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NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY
THE DIVINE
INTERPRETATION OF
SCRIPTURE:
A REPLY TO CARDINAL MANNING.
BY
SALADIN.
Being a Paper read at the Cassadaga Conference, Neu< York,
by S. P. Putnam, Secretary, American Liberal League.
[reprinted
from
“the secular review.”]
London:
W. STEWART & Co., 41, FARRINGDON St., E.C.
��NS£3
THE DIVINE INTERPRETATION OF
SCRIPTURE.
Where the currents of human thought and destiny are now
drifting to the wisest of us cannot determine with any degree
of precision. We search in vain for a precedent in the form
and pressure of the present age over all the past annals of
the world. It may be that history repeats itself; but wre
have now reached a juncture of social, political, moral, and
intellectual forces which we look for in vain back through
the dim corridors of time; and how history is to repeat itself
speculation is overwhelmed in the attempt to decide, and
vaticination is dumb.
Never in that tract of the world nominally Christian did
aggressive and defiant “ Infidelity ” close and grapple with
the legions of the Cross as she does to-day; and never
since the Reformation era did the Scarlet Woman flaunt her
skirts so proudly in the great cities of both the Eastern and
Western Hemisphere. Protestantism has no geographical
area that she did not win by the zealous fanaticism of her
first rush. The Protestant countries of the sixteenth cen
tury are the Protestant countries of to-day, and no new ones
have been added thereto. Nay, and the old ones are rent
and riven; and the seed sown by Luther and Spalatin, by
Huss and Calvin, by Wycliffe and Sawtre, by Knox and
Melville, has grown up almost choked with Romish weeds
�4
THE DIVINE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE :
and Rational tares. The mentation and the aspiration of
the fifteenth century were not identical with those that
actuate the nineteenth. The floods of human folly have
worn other channels, the currents of human tendency have
torn their way through other rocks and over other shoals.
The old battle-fields are deserted, and only through the
mists of departed time can we descry them, with their rank
grasses, broken and shapeless weapons, half-obliterated
trenches, and dull mounds marking more or less dishonoured
graves. The battalions have reeled and surged into other
fields, and there, with other weapons and other battle-cries,
the often-changing but never-ending tide of human conflict
ebbs and flows. Guns are yet planted on the roof, and there
is a rattle and blaze of musketry from the windows, of the
old half-way house between Rome and Rationalism; but
the shot and shell fall wide of the mark. Formerly, the old
house was in the centre of operations ; now it is on the
extreme left flank, and miles away the real conflict rages.
The half-way house is tottering to its fall. The emergency
to meet which it was built has passed away. Its giants are
dead, its heroes are no more ; its prestige is over, and
Ichabod is inscribed over its gateway. A shabby despotism,
three centuries ago, it modified a terrible despotism, and
thereby justified its existence; but now, Why cumbereth it
the ground ? Hardly taking it into account in military
strategy, up on the side of the windy hill the banners wave
and the troops are ranking, the forces of Rationalism and
Rome, and with them and no other rests the balance
between victory and defeat in the Armageddon of these
latter ages.
Everywhere now Ecclesiasticism howls against “the spread
of Infidelity,” and everywhere Romanism is active, frcm
�A REPLY TO CARDINAL MANNING.
5
New York to Birmingham. In the latter town, the other
day, a church dedicated to St. Anne was opened by his
Eminence, Cardinal Manning, with all the august ceremonial
of pontifical High Mass. In his subtle and able dedicatory
address, his Eminence is reported to have said : “ They
believed all that God had revealed, unwritten and written,
the old Divine traditions of the Church from the beginning
—every jot and every tittle. But why did they believe this?
The ‘ Word ’ in the text did not mean the Book, and they
who would draw their Christianity out of the written Scrip
ture had proved for centuries the inefficiency of that rule of
faith by the multitudinous contradictions and ever-increasing
diversity of the interpretation that had been put upon that
Word. Without Divine certainty they could not have Divine
faith, and, therefore, the wisest human critic could give him
no definite certainty of the meaning of the Holy Scripture;
the most learned scientific historian could not fix for him the
meaning of the Word of God. No one, however pious
or good; no minister of religion or priest of the Church,
apart from the Divine authority of the Church itself, could
venture to interpret that written word by his own light or
his own discernment.”
