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The Earls of Warwick.
Among the many beautiful country seats which claim the willing
admiration of tourists and visitors, none perhaps is so well known and
so dear to the country at large, as Warwick Castle. Standing as it
does to this day, in its ancient feudal magnificence, it is the pride, not
only of the quiet little town which surrounds it so closely that it seems
as if clinging to it for protection, but of all who love the history of their
country, and who delight to preserve not only in the library, but in
every form of relic, the remembrance of “the brave (if stormy) days
of old.”
This was avowedly the spirit which prompted the generous sub
scription raised on the occasion of the disastrous fire a few years ago—
a fire which, by the way, has left, we may be thankful to know, few
outward traces of its ravages. It was not because the residence of
Lord Warwick had been threatened with destruction that money flowed
in so freely, but because we looked upon Warwick Castle as a national
treasure, and would have mourned it as a national loss. And not to
Englishmen only is it dear—there is no spot in England to which the
steps of American pilgrims turn more frequently, when visiting the
historic shrines of the old country.
We may hope, then, that a short sketch will not be unwelcome of
the many illustrious men known to us as Earls of Warwick, not a few
traces of whom are to be found in the stately pile, but whose fame has
reached far beyond the limits of their own domains. Few men are
more familiar to readers of English history, and have played a more
important (if not always fortunate) part than the various owners of
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The Earls of Warwick.
this historic title, and in the endeavour to follow their fortunes we shall
be brought into contact with many illustrious English Houses which by
inheritance or marriage, have come into its possession.
The arbitrary transfer by the King of title and estates from one
family to another, is a fact which often meets us in olden days, when
such a display of power was but a part of the kingly prerogative, and
when all classes benefiting by the feudal system admitted the Royal
right to transfer estates after attainder. That this was a matter of
frequent occurrence will not surprise us when we remember the many
disputes in which the succession to the throne was involved, and the
warmth with which the great nobles espoused the cause of Plantagenet,
Yorkist, Lancastrian, or Tudor. Of course the victor rewarded his
followers with the possessions of those who were on the losing side.
We shall see how this was the case with the Earls of Warwick in the
disastrous Wars of the Roses.
To begin at the beginning, or rather a little before, our first mention
must be of the romantic and mythical Guy the Saxon, Earl of Warwick.
There are many allusions to this famous hero in mediaeval chronicles,
but none earlier than the 14th century, and, as one of Guy’s great
achievements, the fight with the Danish champion Colbrand the Giant,
(“that same mighty man,” as he is called in “King John”) is fixed in
the year 926, antiquaries receive such comparatively late statements
with a smile of incredulity. Shakespeare has another allusion to the
renowned Guy in “ Henry VIII.; ” (Act 5, scene 3.) Chaucer refers
to him in the “Canterbury Tales,” and in the Percy Ballads are two
old English poems—“ The Legend of Sir Guy,” and “ Guy and Amarant.”
Other less known histories and legends are really too numerous to
mention. After his famous duel Guy is said to have retired to a
hermitage, and to have made with his own hands the cave known as
Guy’s Cliff, near Warwick. A few days before his death he revealed
himself to his fair Countess Phillis, whom he seems to have treated in
a somewhat unaccountable manner, for she was left in ignorance of her
husband’s abode, and only summoned, as we have said, to his deathbed.
However, she was gentle and forgiving, and he, after a lofty accep
�The Earls of Warwick.
493
tance of her devotion, died, we have no doubt, “ universally esteemed
and regretted.” Several modern writers have been inclined to admit
that his exploits had a basis of reality, and the Earls of Warwick have
certainly adopted him as an ancestor, by causing his history to be
worked in tapestry, by taking his Christian name, and by calling after
him a tower of their castle. His armour and gigantic “ porridge pot ”
are shown with apparent good faith by the old woman in charge of the
room containing the relics. She affirms the hero to have been 8 feet
11 inches in height.
Coming to historical times we find that, previous to the Norman
Conquest, the titular Earls of Warwick were really no more than
officers of the Earls of Mercia, and did not in their own right possess
the town ,and castle. When the Conqueror usurped the throne,
Jurchill, the son of Alwine, was Vicecomes (Viscount) of Warwick.
He seems to have been a peaceable man, and wise in his generation,
if wisdom consists in holding aloof from the struggles of one’s country.
