1 10 4 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/25778/archive/files/cdc2965bfd8fe08cf1f0a53a14bd85de.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=C0%7E9Mw2yfS2kQlWI-2g0rypA9aHAUgcl5rnhpgFyrN-WRbEF-wSiazXk-N5WTVsiGpZaOl4pgNcPDEyxvcRXzxRUYGU0nWfyNPOsfv4gi4DH5WZiBFeJMp-2UTlQrIDMSJvDK3mfyigfioR0rDXDZCMF6kty2FiivRzjSfgTTBM%7ETK9OqI048ujfhbJIk6NeDnQeHmxHQ1XyiaIq1zq4eqznE4gjL%7EywUn0mbSLJTZfQbcDaQreY07ZySwFWwjqKU9YS5PBr-AuTnkcAlbtt1%7Ei4h%7EfaBnu9QqrSr3J1A269xQvb%7ETAUlUHFsFH8hnDrGW6j7yUvFt91on27XpVa%7Ew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 886288a581847bf131b6db30f68a8de7 PDF Text Text Our Indian Relations. one. The world is all complex to the child, to the savage. Science simplifies by formulating laws and grouping results. Religion needs to be simplified in like manner. The Gospel as an abstraction is as perplexed as other abstractions. Ap­ ply it in life, and you will find that it simplifies itself more and more. Peo­ ple may talk as much as they will of the subtleties which it delights man­ kind both to invent and to refute. This may be a harmless, even a useful mental gymnastic. But let us seek more and more for this applied Gospel, and for such purity of prescription and stringency of ex­ ample as may help us more and more to its application. And one word more about simplicity. There are two opposite views of God, which, like other oppositions, should illusstrate instead of excluding each other. God may be considered in his three-fold aspect, for every true unity is capable of a three-fold in­ terpretation. But the unity of God remains for Christianity the cardinal doctrine, the simplest, most scien­ tific and practical. So pray let us hold to this divine unity, which does not exclude the study of trinity, but which must preclude any such divi­ sion. I think you ought to have more Unitarian churches in NewYork—more, and other. The want of centrality makes itself felt in this. Much thought which orthodoxy fails to crystallize does not enter into the faithful combination which forms a church; and this is the last place in the world in which such a concourse of consciences can be dis­ pensed with. Here the faithful should constantly meet, and uphold each other in the constant, peaceable warfare against the wrongs that un­ dermine society. OUR INDIAN RELATIONS. BY COLONEL S. F. Y?; TAPPAN. “ A sound of war is on the western wind ; The sun, with fiery flame, sweeps down the sky ; Athwart his breast the crimson shadows fly Of fearless forms no fetters e’er can bind. -3 “ The eagle plunges from his mountain nest, And screaming, soars above the distant plain, / Plucking his plumes without a pang of pain, Though stained with blood from his own beating breast.” Again is the country startled by reports of an impending conflict, the hurrying of troops to the plains, and active preparations for an armed contest with the Sioux Indians. The excitement is temporarily allayed by an occasional telegram from Wash­ ington, that the general of the army is confident that there is to be no serious trouble after all. He is alarmed, and foolishly imagines that, having raised the storm, he can coni trol it. He very well knew—for he is not an idiot—that when he, with his �Otir Indian Relations. Meutenant, as early as last October, deliberately planned the betrayal and assassination of a small camp of Piegans, when the winter and small­ pox should have rendered them com­ pletely helpless ; a conspiracy that culminated, in January last, in a mas­ sacre so atrocious as to fill the coun­ try with amazement and horror; that such a deed of shame would drive the Indians to make common cause and retaliate, and a general war would be the result. Having for months failed to force the Comanches, Kiowas, Cheyennes, Arrapahoes, and Apaches to open hostilities, by massacre and the most excessive cruelties, he made sure work of it by the destruction of the Piegans. And now, while making extensive pre­ parations for war, and demanding an increase of the army, he assures the country that the trouble will soon be at an end. War threatens us, which, under the circumstances, will prove the greatest of calamities, a calamity not so much in the loss of life and treasure, as in the loss of our national honor and fame. The government, not the Indians, is at fault; for it refuses them simple, even-handed justice, which is all they demand, as a condi­ tion of a permanent and honorable peace. This nation is guilty of a wanton, persistent violation of sacred obligations, entered into with the red men of the west, and thereby forces them on to the war-path as their only means of self-preservation and safety, as their only tribunal for a re­ dress of grievance, their only way of resisting the terrible and infamous edict proclaimed against them, that they are to be “ exterminated, men, women, and childrenthat the 17 dreaded fate of the poor sick Piegans is to be theirs, whenever an oppor­ tunity offers the troops for the con­ summation of such transcendent trea­ chery and atrocity. They see the black and piratical flag displayed