I am a soldier in the ranks of those who would face un
told fatigue and peril to flesh their blades in the heart of
Rome; but I heartily endorse the utterance of his Eminence
in regard to the “wisest human critic” being unable to
express any “ definite certainty of the meaning of the Holy
Scripture.” So far, I, a Rationalist, am in exact accord with
a Romish Cardinal. But when the learned Cardinal pro
ceeds to say that, although the esoterics of Holy Writ are
too deep for human learning, too mystical for human wisdom,
they can be infallibly interpreted by “ the Divine authority
�6
THE DIVINE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE :
of the Church itself,” I join issue with him, and oppose him
foot to foot and hilt to hilt. I positively and emphatically
deny that the Church has, in the past, shown that it could
interpret Scripture more successfully than the mere “human
critic” could. Nay, my Lord Cardinal, I will refer you to
only one example—e.g., of how your Church interpreted a
certain Scripture passage; but the example I will give is
such a striking, picturesque, and conclusive one as should
be able to explode forever your Church’s monstrous preten
sions to divinely-inspired hermeneutics. It is unfortunate,
your Eminence, for you and yours that our more modern
times have laid the intellectual wealth of the world’s yester
day at the feet of men who have neither post nor pension
from your Church. It is unfortunate for you and yours that
there are men of my type, who will read and study for many
years in obscurity, anxious only to find out what is true, and
never once asking what is profitable; studying for no pro
fession, hoping for no preferment; poor, but aspiring to no
gain, no crozier, no cardinal’s hat; but freely giving learning
and time and life to the most thankless of all causes—to a
cause that for independence gives you poverty, for celebrity
gives you infamy. What a pity you have not still your Index
Expurgatorius to prevent such as I from misusing the best
years of their life in toiling over volumes the perusal of
which can only be inimical to your hierarchy! How lament
able that you cannot now arrest pens like mine by giving
those who wield them a twinge of the thumbscrew, or make
the blazing fagots at the stake reduce the hand of the writer
to ashes ! Like its God, your Church is the same yesterday,
to day, and forever. Among the calcined bones of the
mighty you would honour me by mingling those of thi
humble Scottish heretic and rebel, but that Protestantism
�A REPLY TO CARDINAL MANNING.
7
held you at bay till the party that I in some imperfect way
represent grew strong; and now an enemy infinitely more
terrible than Protestantism confronts you.
Your Church, my Lord Cardinal, has alone the true in
terpretation of Holy Scripture, has it? We shall see. You
should have ceased to make such assertions when it became
possible for men like me to unearth and decipher the works
of such writers as Glaber, Abbo of Fleury, Gennadius, and
Corodi. You will, no doubt, my Lord Cardinal, have heard
of the Millenarian insanity of the tenth century, although
you would undoubtedly rather that such as I had never
heard of it. How excellently the “ Divine authority of the
Church ” interpreted Revelation xx. 2-3 ! The binding of
Satan for a thousand years your Church alleged began at
the birth of Christ; so, of course, at the expiry of a thousand
years from that date, Satan was to be let loose, and unutter
able calamity, if not absolute annihilation, be visited upon
the world. In the tenth century your Church was in full
swing, with its Divine interpretations and all the rest of its
monstrous jugglery; and not even one solitary bark of a
heretic dog resounded through the caverns of your ecclesias
tical Avernus. You had, or your annalists belie you, a
perfect plethora of dirt and piety and plague and pestilenceLike rotten sheep, your ignorant and filthy dupes died off
in tens of thousands ; while the half-naked, vermin-eaten,
and nasty—but ignorant and holy—survivors crowded into
your abbeys and churches and implored God to have mercy
upon them; but he would not. You showed them relics,
and they wanted a bath ; you treated them to the Mass, and
they wanted soap ; you incited them to godliness, and they
wanted cleanliness. So much attention was given to dying
and to seeking the kingdom of God that the wheat and com
�8
THE DIVINE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE :
and barley remained unsown, or were allowed to be destroyed
by blight and mildew; and the survivors of the plague, for
wild roots, had to burrow in the ground like pigs, eat rats
and other vermin, and regale themselves upon diseased
human flesh from the corpses of their plague-stricken dead.