Whatever his convictions or sympathies may have been, he refrained
from giving assistance to Harold, and was allowed to remain, for the
time being, in quiet possession of his estates. He obeyed the King’s
mandate to repair and fortify the town and castle, and is mentioned
in the Domesday Book as one of the landowners of the county. Not
withstanding his adoption of the immortal principle that “ whatever is,
is right,” Jurchill experienced the proverbial fickleness of Princes, for
during his life we find the Conqueror transferring his title and estates
to a follower of his own from “ La belle Normandie,” Henry de
Newburgh, younger son of Roger de Bellamont, and in him we have
now reached the first historical Earl of Warwick. In this family the
honour remained till 1242, when Thomas de Newburgh dying without
issue, left Margaret, his half sister, his heir. She married twice, both
her husbands successively bearing the title of Earl ; the second, John
de Plessetis, is recorded in the Annals of the County to have granted
to the Burgesses of Warwick, in the 45th year of Henry III., a fair
for three days. Countess Margaret died about 1263, having survived
her second husband, and leaving no children; the Earldom was then
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The Earls of Warwick.
inherited by William de Malduit, her cousin, who, dying in his turn
without children, was succeeded by his nephew, William de Beauchamp,
Baron of Elmley.
The new Earls of Warwick were a more illustrious race than any
of their predecessors, and have left numerous traces of their activity at
home and abroad. We begin now to realise the individuality of each
Earl, and to be able to follow his history more in detail. We do not
hear much of Earl William beyond his own town, to which he was an
important benefactor; he established fairs and markets in the reign
of Edward I., and began the important works of walling and paving;
they did not, however, proceed rapidly, for permission to levy tolls for
their execution was granted by the two succeeding Edwards.
Thomas de Beauchamp, I oth Earl, was a man of high consideration
in the 14th century, and was much distinguished in the French and
Scotch wars of Edward III., earning “ the priceless honour of mention
by Froissart,” who, speaking of him with Lord Clinton, says, “They
took many strong towns, and gained great honour by their conduct
and valour.” He died near Calais in 1376, and is buried with his
wife in the Choir of St. Mary’s Church, Warwick, where his tomb is
still to be seen.
He was succeeded by his son, also named Thomas, who was chosen
governor to Richard II. during his minority, but being dismissed from
Court, he spent the greater part of his life jn a calm and happy exile
in his own domains, “ far from the madding crowd,” and is best known
to posterity as the builder of the tower at the north-east corner of the
castle, known as Guy’s Tower.
Dying in 1401, he was succeeded by his son Richard, whose career
was a more eventful and distinguished one. He took in battle the
standard of Owen Glendower during the rebellion of that chieftain
against Henry IV. He fought with eminent success in the French wars
of Henry V., and having, in 1425, been sent over to France with a
reinforcement of 6,000 men, he was left by the Duke of Bedford to act
as Regent during his own absence in England. While holding this
post he carried on the war with great good fortune, and gained several
�The Earls of Warwick.
495
important places in the Province of Maine. On the return of Bedford
to France in 1428, Warwick was summoned home by the English
Counsil to undertake the guardianship of the minor Henry VI. He
continued to fill this post till 1437, when he was appointed Regent of
Trance. His second administration was not signalised by any remark
able event, and before it had lasted quite two years he fell ill and died
at the Castle of Rouen, in April, 1439; in the following October his
body was brought to Warwick, and deposited, by his own desire, in a
chest of stone before the Altar of St. Mary’s Church, until the erection,
in accordance with his will, of the beautiful Beauchamp Chapel attached
to that Church.
The tomb to which his remains were ultimately
removed stands in the centre of the "Chapel and is considered to be
inferior to none in England, except that Of Henry VII. at Westminster.
Gough says that “about the middle of the 17th century the floor of
our Lady’s Chapel fell in, and discovered the body perfect and fresh,
till, on the letting in of the air, it fell to pieces. The ladies of Warwick
made rings of the noble Earl’s hair.” He is known by the honourable
title of “ The Good,” and by his second wife he left two children, Henry
who succeeded him, and Anne, who married Richard Nevil, son of the
Earl of Salisbury, whose name we must carefully remember.
Henry de Beauchamp’s life was honourable but brief; inheriting
the title in 1439, it is said that he was kept out of his estates for two
years by Henry VI., who, to atone for his injustice, nominated him in
1444 Premier Earl of England, with the privilege of wearing a gold
coronet, and a few days afterwards created him Duke of Warwick.