in their country by our army, and com­ prehend its villainous and bloody import. They understand fully the design of their Christian, civilized, and cowardly enemy who refuses them quarter, and glories in the massacre of helpless men, women, and children. They know very well that if they submit they are lost; if they rely upon the plighted faith of the nation, they are betrayed and assassinated. The regular army, in its fear of re­ duction, becomes a scourge to the Indians, and to the country as well; it afflicts them with suffering and death, while it fastens upon us as a people dishonor and shame. It commends them to the eternal sympa­ thy of mankind as victims, while we are doomed to be execrated for all time to come as the assassins. Of the two give me the fate of the In­ dian. “ Better the victim than the assassin.” Better leave the world by the hand of violence, the last of a noble race more sinned against than sinning, than to remain forever with untold wealth, unlimited power and fame, with the consciousness of hav­ ing aided in the destruction of an en­ tire people, for no crime, but upon the miserable, cowardly, and false assumption, criminal in the ex­ treme, that we could not govern or civilize it. Believing that all this trouble ori­ ginated with men of prominence, for the purpose of preventing a threaten­ ed or anticipated reduction of our military establishment; that wars with �78 * Our Iudiait Relations, Indians are wholly unnecessary, can easily be avoided, and are dishonor­ able to all connected with them ; that the children of the wilderness only demand simple justice as a con­ dition of a permanent and honorable peace ;. the writer enters his earnest protest against these warlike proceed­ ings, and declares that there is no necessity or justification for them whatever; 'that under the circum­ stances it is not war but massacre, and, if persisted in, fastens upon our beloved country a crime more atro­ cious and infamous than that of the St. Bartholomew massacre in France a few centuries ago. With these convictions, the writer will attempt, in this and future num­ bers of The Standard, to present the true state of this great cause ; to write from an experience of years among the Indians of the plains and the Rocky Mountains ; first, as an officer in the military service, in com­ mand of troops and posts in their country, and afterward as a member of the Indian Peace Commission, cre­ ated by unanimous vote of Congress, by an act approved July 20th, 1867 ; writing with no other wish or desire than to deal justly with all, arraigning before the country the real criminals, whatever their position may be, and protecting from misrepresentation and slander the innocent, under what­ soever ban they may exist. The United States Indian Com­ mission was organized some two years ago, by distinguished and phi­ lanthropic gentlemen of New-York, for the benevolent and statesmanlike purpose of removing the ban of out­ lawry from the Indians, making them citizens of the United States, pro­ tected by and amenable to its laws ; to prevent the government from waging wars against its wards and dependents ; to promote their ad­ vancement in the useful arts, pursuits, and education of civilization, and so far influence the government and public opinion as to create a whole­ some and humane sentiment con­ cerning their rights and privileges; to publish and circulate the best in­ formation, from official and other sources, concerning the condition and interests of the unfortunately pro­ scribed Indian race ; also to facili­ tate the organization of similar asso­ ciations throughout the country, and, by agitating this question, create a better public sentiment, which would induce Congress to give it sufficient prominence to command their atten­ tion, and thereby secufe the much required legislation. For two years this commission has existed and labored in various ways, doing splendid service, sending one of their number, Mr. Vincent Col­ yer, to visit the Indians of the plains and mountains, to examine into and report their condition and Wants. Faithfully and ably was this work performed by their agent, who, return­ ing to this city to make preparations for a visit, under the auspices of this commission to the native population of Alaska, was appointed by Presi­ dent Grant, in recognition of his valuable service on the plains, and the importance of the New-York as­ sociation, as one of the Board of In­ dian Commissioners, and sent to our newly acquired territory of the ex­ treme north-west, from which he re­ turned a few months later and sub­ mitted his able and faithful report, which, more than any thing else, will prevent a costly war in that quarter. �Our Indian Relations. The military were determined to bring about a conflict with the Indians by outrages upon them. Now, the record so unmistakably vindicates the peaceful character and intentions of the natives of Alaska, and so strongly condemns the conduct and actions of the troops stationed there, that trouble is averted. This commission is still at