of the extensive use to which this plan has been
put in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain, I refer the reader to
R. D. Owen’s “ Moral Physiology,” two quotations from which I will
make. “It may be objected that the practice requires a mental effort,
and a partial sacrifice. But I reply that in France, where men consider
this (as it ought ever to be considered, when the interests of the
other sex requires it) a paint of honour, all young men learn to make
the necessary effort, and custom renders it easy and a matter of course.”
“A Frenchman belonging to the cultivated classes would as soon bear
to be called a coward as to be accused of causing the pregnancy of a
woman who did not desire it. Such an imputation, if substantiated,
would shut him out from all decent society ; and most properly
so. It is a perfect barbarity, and ought to be treated as such.”
Some will say that the practice is injurious, but the most extensive
experience proves to the contrary. It is simple, satisfying to the
passion, and perfectly harmless. The evil of sexual excess, or over
indulgence is another matter. For a clear statement of what in various
constitutions would be excess, see “ Elements of Social Science,” p. 84.
The second method is for the man during the embrace to wear over
the penis a baudruche, or French letter as it is sometimes termed.
Accidents in its use cause it to be somewhat unsafe, and it is in every
way inconvenient.
A third method has been thus described: “ If before sexual intercourse
the female introduces into her vagina a piece of fine sponge as large as
can be pleasantly introduced (perhaps from the size of a walnut to that
of an egg) having previously attached a bobbin, or a piece of narrow
ribbon to withdraw it, (or, without this it may be withdrawn with the
fingers) it will be found a preventive to conception, while it neither
lessens the pleasure of the female, nor injures her health. When
convenient the sponge should be dipped in cold water, or in warm water
rather than none. The practice is common with the females of the
more refined parts of the continent of Europe, and with those of the
aristocracy in England.” To make this method more certain it should
be followed by the immediate syringing of the vagina with cold or
tepid water.
A fourth method is that recommended by Dr. Knowlton, rwho in his
“ Fruits of Philosophy” gives a full account of the physiological reasons
on which it is based, together with other very useful and interesting
information. He advises that a lump of either sulphate of zinc or
�X
16
alum of the size of a cheenut be dissolved in a pint of water, making
the solution weaker or stronger as it may be borne without producing
any irritation of the parts to which it is applied. This solution, which
would not lose its virtue by age, should be injected into the vagina by
means of a female syringe immediately after connexion. Two or three
*
careful and thorough applications of the syringe should be made to
ensure safety. Even quite cold water would be sufficient if thoroughly
used. The doctor gives several weighty reasons in favour of this
method, one of them being that “ it is conducive to cleanliness, and
preserves the parts from relaxation and disease.” “ Those who have
tried it affirm that they would be at the trouble of using injections
merely for the purpose of health and cleanliness.” Its only drawback
is that it generally causes a feeling of sickness in the female.
A fifth method is founded on the fact that women are most likely to
conceive within two or three days before, and twelve or fourteen days
after the menstruating period. Therefore select the least likely period.
But, as Dr. Knowlton shows by a case in point, it is very unsafe, besides
being at such a time as women least enjoy their husbands’ embraces.
For myself I think every man should prefer the withdrawal, experience
having taught that it is the only certain, and therefore the best method.
If at any time the husband in the passion of the moment, loses his
self control, it is then in the power of the wife to use injections either
with or without alum. And should the husband often forget himself,
the sponge and injections following had better be adopted. But no
strong minded, affectionate, honourable husband would give needless
trouble to his wife. But let not the wife in the freedom which her
husband gives her, seek for too many of his embraces ; temperate
enjoyment and satisfaction of the instinct is all that nature allows.
Remember that less injury results from abstinence than from excess.