In this state of affairs what did your Divine and Scripture
interpreting Church do ? What wine and oil and bread and
consolation did it give to the scared and famished remnant
plague and pestilence had left ? Your holy Bernhardt of
Thuringia turned to the twentieth chapter of Revelation and
preached the immediate end of the world. As the clock
struck midnight on December 31st, 1000, the Devil would
break his chains, and, with blood and fire and misery, make
a prelude to the Day of Judgment. The clergy of your
Church took up the cry of Bernhardt. It was howled from
every abbey; it was thundered from every cathedral; and
frantic monks, with cope and stole and cord, appealed in
town and village and hamlet to a still more frantic populace.
Portent and miracle, wraith and apparition, dark shadows
on earth and blood-red signs in heaven, bore evidence to the
near advent of the Day of Doom. Europe was all but
ruined, but what mattered that ?—your “ divine Church ” was
enriched. Kings and nobles rushed to the sanctuary to
endow it with lands and wealth which they had won by
carnage and fire. With the sword they had gained place
and power by doing the work of the Devil, and now they
devoted all to the service of God, since they should have
to part with everything, anyhow, by the time the clock
struck twelve, ringing in the awful millennium and usher
ing in the end of the world. Kings and nobles, whose
pastime was slaughter, as regarded men, and lust as regarded
women, in spite of the dominance of the Church, grew
�A REPLY TO CARDINAL MANNING.
suddenly penitent, and flung away the sword for the missal
and abandoned the couch of the voluptuary for the monk’sshirt of hair. William of the Long Sword, Duke of Nor
mandy, was fain to abandon his ducal rank and take shelter
in the monkish cell. Hugh, Duke of Burgundy, was anxious
to throw up all to find shelter in the monastery against the
terrors of the Day of Doom; and Hugh, Count of Arles,
was like-minded. The Emperor, Henry II., crownless and
unkinged, presented himself at the abbey gate of St. Vanne,
howling piously from the psalms : “ This shall be my rest
forever; here will I dwell, for I have a delight therein.”’
Numbers of nobles left lands and castles and all to the
Church and hastened to the Holy Land, bare-footed, ragged,
and penniless, in the cunningly Church-inspired hope that
those who, at the crack of doom, were found in the sainted
clime in which the Redeemer had died would have certain
immunities from the horrors and terrors about to be wrecked
upon the rest of the human race. Others stubbornly and
desperately remained in their doomed castles and on their
estates, left to barrenness and weeds, and did not impiously
attempt to propitiate the vengeance of God. But the altars
were loaded with, and the church floors strewn with, legal
instruments, venerable parchment, and dusty vellum, repre
senting gifts to the Church of some of the noblest estates in
Europe, and thousands upon thousands of serfs and vassals.
The Church took them all, just as if the Day of Judgment had
not been so close at hand. The monks, Cardinal Manning,
were themselves the conveyancers, and the deeds of convey
ance began with the stereotyped words : “ Seeing that the
end of the world is now approaching, and that every day accu
mulates fresh miseries, I, Baron--------- , for the good of my
soul, give to the monastery of--------- ,” etc. The last day of
�IO
THE DIVINE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE:
the world was the harvest-day of the Church, and the twen
tieth chapter of Revelation was, for the time being, worth
more than all the remainder of the Book of God. And
gloriously your Church interpreted it, my Lord Cardinal, in
the interests of your order. The nobles you had under
your thumb by this divine gift the Church has for putting
the correct meaning upon Scripture texts; and, as for the
common people, they forgot all the instincts of human
nature in their abject terror. They wallowed in ignorance,
filth, and vermin. An eclipse of the sun became visible to
the Emperor Otho’s army on their march. They at once
recognised in it one of the apocalyptic “ signs in the sun.”
They were paralysed with fear. They dropped their
weapons, broke their ranks, and such of the screaming and
disorganised rabble as terror did not render motionless fled
to the mountains, literally calling to the rocks to hide them
and the hills to fall upon them.
On dragged the awful weeks—coming nearer and still
nearer to the instant when heaven and earth should pass
away. At length, at the end of the most terrible December
the world has ever seen, came the last week of the year
1000 a.d. Then there were such agonising suspense, such
paralysing fear, and such abandoned phrenzy as never
before or since have cursed such masses of the race of
man. Your Church, my Lord Cardinal, had indeed vindi
cated its claim to be “ the divine interpreter of Scripture.”
You took up the twentieth chapter of Revelation, and, by
your interpretation thereof, exalted the hierarchy and well
nigh ruined the world. During this terrible week the work
of the world was utterly suspended. For the ring of the
anvil there was the yell of the maniac; for the whirr of the
shuttle there was the shriek of the madman. Drearily rose
�A REPLY TO CARDINAL MANNING.