work, sustained by the public sentiment of the country, although that sentiment does not yet find expression in simi­ lar organizations which are so much needed. At a meeting of the com­ mission on the evening of the 26th of April, at the. Cooper Institute, presided over by the president of the society, the distinguished and vene­ rable Peter Cooper, Esq., resolu­ tions were unanimously adopted, call­ ing upon the friends of this great movement throughout the country to organize for cooperation with this association, and to meet with it in convention on the 18 th of May. A call that the exigencies of the public service demand, should be generally responded to by the American peo­ ple. At the April meeting referred to, the Indian question was discussed in its broadest and truest sense. One of the speakers, Hon. Sidney Clarke, member of Congress from Kansas, and Chairman of the House Commit­ tee on Indian Affairs, in his adddres stated an important truth when he said, “All the government wanted in this crisis was an Indian policy.” Now, no well-defined arid understood policy exists. The President, deter­ mined on a radical reform in the ad­ ministration of Indian affairs, has sent well-known peace men as the representatives of the government to the Plains Indians, with most favor­ able results, even while the nation’s wards rest under the ban of outlawry and outrage, and are the victims of the most violent passions and unjust prejudices, with the army determined on war, and Congress refusing its aid. Even under these adverse circum­ stances, the policy of the present ad­ ministration has commended itself to the country as a success. What would it not be if these obstacles were removed and the President had a clear field ? It proves beyond ques­ tion that the Indians are not opposed to a permanent and honorable peace. During the summer of 1865, after the Sand Creek massacre, and during the continuance of a war that fol­ lowed as a consequence of that cow­ ardly and infamous atrocity, Congress saw the necessity of a radical change in the administration of Indian affairs, and delegated a committee of their own members—including the then President pro tern, of the Senate— to proceed at once to the Indian country, ascertain the cause of trou­ bles, and suggest a remedy. These distinguished gentlemen faithfully performed the work assigned them, reported as the cause of Indian wars the fact that the Indian was an out­ law, and the remedy a very simple one, namely, the extension of the civil law over the Indian country. To secure this, they prepared an act which passed the Senate by a con­ siderable majority, but it was after­ ward defeated in the House. This committee had no difficulty in con­ ferring with the then hostile tribe. The Cheyennes heard of their com­ ing, and stood ready to meet, and did meet them in council, when an agreement of peace was made and �8o Our Indian Relations. faithfully adhered to by the Indians, until the burning of their village two years after. In 1867, war again existed on the plains, attended with a fearful loss of life, a serious interference with settlement and travel, and an im­ mense expense of treasure. The Indian Peace Commission was cre­ ated by act of Congress, approved by the President on the 20th of July. This commission was sent out to meet the hostile Indians, which was easily done. Council with them was held, hostilities on their part stayed, and terms of settlement agreed upon. After which the commis­ sion reported to Congress not only the causes of Indian wars, but sug­ gested the remedy: The ban of outlawry must be removed from the Indian, the protection of laws ex­ tended over him, civilization, edu­ cation, liberty, and a permanent home guaranteed to him and his forever. Unfortunately for the coun­ try and the peace of the plains, these recommendations have not yet been acted upon. Consequently, Congress is not free from all guilt in this matter; it has persistently refused to legislate upon the subject, as advised by its own commissions ; but, on the contrary, has repudiated them in a manner so treacherous and unjust that the Secretary of the Interior was im­ pelled to send in a special message, indorsed by the President, defending the Peace Commission and its deal­ ings with the Indians from the un­ accountable action of the House of Representatives. * The treatment of the Indians for centuries, by the government and people, has made them outcasts and vagabonds, has fastened upon them the enslaving and degrading ban of outlawry, given free license to ruf­ fians to murder them as if they were wolves, has encouraged the army to betray and massacre them while trust­ ing in the plighted faith of the re­ public, has robbed them of their right to the soil, and driven them step by step, by treachery and atrocity, be­ yond the pale of civilization, govern­ ment, and law; has outraged them in every possible way, at one mo-| ment dealing with them with all the solemnity and dignity of an indepen­ dent power, and then spurning them as if they were poisonous reptiles. Even with