It should never be indulged in when either husband or wife is tired ;
never in the morning just before getting up, but always so as to have
several hours sleep after it. If the passion of either husband or wife
is greatly in excess, measures should be taken gently and calmly to
reduce it, such as those I have indicated for voluptuous dreams, wearing
W’et bandages over the parts, sleeping in separate beds, and engaging in
diverting studies. The same course will be found beneficial to the
unmarried who may happen to have strong amative inclinations. And
whether they have or not, no better book can be in their hands than
that by Mr. George Combe, on the “ Constitution of Man.” A careful
study of its pages will enable the reader to avoid many’ of the dangers
of life, and especially aid him or her in the choice of a fit partner in
marriage. Young man, learn well the precepts enjoined by Mr. Combe;
shun a prostitute as you would a beautiful but deadly serpent; marry’
as soon as your circumstances will admit, and then act up to the
guidance you have received. My young lady reader, remember the
old proverb, “Whatever is easily gained is lightly valued.” If your
*
embraces are so cheap as to be had for the asking, do not expect your
lover to pay any higher price. The only price worth your having is
�IT
the legal safety of a marriage certificate, coupled with at least a
moderately comfortable home in which to bring forth and rear such
children as may possibly come in spite of your endeavours to the contrary.
Tiie man who strives for your embraces at a lower cost than this
would make you a slave to his lust. If he cannot for the time of
courtship be content with what I have termed nature’s temporary
substitute for the sexual act, and refrain himself before marriage,
neither will he do it afterwards when it may be absolutely necessary.
On this part of my subject I would specially commend to your attention
the following note from Mr. Combe's book: “He who loves from
amativeness alone is sensual, faithless, negligent of the happiness of
its object. He who combines with love springing from this propensity,
benevolence, veneration, justice, and intellect, will disinterestedly
promote the real happiness of the object of his affection.” From
Mr. Combe learn how to distinguish such a man, and trust him
accordingly.
TUB END
�APPENDIX.
THE CONSTITUTION OF MAN, considered in Relation to
External objects. By George Combe. Price 2s.
Extracts from the preface.—“ The great object of the following Treatise is to
exhibit several of the most important natural laws, and their relations and consequences,
with a view to the improvement of education and the regulation of individual and
national conduct.” “ I have endeavoured to avoid religious controversy. ‘ The object
of Moral Philosophy,’ says Mr. Stewart, ‘is to ascertain the general rules of a wise
and virtuous conduct in life, in so far as these rules may be discovered by the unassisted
light of nature; that is, by an examination of the principles of the human constitution,
and of the circumstances in which man is placed.’ The present Treatise Is a humble
attempt to pursue the same plan. I confine my observations exclusively to Man as he
exists in the present world, and beg that, in perusing the subsequent pages, this
explanation may be constantly kept in view. In conseqence of forgetting it, my
language has occasionally beon misapprehended, and my objects misrepresented.
When I speak of man's highest interest, for example, I uniformly refer to man as be
exists in this world; but as the same God presides over both the temporal and eternal
Interests of the human race, it seems to me demonstrably certain, that what is
conducive to the one, will in no instance impede the other, but will in general be
favourable to it also.”
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE ; or Physical, Sexual, and
Natural Religion. An Exposition of the True Cause and only
Cure of the Three Primary Social Evils:—Poverty, Prostitution,
and Celibacy. By A Doctor of Medicine. 600 pages, 2s. 6d.,
or in cloth 3s., post free.
“This book is the Bible of the Body. It is the founder of a great moral reform.
It is the pioneer of health, peace, and virtue. It should be a household Lar in every
home. Read it, study it, husbands and wives. Ilad you, had your parents read a
book like this, a diseased, dwarfed, deteriorated race would not now be wasting away
in our country. By reading this wonderful book every young man may preserve hi,
health and his virtue. Some will say the disclosures are exciting or indelicate—not
so; they are true, and the noblest guide to virtue and honour. That book must be
read, that subject must be understood, before the population can be raised from its
present degraded, diseased, unnatural, and immoral state. We really know not
how to speak sufficiently highly of this extraordinary work; we can only say,
conscientiously and emphatically, it is a blessing to the human race."—People's
Paper. By Ernest Jones, Barrister.