Not content with this, Henry, in the following year, made this favourite
of fortune King of the Islands of Wight, Jersey and Guernsey, crowning
him with his own hand. Unhappily, honours do not ensure life to enjoy
them, for in June of the same year (1445) Beauchamp died, leaving
one little daughter Anne; the dukedom became extinct on his death,
and the Earldom was inherited by baby Anne, who left this world and
its distinctions in 1449, when six years old. There was now left but
one representative of the illustrious Beauchamp family, Anne, daughter
of the Good Earl Richard, sister of the late Duke, and aunt of the poor
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The Earls of Warwick.
little countess. This Anne, it will be remembered, had married
Richard Nevil, who, when his wife succeeded to the vast family estates,
was created Earl of Warwick, the dignity to descend to the heirs of
his wife “with all pre-eminences that any of their ancestors before the
creation of Henry, Duke of Warwick used.”
The fame of the now extinct Beauchamps pales before that of the
great Earl Richard, known to us so well as “ The King-maker.” It
seems almost a work of supererogation to undertake his history, but
still our sketch would be wholly incomplete without it, and it will do
none of us harm to discover how much knowledge we now possess of
what puzzled and wearied us all in our childish days, the unhappy
Wars of the Roses. Surely no portion of English history is more sad,
or more perplexing, and with it is inextricably woven the name of
Richard Nevil, who seems to have been related to most of the eminent
men of the day, in a manner which can only be ravelled by a herald
or antiquary. The most important, and by far the most distracting
of these alliances, is that which connected him with Richard, Duke of
York who, as representative of Lionel, third son of Edward III., was
the lineal heir to the throne now occupied by the House of Lancaster,
descended from Edward’s fourth son, John of Gaunt. It will be sufficient
to say that Edward IV. (son of Richard, Duke of York) and the Earl
of Warwick were first cousins.
We have now met the greatest name which will appear in our
sketch “the hero of the age, Richard Nevil,” whose history is that of
the long and dreary contest between the Houses of York and Lancaster,
and who, says Hume, “ was the greatest, as well as the last, of those
mighty Barons who formerly overawed the crown.” With the reign
of Henry VII. began a new order of things, and the great feudal
system was at an end.
Warwick was by tiesand sympathy a Yorkist, and to the competitor
who had on his side the greatest noble of the age, who could bring
into the field 60,000 men, and who belonged to “ the most extensively
connected family that ever existed among the nobility of England,”
success was almost guaranteed. When the incapacity of Henry VI.
�The Earls of Warwick.
497
was declared, and the Barons chose the Duke of York as Protector of
the kingdom, Warwick adopted the cause of his kinsman, and the
battle of St. Alban’s, the first at which the Yorkists and Lancastrians
met, was mainly won by his valour. He was rewarded with the
Governorship of Calais, then and for long after, the most important
military charge in Christendom ; to this Henry, anxious to conciliate
so powerful a subject, joined the command of the fleet for five years.
Warwick added naval to his military successes, and on entering
London in 1460 he was received with universal acclamation.
The Duke of York now advanced his claim to the throne ; Warwick
defeated the army of Margaret of Anjou near Northampton, and
obtained possession of the King’s person. The next battle, that of
Wakefield, was disastrous to the Yorkists; the Duke was taken and
put to death, and Warwick’s father, with twelve other nobles, was
beheaded at Pontefract. The Queen’s second victory at St. Alban’s
liberated Henry, but a junction of Warwick’s forces with those of the
young Edward, now Duke of York, compelled the Royal army to
retire to the north. Edward and Warwick entered London in triumph;
on the 4th of March, 1461 the former was proclaimed king and the
defeat of the Lancastrian army at Towton on the 29th secured to him
the throne. During the remaining years of the struggle, Warwick
performed many important services, and it was by him that the un
fortunate Henry was conducted to the Tower in June, 1465.
Warwick was now at the height of greatness; he was Earl of
Warwick and Salisbury, High Admiral, Great Chamberlain, Lord
Lieutenant of Ireland, and Governor of Calais. What then was the
reason of his great apostacy, and adoption of the cause of Queen
Margaret and her son ? Many motives are assigned for it; among
them, King Edward’s marriage; jealousy of the Queen’s relations, the
Woodvilles; the marriage of the king’s sister with the Duke of
Burgundy, contrary to his (Warwick’s) advice, and his dishonoured
embassy to the Court of France; and, according to one account, a
gross insult offered by Edward to his daughter Anne. Lord Lytton
considers the last to be the true reason, and discards all other
�498
The Earls of Warwick.
surmises. Certain it is that there was a rupture between the King and
his hitherto faithful ally, and a hollow reconciliation which did not last
long. In July 1468, Edward’s next brother, the Duke of Clarence,
gave great offence to His Grace by marrying the Earl’s elder daughter
Isabel Nevil.