this system of wrong and outrage, persevered in for hun­ dreds of years, we have not yet suc-l ceeded in destroying the truly noble and generous characteristics of their nature, have not converted them into fiends; they still retain their virtues, and are, in the words of the Indian Peace Commission, “ the very embo­ diment of courage •” my experience among them enables me to add, of honor as well. They have never yet, from the earliest settlement of the continent by their enemies, who hunted them with bloodhounds, maim­ ed and murdered them by hundreds and thousands, and sold their children into slavery, until now, equaled the whites in atrocities upon the living and the dead, in perfidy and treach­ ery—never, to our shame, never. The Indian race is able to present for the admiration of the world re­ presentative men, men like the Che­ yenne chieftain Moke-ta-va-ta, (Black Kettle,) whose peer for all the manly heroic virtues does not exist, and never has existed in our his­ tory, or the history of any other na- �Disbanding of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society. The writer, who knew Mokeintimately and well for years, once told the story of his ■Uft and services, of his magnani­ mity, generosity, integrity, and cou­ rage, to the celebrated historian, Mr. Motley, and challenged him to refer to his equal in any age or * history; he could not do it. Moketa-va-ta is without a peer, the true hero, the true man; he sleeps by the side of his ever faithful and devot­ ed wife, Vo-ish-ta, in his bloody shroud, on the crimson banks of the Wichata. tion. ta-va-ta “ And thou wert slain. Whoever dared to trace His name upon the order for thy death Will wear the sting until his latest breath, And bind the curse of Cain upon hislrace.” Betrayed, assassinated, and muti­ lated by our troops, in a massacre of unparalleled atrocity and treachery, applauded by the commanding gene­ rals of the army as a glorious victory. 81 “ Moke-ta-va-ta, thy wrongs shall be redressed, Thy viewless form fills all the vernal air; Nor earth’s fair bosom, nor the spring more fair, Can stay the footsteps of a race oppressed. Their name is legion, and from mountain slope And distant plain their fearless forms appear, All conquering and all potent, without fear They come with our proud nation now to cope. And if the rivers shall run red with blood, And if the plain be strewn with mangled forms, And cities burned amid the battles' storms, Ours is the blame—not thine, thou great and good. Thy name shall live a watchword for all time— A herald and a beacon-light to all On whom the tyrant and the despot fall, Making thy death a heritage sublime. If of this noble line thou wert the last, And stood on the extremest ocean verge, Thy eloquence would all thy people urge, And in one deadly conflict they would cast Their gauntlet in our shameful, flaming face, And then, without a thought of praise or blame. Would perish to’avenge thy noble name, And prove that thou wert of a kingly race. A sound of war is on the western wind; The sun, with fiery flame, sweeps down the sky; Athwart his breast the crimson shadows fly, Of fearless forms no fetters e’er can bind. Down through the golden gateway they have The mighty scions of a nation come In sweeping circles from their shining home. With weapons from the battle-plains of Go a. DISBANDING OF THE PENNSYLVANIA ANTI-SLAVERY . SOCIETY. BY JOHN K. WILDMAN. After the consummation of that act in the progress of liberty which banished political restrictions on ac­ count of color, there seemed to be nothing left for the anti-slavery so­ cieties to do but disband. This be­ came a willing service, grateful to every member. They had witnessed the fulfillment of the pledge made to the colored people of the nation, and saw that the grand purpose of the anti-slavery movement was thereby accomplished. All that was essenVol. i.—6 tial in the aim and scope of the con­ stitutions of their societies had be­ come absorbed in that of the United States. It was therefore fitting that they should meet together and ex­ change congratulations and fare­ wells. The final meeting of the national society was followed by that of its auxiliary of Pennsylvania, which oc­ curred on the 5th of May, just a third of a century from the date of its organization. Rare indeed was the � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Victorian Blogging Description An account of the resource A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library &amp; Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Conway Hall Library & Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Conway Hall Ethical Society Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Pamphlet Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Our Indian relations Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Taffan, Samuel F. [1831-1913] Description An account of the resource Place of publication: [Chicago] Collation: 76-81 p. ; 24 cm. Notes: Samuel Forster Tappan was an American journalist, military officer, abolitionist and a Native American rights activist. From the library of Dr Moncure Conway. From The Standard, Vol. 1, no. 2, June 1870. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available [s.n.] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [1870] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context G5442 Subject The topic of the resource Indigenous peoples Human rights USA Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /></a><span> </span><br /><span>This work (Our Indian relations), identified by </span><a href="https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/www.conwayhall.org.uk"><span>Humanist Library and Archives</span></a><span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</span> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource English Conway Tracts Human Rights Indigenous Populations Racism United States of America https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/25778/archive/files/52a913424a7d51b04a747f21bb4ec9cf.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=DkE1v0Be3FpKPQBRcNZ1DNIPkFC7y5ogB7tgYQpVo4DQ160%7EXjmh5M%7E2MzW8qf%7E8QQRkUFa1tw50a8gKxBiIYDUF3oSgw1in0XT3YvHrZOjFa1pFI5CcYQZV7rS1fVaTtPeRl1ciHa8UF0Ec1G5C0pzogs5hCJVJLRVmeUVPVgVbXa2egaFTnM%7E4z%7E8uGMWCBW4MNZEYH26ht8MULUYcpi-hKyNYZBgC4BTA4wYl59wuIAvgqop-wt08KToTiFmxAUtji20n-Be0r5XOmBmrH2d0NHD9miBZO-2-Y5RMmwUOgBXLMs67baShrqimygdA6%7Ew90fDrFXE09ow89fIt6A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f5dfd2f7a820d27845fdc531cea94841 PDF Text Text I873-J SCRAPS OF MODOC HISTORY. 21 SCRAPS OF MODOC HISTORY. YING between the 121st and I22d leys and plateaus were dotted with an­ degrees of west longitude, and telope; the timbered ridges sheltered large herds of deer; the Klamath River crossed by the boundary-line between the States of California and Oregon, is —theirs to where it breaks through the the water-shed that supplies the sources Siskiyou range to the westward — and of the Sacramento and Klamath rivers. Lost River, connecting Clear and Rhett Traversed by irregular and broken ridges lakes, were teeming with fish. The kaof basalt, evidently torn asunder by vio­ mas-root, an exceedingly nutritious ar­ lent natural convulsions, and abounding ticle of food, was found everywhere. in volcanic scoria, this region is, gener­ The marshes around the lakes produced ally, inhospitable and sterile. Between tons of ivocas, the seed of the water­ the broken mountain ranges are exten­ lily ; and their waters were alive with sive plateaus covered with wild sage and wild-fowl of every description. Like the chemisal, a little bunch and rye grass, nomads of the East, the habitations of and having all the characteristics of this people were anywhere in the vi­ the sage-plains of western Nevada. cinity of water; for the raids of their Throughout this region are numerous equally warlike neighbors had taught lakes; among which, and lying east and them the folly of wasting labor on per­ west along the forty-second parallel, manent abiding-places. They are usu­ are Little Klamath, Rhett, and Clear ally made by the erection of willow­ lakes. This is the home of the Modoc poles, gathered together at the top, like Indians, whose bold deeds and defiant the skeleton frame of an inverted bas­ attitude to the military forces of the ket, and covered with matting woven Government have attracted so much at­ with the tule of the marshes. The earth in the centre scooped out, and thrown tention. Physically, and in point of intelli­ up in a low, circular embankment, pro­ gence, this tribe are superior to the tects the family from the winds; and, average American Indian. Subsisting while readily built and easily taken down, almost entirely by the chase, the men are these frail dwellings are comparatively lithe and enduring, courageous and in­ comfortable. dependent— some of them really hand­ It is difficult even to approximate the some types of humanity; and their probable number of this people, when recent decided repulse of a force of reg­ in their undisturbed aboriginal glory, and ulars and volunteers, five times their before their contact with the superior number, shows that they must not be civilization, whose vices, only, seem to confounded with the Diggers of the Pa­ be attractive to the savage nature. In­ cific slope. Once a numerous, powerful, dians have no Census Bureau; and, in­ and warlike people, like the tribe of Ish­ deed, nearly all tribes have a supersti­ mael, their hands were ever raised against tious aversion to answering any ques­ all others, and their aggressive spirit tions as to their numbers. The Modocs kept them in continual warfare. Their are like all others, and, when questioned country was rich in everything necessary on the subject, only point to their coun­ to sustain aboriginal life. The little val­ try, and say, that “once it was full of L �22 SCRAPS OF MODOC HISTORY. people.” The remains of their ancient villages, found along the shores of the lakes, on the streams, and in the vicin­ ity of springs, seem to corroborate this statement; and one ranch alone, the re­ mains of which are found on the western shore