“ Though quite out of the province of our journal, we can.' -efrain from stating
that this work is unquestionably the most remarkable one in u._ .* respects we have
ever met with. The anonymous author is a physician, who has ..•ought his special
knowledge to bear on some of the most intricate problems of social life. He lays bare
to the public, and probes with an unsparing hand, the sores of society, caused by
anomalies in the relation of the sexes. Though we differ toto do from the author
in his views of religion and morality, and hold some of his remedies to tend rather
to a dissolution than a reconstruction of society, yet we are bound to admit tlie
benevolence and philanthropy of his motives. The scope of the work is nothing
lees than the whole field of political economy.”—The British Journal of Homoeopathy,
January, i860. (Published Quarterly. Price 5r.)
*
�MORAL PHYSIOLOGY; a Brief and Plain Treatise on the
Population Question, or how to regulate the numbers in a family.
By Robert Dale Owen, author of Footfalls on the Boundary
of another World. A new Edition, with Frontispiece. Price Gcf.
FRUITS OF PHILOSOPHY; or, the Private Companion of Young
Married People. By Dr. Knowlton. Price Gd.
THE LAWS AND CUSTOMS RELATING TO MARRIAGE.
A Paper read before the Dialectical Society. By Richard Harte.
With an Appendix. 94 pages. Price Is.
LOGIC AND UTILITY; the Tests of Truth and Falsehood, and
of Right and Wrong. 134 pages. Price GJ.
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL RELIGION
on the Temporal Happiness of Mankind. By Philip Beauchamp
(a pseudonym adopted by G. Grote, the Historian of Greece).
123 pp., D. GJ., in cloth boards, 2s.
THE JESUS CHRIST OF J. S. MILL.
By Antichrist. 90 pp. Is
“ He is Antichrist, that denieth the Father and the Son, and confesseth not that
Jesus Christ is come in the flesh."—John, ii. 22, iv. 2, 3, and John, 7.
VOLTAIRE’S PHILOSOPHICAL TALES, ROMANCES, AND
SATIRES, containing:—Candide; or, the Optimist. Zadig; or, Fate.
The World as it Goes; or, the Vision of Babouc. Mieromegas, a
Comic Romance. The Huron; or, Pupil of Nature. Johnny; or,
the Sage and the Atheist. The Man of Forty Crowns. The
Princess of Babylon. Memnon, the Philosopher. The White Bull.
Plato’s Dream. Bababec. A Conversation with a Chinese. The
Black and the White.
The Ignorant Philosopher.
Indian
Adventure. Lord Chesterfield’s Ears. The Origin of Trades.
Price 2s. GJ., stiff boards, 31G pages, double columns.
NEW RELIGIOUS THOUGHTS. By Douglas Campbeit. Second
Edition, revised. 430 pp., cloth boards. This heretical work was
published by Williams and Norgate at 5s.; E. Truelove having
purchased a large remainder, offers it, neatly bound, for 2$. Gd.
REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FESTIVAL IN
COMMEMORATION OF THE CENTENARY BIRTHDAY OF
ROBERT OWEN, the Philanthropist, at Freemasons’ Hall, May
16th, 1871; with a full report of the speeches of the Chairman,
W. Pare, Esq., F.S.S.; Lloyd Jones; Mrs. Ernestine Le Rose,
of New York; G. J. Ilolyoake; Henry Jeffrey; Dr. Travis;
Moncure D. Conway; James Watson; and J. B. Langley. LL.D.;
to which is added Robert Owen’s “Outline of the Rational
System of Society.” 40 pp. Gd,
�The Immortality of the Soul Philosophi
cally considered.
Seven Lectures by Robert Cooper.
Price Is.
The Laws and Customs relating to Mar
riage. A Paper read before the “ Dialectical Society.” By
Richard Harte. With an Appendix. 94 pages. Price Is.