The story of Warwick’s movements at this time is lengthy and
tedious; he soon broke out in open revolt against Edward, and con
cluded a treaty with Queen Margaret to the effect that her son, Prince
Edward, should marry his youngest daughter Anne, and that, in failure
of issue, the crown should devolve upon Clarence. King Edward
escaped to Holland, and Henry resumed the sovereignty ; this Revolu
tion earned for Warwick his well known title of “ King-maker.” He
was restored by parliament to the offices taken from him by Edward ;
but this only lasted a few months; in March, 1471, Edward, assisted
by the Duke of Burgundy, landed in Yorkshire; Clarence and the
Archbishop of York were won over, and on April 14th the two armies
met at Barnet. The Lancastrians were defeated, and our great Earl
and his brother Montague left dead on the field. Their bodies were
exposed three days in St. Paul’s, and then buried at Bisham, in
Berkshire.
This was a fatal blow to the fortunes of the Nevils; they never
recovered power after the battle of Barnet, and the present Earl of
Abergavenny is the only lineal descendant of that almost regal House.
The Earl’s widow, Anne de Beauchamp, who survived him many
years, was reduced to great poverty till the restoration of her estates
after the accession of Henry VII.
The next inheritor of the title will not occupy us long ; “ the perjured
and despicable Clarence,” is unworthy of lengthened notice. He married,
as we have seen, the King-maker’s eldest daughter, and was created
by the King Earl of Warwick. But Edward never forgot that
Clarence had joined arms against him in connection with his father-inlaw, and though afterwards reconciled, they were never cordial.
Clarence was attainted of treason by a parliament which met in 1478,
and was privately put to death, being drowned, as is popularly
�The Earls of Warwick.
499
believed, in a butt of Malmsey. His son also bore the title Earl of
Warwick, and his history is perhaps the saddest we shall be called
upon to record.
We do not hear much of him till after the accession of Henry VIII.,
when he was immediately lodged in the Tower. In 1468 broke out
the insurrection of Lambert Simnel, who was put forward as the young
Earl of Warwick, and was even received as such by the Duchess of
Burgundy, sister of Edward IV., and accorded royal honours in the
name of the unfortunate prisoner in the Tower. The imposture was
soon detected, but another Pretender having arisen who gave himself
the name of Earl of Warwick, Henry considered it essential to the
safety of his dynasty to put the poor young Earl to death; and he was
beheaded on Tower Hill. Henry, though rapacious and avaricious,
was not bloodthirsty, and we must do him the justice of believing that,
unless he considered himself compelled, he would not have committed
so cruel an act. From this time there was no Earl of Warwick till
Edward VI. conferred the title upon John Dudley, Viscount Lisle,
who was maternally descended from Margaret Beauchamp, daughter
of Richard de Beauchamp, twelfth Earl, and who is better known to
us by his subsequently acquired title of Duke of Northumberland. He
was the son of Edmund Dudley, infamous as the instrument of
Henry VII’s extortions, and was introduced at court by the reigning
favourite, Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, receiving the honour of
knighthood for the gallantry he had shown while attending the Duke
on his expedition to France. He enjoyed the patronage of Wolsey
and Cromwell, and was by their interest appointed to more than one
lucrative office. The fall of his patrons did not affect his fortunes, for
in 1542 we find him raised to the peerage as Viscount Lisle, and next
year he was made Lord High Admiral for life, and appointed
Governor of Boulogne; finally, he was one of the sixteen noblemen
nominated by Henry VIII. in his will, for the carrying on of the Govern
ment during the minority of his son.
At first all things went smoothly enough, and Dudley appears as a
cordial supporter of the Protector’s (Somerset) authority. In 1547 he
�500
The Earls of Warwick.
acquired the title which constitutes his interest to us, and was created
Earl of Warwick. He greatly distinguished himself in the expedition
to Scotland in the autumn of the same year, and gained the battle of
Pinkey. When the rebellion broke out in Norfolk, “ this noble chieftain
and valiant Earl,” as Hollinshed calls him, was entrusted with its
suppression. The history of Warwick’s rivalry with Somerset is an
evil and treacherous page in his life, and one which makes us feel that
the ultimate retribution he met with was just.