11
the sun, and drearily set in the last few wintry days before
his light was to be extinguished forever. Men held their
very breath in terror. Blanched white were the dark-brown
locks that so lately shaded the smooth and open brow of
youth. In the halls of luxury, where the arras was of the
richest, where the patines were of gold, and where the air
was heavy with odours, now lay the dead and dying com
mingled, no sexton to bury, and no thief to steal the
vessels of gold, and where the air had been heavy with
odours were now the filth of the living and the putrescence
of the dead. Beauty was beautiful no longer, heroism was
extinct, and valour was no more. The deer and the boar
roamed in the greenwood unscathed. No household fires
were lighted to shed a warmth through the wintry air. The
wine cask wTas unbroached and meals were no longer pre
pared. Men, women, and children, of all ranks and classes,
lay huddled together, clutching each other convulsively in
imminent expectation of the crashing of chains that would
herald the release of Satan and of the trumpet blast that
should signal the end of the world. Love was banished,
hate was forgotten, and terror was master of all. The
thread upon the distiff remained unwound, and the sword
lay rustling on the floor. Revelation xx. 3-4 had con
quered. Your divine-interpreting Church, Cardinal Man
ning, had driven Europe frantic that her riches might be
purloined as she lay in delirium.
All vocations were dead, save that of the priest. With
husky voice, haggard mien, and supernatural wildness of
gesticulation, the monk harangued in the market-place, and
around him surged all that Terror and Death had spared.
Nearer, nearer, and nearer came the end of the year, till
only a few hours intervened between mankind and the Day
�I2
THE DIVINE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE :
of Judgment. Then the remnant of human beings crushed
into the churches till they were filled to suffocation. Thou
sands clamoured in vain for admission at the gate of convent,
cathedral, and abbey. Resolved that it would be better for
their souls should they perish among the ruins of the house
of God, they who could not obtain admission scrambled up
to the roof, and mingled their chants and wails with the roll
of the organ which ascended from within. Midnight on the
31st of December was the utmost limit given for the release
of Satan ; but it was held that the release might take place
an hour or two before night’s solemn noon. The great
candles of the cathedral shone under groined arch and by
fluted column over the pale and upturned faces of a con
vulsed and motley multitude. There were no clocks; but,,
at regular intervals, on the great candles metal balls were
fixed by inflammable strings, and as, hour after hour, the
flame reached each string in succession, the ball fell into a
basin-shaped gong below, with a clang that, in the breath
less suspense which waited upon the burning of each string,
resounded to the loftiest turret, and reverberated among the
graves under the flag-stones in the aisle. One by one, an
eternity of suspense between them, fell the balls into the
gong, and yet the end of the world did not come, and the
winter morning dawned of the 1st of January, in the year
1001. The Holy Catholic Church had indeed interpreted
the Scripture—interpreted it to replenish her own coffers
and augment her own power. The world slowly slunk back
into its old work-a-day ways, but without taking pains to
resent its having been duped and hoaxed by the unscru
pulous cunning of Rome. Shame, my Lord Cardinal 1
Remember, you are not addressing the illiterate vassalageof the Dark Ages. Your words reach those who can criti-
�A REPLY TO CARDINAL MANNING.
13
rise them without favour and reject them without fear.
When you would speak of your Church being the only
divine interpreter of Scripture, remember the twentieth
chapter of Revelation and the year 1000 a.d., and be forever
dumb.
Nay, my Lord Cardinal; the pretensions of your Church
are going the way of all the earth. You yet manage to
hobble along on two crutches—the mental apathy and
moral credulity of mankind. But the earth swings round,
and the gnome casts another shadow upon the dial of Time.
A race arises that cares neither for your book nor your
infallible interpretation thereof. Address, if you will, the
present-day spawn of the bats and owls of medievalism ;
but the beams of the true sun of righteousness have now
broken through the gloom of your censor smoke and your
windows, dim with the effigies of saints. The perdition
which has overtaken Zeus and Isis is overtaking you.
Untold opulence, the romance of history, the wealth of
erudition, and the subtlety of intellect are yet on your side;
and I admit that even I, the “ Infidel,” immeasurably more
pronounced than ten thousand “ Infidels ” you have tortured
and burnt, have some feeling of sympathy with you as, girt
with the cestus of the mighty memories of two thousand
years of the irrevocable Past, you stand confronting your
inevitable doom from the fiat of the merciless Future.