Revealed Religion: its Claims on the
Intellect and on the Heart, impartially discussed in a series of
letters from a Father to his Son. By a Wrangler and ex-member
of the University of Cambridge. Price C>d.
False Divinities; or, Moses, Christ, and
Mahomet, and other Religious Deceptions.
logist. Price Is.
By a Foreign Theo-
Voltaire’s Philosophical Dictionary. The
edition in six, reprinted in two thick volumes.
a Memoir. Price 8s.
Two Portraits and
Thomas Paine’s Complete Theological
Works, including “ The Age of Reason.” Miscellaneous and
Poetical Works, Last Will and Testament, and a Portrait of the
Author. Price, in Wrapper, 2s.; Cloth, 3s.; “ Age of Reason,”
with Portrait, Is.
Mirabaud’s System of Nature. Price 2s.;
in Cloth, 2s. 6d.
The Elements of Social Science, or Physi
cal, Sexual, and Natural Religion. An Exposition of the True
Cause and only Cure of the Three Primary Social Evils—Poverty,
Prostitution, and Celibacy. By a Graduate of Medicine, 600
pages, 2s. 6d.; or in Cloth, 3s., post free.
“A very valuable book. This is, we believe, the only book that has fully,
honestly, and in a philosophical spirit recognised all the elements in the problem ;
—IIow are mankind to triumph over poverty, with its train of attendant evils?—
and featlessly endeavoured to find apractical solution.”—The Examiner, Jan., 1873.
An Edition of the “ Elements of Social Science ” may be had in
French, German, and Italian. 3s. each.
Orders to the amount of One Shilling or upwards sent Post Free.
E. TRUELOVE, BOOKSELLER, 256, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON.
�256, HIGH HOLBORN,
('Nearly opposite Day <fc Martin's, and the Royal Amphitheatre.)
Instituted 1852, for the publication of Freethought in Politics and
Religion, New and Second-hand.
OLTAIRE’S PHILOSOPHICAL DICTIONARY. Reprinted verbatim
V from the Six vol. edition, sold at 50s. The work is embellished with
two Engravings, a Medallion Portrait, and a full length likeness of the cele
brated author, in elegant cloth binding. Two volumes, containing nearly
1,300 pages, price 8s., post free. May be had of all booksellers.
Opinion or the “ Dispatch.”
*
• Voltaire’s Philosophical Dictionary.—This is a translation, in two volumes, of that magnificent
work which must hand the name of Voltaire down to the latest posterity. We have compared it
with the French edition in three volumes, and find that the English version is a most faithful one,
fully preserving the spirit of the original, and in no way abridged. The work is, of course, a very
valuable one, and should have a place on the shelves of all persons who accumulate useful books.
It is printed in a clear, legible type, and in a manner to be easy of reference. The publisher has
done very wisely to compress the entire contents of this encyclopaedia into two volumes of con
venient size, inasmuch as he places an admirable work within the reach of those persons whose
means would not permit them to procure a larger and more expensive edition. It is impossible to
contemplate this ‘Dictionary’ without being struck by the Grandeur and comprehensiveness of
that intellect which, alone and unassisted, could produce a work embracing so many and such varied
subjects. Ingenious theories, exposures of historical or popular fallacies, philosophical essays,
physics, metaphysics, in a word, all branches of learning, science and art, are the topics which
evoked the brilliant wit, or tested the profound wisdom of France’s greatest philosopher. Although
much of the philosophy of that school to which Voltaire belonged has been since exploded;
although many of his theories have been displaced by others which have been supported by
arguments or proved by experiments of which he never dreamt; although, in fine, much ot his
reasoning on physics is now pointless, yet on the whole, and taken as a whole, the * Philosophical
Dictionary ’ is most valuable and most useful, not only as the recordof a great man’s opinions, but
also in those very many departments where his comments and observations do really apply to tho
affairs or circumstances of the present day. We are glad to find that an English publisher has
dared to do justice to a man who is much calumniated by our English saints and hypocrites, and
we cordially recommend this edition of the ‘ Philosophical Dictionary ’ to our readers.”