The Protector’s
execution of his brother, Lord Seymour, is supposed to have been
instigated by Warwick, who was bent on the destruction of both
brothers. As Somerset’s popularity declined, Warwick’s increased,
and he was soon strong enough to bring about the deposition of his
rival from his high office and his committal to the Tower ; he was
afterwards released, and a reconciliation effected by means of his
marriage with Warwick’s daughter, but the two suns could not shine
in the same hemisphere, and Warwick, now Duke of Northumberland
and practically Protector, consummated his treachery when, by his
means, Somerset was convicted of felony, and executed on Tower
Hill. He met his death with courage, and popular sympathy was
greatly excited in his favour by the feeling that he had fallen a
victim to a man much less worthy than himself and that, in him, the
Reformation had lost its great supporter. Dudley never overcame
the hatred which that day’s work incurred, and his fatal ambition
proved his ruin. In April, 1552, Edward’s health began to fail and
Northumberland to plot for the transference of the Crown into his own
family. His son, Guildford Dudley, had married Lady Jane Grey,
great granddaughter of Henry VII., upon whose descendants
Henry VIII. had settled the crown in failure of the lives of his son and
daughters, and Northumberland induced the dying young King to
exclude his sisters, and nominate Lady Jane as his successor. This
was kept concealed for some days after Edward’s death, but on the 10th
of July Jane was proclaimed Queen, and on the 16th Northumberland
left London at the head of a force of 8,000 men to meet the adherents
of the Queen, but losing hope, he abandoned the cause of his
�The Earls of Warwick.
501
daughter-in-law and proclaimed her rival Queen. This, however,
did not save him; on the same day he was arrested, and on
the 25th committed to the Tower, where sad indeed must have
been his thoughts, and the remembrance of his past grandeur and
ambition. No position is more pitiable than that of the man who has
had the highest power, save the kingly, within his grasp, and lost all
by his own criminal folly. What repentance can be so bitter !
Heartfelt and earnest, but so ineffectual! The last act of this sad
tragedy took place in August, when Northumberland, with his eldest
son, was arraigned for high treason; both were found guilty, but the
father only was executed, and suffered on Tower Hill, proclaiming
himself, to the g-eneral surprise, a Roman Catholic, though he had
professed through life the Reformed faith.
His son, styled Earl of Warwick, was released from custody, but
died a few days after, and his younger brother, Ambrose Dudley, was
restored by Queen Elizabeth to the dignities of Baron Lisle and Earl
of Warwick. He died in 1581, without children, and his monument
is erected in Beauchamp Chapel. “ Good Earl Ambrose ” is best known,
perhaps, as brother of the more famous, but less virtuous, Earl of
Leicester.
We have now reached another interregnum in the family history,
and the end of all historical interest attached to the Earls of Warwick;
from this time they may have been respectable, but they were no longer
illustrious. We have rapidly followed the fortunes of Newburgh,
Beauchamp, Nevil, Plantaganet and Dudley, and a few words will
dismiss those who succeeded to the title, but not to the greatness so
long connected with it.
Ambrose Dudley died childless, and the Earldom remained dormant
till it was revived by James I., in the person of Robert Rich, Earl of
Warwick and Holland. It was retained by this family from 1618, when
it again fell into abeyance, in default of male heirs; the only Earl of
this race whom we need mention is Addison’s stepson, who is, however,
only known in connection with his illustrious stepfather; it was to him
the dying poet addressed the famous words, “ See how a Christian can
die.”
�502
The Earls of Warwick.
Another intricate genealogical puzzle brings us to the present owners
of this ancient dignity, the Grevilles. Early in the 16th century, Sir
Fulke Greville had married the granddaughter and heiress of Lord
Willoughby de Broke and his wife Elizabeth Beauchamp, who was
descended from a brother of the William de Beauchamp who became
Earl of Warwick in 1267. On a descendant of this Sir Fulke (who
had himself been created Lord Broke) the title was conferred in
r759> and in his family it still remains. Thus proud ambition and
chequered fortunes have yielded place to peaceful honour.
A. G.
�
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Victorian Blogging
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The Earls of Warwick
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Place of publication: [s.l.]
Collation: [491]-502 p. ; 22 cm.
Notes: From 'Victoria' vol. 26. [Information from Victoria Clark's catalogue]. From the library of Dr Moncure Conway. Signed A.G.
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Aristocracy
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Conway Tracts
Earl of Warwick