Hater as I am of tyrants and tyranny, the tears have coursed
down my face as I have figured my fathers at Culloden
amid ruin and rout, riven tartan and shivered claymore,
perishing in the whirlwind that swept away the “divine
right of kings.” Like sympathy I extend to you and your
Church, Cardinal Manning, standing between the sunset of
the world’s yesterday and the dawn of the world’s to-morrow,
�14
THE DIVINE INTERPRETATION OF SCRIPTURE.
defending the divine right of priests. But, like a spectre of
the Brocken, your towers and citadels melt away into the
viewless air. You have made a darkly-interesting chapter
in anthropology; but the race rises to the level of new
developments and new seons, and, ere a long time pass,
your censor will smoke no more, your Jesus will have taken
his place with the obsolete gods, and the candles upon your
altar shall burn no more forever. The same sun in the
heavens that has looked down upon the waning altar-fires
of the faiths of the world’s hoary yesterday shall yet look
down upon your altars, cold, deserted, and desolate. The
altar of the future will be the concave of the sky overarching
in glory the everlasting hills. The -worship of the future,
irrespective of teleological dogma, will be the reaching
forward to stronger brain, purer morals, and a happier world.
To further the advent, my Lord Cardinal, of that nobler
altar and grander worship, the Freethinkers of America are
met to-day on the Cassadaga heights, and they permit me
thus to shake hands with them over the “ misty and mourn
ful Atlantic,” and add my feeble spark to the splendour of
the coming day in a land where Romanism never had the
mastery—on a continent of which your Jesus never heard.
�Post Free Three-Halfpence.
JE rice One Fenny.
FROM THE VALLEY
OF
THE SHADOW OF DEATH.
By SALADIN.
IN
BRUNO
MEMORIAL
STEWART
ROSS,
Died igth November, 1882, aged two years and five weeks.
London : W. Stewart & Co., 41, Farringdon Street, E.C
Recently Published.
Post free Twopence-halfpenny.
WITCHCRAFT
IN CHRISTIAN COUNTRIES.
By SALADIN.
Being an Address delivered at the Inauguration of the Secular
Society at Stockport, November 19th, 1882—the Marquis of
Queensberry in the Chair.
London : W. Stewart & Co., 41, Farringdon Street, E.C.
Price 2s. post free.
Elegantly printed in colours.
SONGS BY THE WAYSIDE
OP AN AGNOSTICS LIFE.
By Himself.
“It is not an irreverent Agnosticism that is uttered in these pages,
although, without doubt, it is terribly heterodox ; but the author evidently
feels and think, which is more than can be said of some of our versifiers.’
—Scotsman, July 21st, 1883.
London: W. Stewart & Co., 41, Farringdon Street, E.C.
�Every Thursday.
Price Twopence.
THE SECULAR REVIEW:
.
», A JOURNAL OF AGNOSTICISM.
‘EDITED
BY SALADIN,
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Freethought in England, and its contributors comprise some
of the leading scholars and foremost thinkers of the country.
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By LARA.
Dedicated to Saladin.
“ Contains specimens of the most biting satire penned since
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London: W. Stewart & Co., 41, Farringdon Street, E.C. ’
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AN EXAMINATION OF THE
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AGNOSTICISM.
By WILLIAM BELL McTAGGART.
London: W. Stewart & Co., 41, Farringdon Street, E.C.
�
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Victorian Blogging
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Title
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The divine interpretation of scripture : a reply to Cardinal Manning
Creator
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Ross, William Stewart [1844-1906]
Description
An account of the resource
Place of publication: London
Collation: 14, [2] p. ; 18 cm.
Notes: "Being a paper read at the Cassadaga Conference, New York, by S.P. Putnam, Secretary, American Liberal League." Publisher's advertisements on unnumbered page at the end and back page. "By Saladin" [title page], the pseudonym of William Stewart Ross. Part of the NSS pamphlet collection.
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W. Stewart & Co.
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[188?]
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N583
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Bible
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<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /></a><span> </span><br /><span>This work (The divine interpretation of scripture : a reply to Cardinal Manning), identified by </span><a href="https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/www.conwayhall.org.uk"><span>Humanist Library and Archives</span></a><span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</span>
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Text
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English
Bible-Criticism
Henry Edward Manning
Interpretation
NSS