Paine’s Theological Works; including the “Age of Reason” and all
his miscellaneous pieces and poetical works ; his last will and tes
tament, and a Steel Portrait. To prevent disappointment, ask
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The Age of Reason; complete, including ;.n essay on his Life and
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�JUST PUBLISHED, Price 2s. 6d.,
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*
..
ENTITLED
DIE GllUNDZUGE DEE GESELLSCHAFTSWISSENSCIIAFT;
Oder, Physisclie, Gesclilcctliche und Natiirliehe Religion. By a
Doctor of Medicine. London: E. Truelove, 256, High Holborn.
Berlin : Elwin Staude, 23, Schumannstrasse.
OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.
“ The motto of the work: ‘ The diseases of society can, no more than corporeal
maladies, be prevented or cured, without being spoken about in plain language,’
(John Stuart Mill) and its dedication to the poor and the suffering are sufficient to
show the tendency of the author. He uses indeed, a directness of expression, an out
spokenness, which is seldom met with in our times, and will probably in most circles
of so-called refined society bo styled very shocking if not cynical, though in reality it
is not so. The author only calls by their names things which we medical men also
have to discuss openly among ourselves md with patients, but which are treated
by polite society according to the Parisian proverb, ‘ ca se fait, mais ca ne se dit
pas.’ The author, as appears from the title and from his professional knowledge,
is a medical practitioner. He merits therefore the attention of his colleagues, the
more so because, io the first place, they would scarcely guess from the title that this
is a book for medical men—and secondl', because his medical colleagues alone
possess the education which permits them to estimate without prejudice the aims
and efforts of the author, to try the truth of the facts which he lays down as pre
mises, and, after due consideration, cither to accept, or reject, or to limit, and amend
his conclusions and proposals. . . The author’s remarks on the social question s
in general, are among the best and most deeply-felt we have ever read.”
Medizinische Jalirbilcher,
Bd. 152, Hft. 1.
" One must first accustom himself to the openness with which the author treats
his themes ; but the work is unquestionably most instructive and interesting, and
is written with great knowledge of the subject.”
u
Hessischc Morgenzeitung.
Dec. 24th 1871.
“ No one, who has turned his thoughts to the solution of the most burning of all
questions of the day, the social question, and who wishes to devote to it his mental
and practical energies, will be able to leave unread this book, whose anonymous
author, basing himself on the Malthusian essay ‘ on the Principle of Population,’
deduces from it with keen logic a peculiar and most striking theory on the cure of
the three primary social evils—poverty, prostitution, and celibacy . . . Whatever maybe said against this fearless laying bare of the most intimate relations of
social life and against his whole theory, purely and undisguisedly materialistic as
it is—even the opponent of the daring socialist will be unable to deny him the merit
of scientific closeness of reasoning, and what is quite as important, of warm and
zealous philanthropy; he will rather honour the moral courage and mental
energy which the author must have had to work his way out of the bewildering
maze of hitherto unsolved problems and conflicts, to a conviction so logically con
sistent, so luminous, and yet so opposed to established institutions and to the moral
sentiments in which men have been brought up.”
Konigsberge Hartungsche Zeitung. Dec. 4th 1S71.
“Many of the author’s views are diametrically opposed to our own, but we cannot
refrain from describing the book as in very truth an epoch-making one, whose
perusal must interest in the highest degree, both the professional man and the
educated general reader. The questions treated by the author are infinitely import
ant and pressing, and the purest benevolence breathes in every line . . . No
thing is gained by a prudish avoidance of the subjects treated in the work ; they
must be discussed, and mankind might congratulate themselves if this were always
done in so candid and disinterested a manner as by the author of ‘ The Elements of
Social Science.’ ”
Hanoversche Anzeigen und Morgenzeitung,
Nov. 14tli 1871.