of Little Klamath Lake, must have contained more souls than are now numbered in the whole Modoc nation. Only 400, by official count, left of a tribe that must have numbered thousands! Some of the causes of the immense de­ crease of this people can be traced to their deadly conflicts with the early set­ tlers of northern California and southern Oregon. They were in open and un­ compromising hostility to the Whites, stubbornly resisting the passage of emi­ grant trains through their country; and the bloody atrocities of these Arabs of the West are still too well remembered. As early as 1847, following the route taken by Fremont the previous year, a large portion of the Oregon immigration passed through the heart of the Modoc country. From the moment they left the Pit River Mountains, their travel was one of watchful fear and difficulty, the road winding through dangerous canons, and passing under precipitous cliffs that afforded secure and impene­ trable ambush. Bands of mounted war­ riors hovered near them by day, watch­ ing favorable opportunities to stampede their cattle, or pick off any stray or un­ wary traveler. Nor were the emigrants safe by night. The camping-places were anticipated by the enemy — dark shad­ ows crept among the sage and tall rye­ grass, and, when least expecting it, ev­ ery bush would seem to harbor a dusky foe, and the air be full of flying arrows. If the train were small, or weak in num­ bers, the Indians would be bolder, and not satisfied with shooting or stamped­ ing cattle, but would waylay and attack it in open daylight. In 1852, a small train, comprising only eighteen souls — men, women, and chil­ [July, dren—attempted to reach Oregon by the Rhett Lake route. For several days, after leaving the valley of Pit River, they had traveled without molestation, not having seen a single Indian; when, about midday, they struck the eastern shore of Rhett Lake, and imprudently camped under a bluff, now known as “ Bloody Point,” for dinner. These poor people felt rejoiced to think that they had so nearly reached their destination in safety; nor dreamed that they had reached their final resting-place, and that soon the gray old rocks above them were to receive a baptism that would associate them for ever with a cruel and wanton massacre. Their tired cattle were quietly grazing, and the little party were eating their meal in fancied security, when suddenly the dry sage-brush was fired, the air rang with demoniac yells, and swarthy and painted savages poured by the score from the rocks overhead. In a few moments the camp was filled with them, and their bloody work was soon ended. Only one of that ill-fated party es­ caped. Happening to be out, picketing his horse, when the attack was made, he sprang upon it, bare-backed, and never drew rein until he had reached Yreka, a distance of sixty miles. The men of early times in these mount­ ains were brave and chivalrous men. In less than twenty-four hours, a mounted force of miners, packers, and prospect­ ors— men who feared no living thing — were at the scene of the massacre. The remains of the victims were found, shock­ ingly mutilated, lying in a pile with their broken wagons, and half charred; but not an Indian could be found. It was not until the next year that the Modocs were punished for this cruel deed. An old mountaineer, named Ben Wright — one of those strange beings who imagine that they are born as in­ struments for the fulfillment of the Red man’s destiny—organized an independ­ ent company at Yreka, in 1853, and went �1873-1 SCRAPS OF MODOC HISTORY. into the Modoc country. The Indians were wary, but Ben was patient and en­ during. Meeting with poor success, and accomplishing nothing except protection for incoming emigrants, he improvised an “emigranttrain” with ^ich to decoy the enemy from the cover of the hills and ravines. Winding slowly among the hills and through the sage-plains, Ben’s canvas-covered wagons rolled quietly along, camping at the usual wateringplaces, and apparently in a careless and unguarded way. Every wagon was filled with armed men, anxious and willing to be attacked. The ruse failed, however; for the keen-sighted Indians soon per­ ceived that there were no women or children with the train, and its careless movements were suspicious. After sev­ eral months of unsatisfactory skirmish­ ing, Ben resolved on a change of tactics. Surprising a small party of Modocs, in­ stead of scalping them, he took them to his camp, treated them kindly, and mak­ ing them a sort of Peace Commission, sent them with olive-branches, in the shape of calico and tobacco, back to their people. Negotiations for a general council to arrange a treaty were opened. Others visited the White camp; and soon the Modocs, who had but a faint appreciation of the tortuous ways of White diplomacy, began to think that Ben was a very harmless and respect­ able gentleman. A spot on the north bank of Lost River, a few hundred yards from the Natural Bridge, was selected for the council. On the appointed day, fifty-one Indians (about equal in number to Wright’s