“ The work embraces the whole field of political economy, and any one who has
ever reflected on these subjects, nay, who has only gone out on the market of life
with open eyes, must admit that humanimisery exists to an immense extent, and that
the contrasts are so frightful and abrupt, that there must come a levelling or an
overthrow. The proposals of the author, who seems as well versed in the pathology
of the human body as in that of society generally—for the prevention of the evil,
are often in direct opposition to our own views of morality; but we must acknow
ledge that the most dangerous paths are indicated with pure intent, the most daring
proposals made in a benevolent spirit. . . . We confess that, in our opinion
too, the courage to give open instruction on the innermost questions is a require
ment of the time, for here it is not knowledge, but error, which is death."
Schlcsische Zeitung.
Dec. ~th 1871.
�A DISCOVERY
OF TUF.
ORIGIN, EVIDENCES, AND EARLY HISTORY
OF
OvtWamiiL
NEVER YET BEFORE OR ELSEWHERE SO FULLY AND
FAITHFULLY SET FORTH.
ev
THE Rev. R. TAYLOR, A.B. & M.R.C.S.
QiXurftav St rw p.iu xxrx (frvinv, u Sx/riXtv, tvcuvi xcu xtrrx^ou- rnv St
SioxXuruu iixtTMVTXv raeatrou.—■ Euphrates Ehilosopfi ad Vespasian. imp
qiK'd Apollonii Tvan<g Mi: acuta: citante Lardnera, Vol. IV'. p, 261.
THIRD EDITION.
LONDON?
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Victorian Blogging
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A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library & Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span>
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Conway Hall Library & Archives
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2018
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Conway Hall Ethical Society
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Individual, family and national poverty : reasons why in every family the number should be regulated; the methods that have been proposed, extensively adopted, and found to answer for doing it; together with a few valuable hints for the young
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Palmer, John Henry
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Place of publication: London
Collation: 17, [4] p. ; 19 cm.
Notes: Part of the NSS pamphlet collection. Publisher's advertisements on unnumbered pages at the end.
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E. Truelove
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A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1875
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
N529
Subject
The topic of the resource
Birth control
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /></a><span> </span><br /><span>This work (Individual, family and national poverty : reasons why in every family the number should be regulated; the methods that have been proposed, extensively adopted, and found to answer for doing it; together with a few valuable hints for the young), identified by </span><a href="https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/www.conwayhall.org.uk"><span>Humanist Library and Archives</span></a><span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</span>
Format
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application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
English
Birth Control
NSS
Population Increase
Poverty-Great Britain
-
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PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Victorian Blogging
Description
An account of the resource
A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library & Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Conway Hall Library & Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2018
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Conway Hall Ethical Society
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Pamphlet
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A peep behind the scenes on a board of guardians: the brutality of the poor-law system
Description
An account of the resource
Edition: 4th ed.
Place of publication: Keighley
Collation: 32 p. ; 22 cm.
Series title: Pamphlets for the People
Series number: 4
Notes: Stamp for 'Social Democratic Federation, Socialist Centre, Brighton' on front cover. Other pamphlets in the series by the same author listed inside back cover. Donated by Olivia and Robert Temple, December 2017. Deals with the personal experiences of the author as a Guardian with the treatment of people in workhouses.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Glyde, G.A.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Wadsworth & Co., The Rydal Press
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[n.d.]
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
G5524
Subject
The topic of the resource
Poverty
Social problems
Socialism
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /></a><span> </span><br /><span>This work (A peep behind the scenes on a board of guardians: the brutality of the poor-law system), identified by </span><a href="https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/www.conwayhall.org.uk"><span>Humanist Library and Archives</span></a><span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</span>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
English
Homeless People
Poor Laws-Great Britain
Poverty-Great Britain
Socialism
Workhouses-Great Britain