company) attended, and, as agreed upon by both parties, no weap­ ons were brought to the ground. A number of beeves had been killed, pres­ ents were distributed, and the day pass­ ed in mutual professions of friendship; when Wright—whose quick, restless eye had been busy — quietly filled his pipe, drew a match, and lit it. This was the 23 pre-concerted signal. As the first little curling wreath of smoke went up, fifty revolvers were drawn from their places of concealment by Wright’s men, who were now scattered among their intend­ ed victims ; a few moments of rapid and deadly firing, and only two of the Mo­ docs escaped to warn their people ! The Scotch have given us a proverb, that “He maun hae a lang spoon wha sups wi’ the deiland it may be Wright thought so. Perhaps the cruel and mer­ ciless character of these Indians justi­ fied an act of treachery, now passed into the history of the country; but, certainly, the deed was not calculated to inspire the savage heart with a high re­ spect for the professed good faith and fair-dealing of the superior race. Ben Wright is gone now—killed by an Indian bullet, while standing in the door of his cabin, at the mouth of Rogue River. No man may judge him; but, to this hour, his name is used by Modoc moth­ ers to terrify their refractory children into obedience. The Modocs were now filled with revenge, and their depreda­ tions continued, till it became absolutely necessary for the Territorial Governor of Oregon to send armed expeditions against them. For several years, they were pursued by volunteer forces through their rugged mountains,.where they con­ tinued the unequal warfare with a daunt­ less spirit; but, year after year, the num­ ber of their warriors was diminishing. In 1864, when old Sconchin buried the hatchet and agreed to war with the pale-faces no more, he said, mournfully: “ Once my people were like the sand along yon shore. Now I call to them, and only the wind answers. Four hun­ dred strong young men went with me to war with the Whites; only eighty are left. We will be good, if the White man will let us, and be friends forever.” And this old Chief has kept his word — better, perhaps, than his conquerors have �24 SCRAPS OF MODOC HISTORY. theirs. The Modocs themselves offer a better reason for the great decrease of their people. They say that within the memory of many of this generation, the tribe were overtaken by a famine that swept off whole ranches, and they speak of it as if remembered like a fearful dream. As is usual with savages, the chief labor of gathering supplies of all kinds, except those procured by fishing and the chase, devolved upon the Mo­ doc women. Large quantities of kamas and wocas were always harvested, but the predatory character of the surround­ ing tribes made it dangerous to store their food in the villages, and it was cus­ tomary to caché it among the sage-brush and rocks, which was done so cunning­ ly that an enemy might walk over the hiding-places without suspicion. Snow rarely fell in this region sufficiently deep to prevent access to the cachés; but the Modocs tell of one winter when they were caught by a terrible storm, that continued until the snow was more than seven feet in depth over the whole coun­ try, and access to their winter stores im­ possible. The Modocs, like all other Indians, have no chronology; they do not count the years, and only reckon their changes by the seasons of summer and winter. Remarkable events are re­ membered only as coincident with the marked periods of life; and, judging from the probable age of the survivors of that terrible famine, it must have oc­ curred over forty years ago, long before any of the tribe had ever looked upon the face of a White stranger. These wild people generally regard such oc­ currences with superstitious horror; they rarely speak of the dead, and even long residence among the Whites does not remove a superstition that forbids them to mention even a dead relative by name. From those who have lived among the Whites since early childhood, the par­ ticulars of this season of suffering and desolation are obtained; and they say that their parents who survived it still speak of that dreadful winter in shud­ dering whispers. It seems that the young men of the tribe had regirned, late in the-season, from a successful hunt, wherf'-a.heavy snow-storm set in; but these people­ like children, in many thingshad no<<-\ apprehension, as their present were supplied. But the storm increas­ ed in fury and strength; the snow fell in blinding sheets, for days and days, till it had covered bush, and stunted tree, and plain, and rock, and mountain, and ev­ ery landmark was obliterated. The sur­ vivors tell of frantic efforts to reach the caches; how strong men returned to their villages, weak and weary with tramping through the yielding snow in search of; the hidden stores. They tell how the?* little brown faces of the children, pinch­ ed with hunger, drove the men out again and again in search of food, only to re­ turn, empty-handed and hopeless; how everything that would sustain life—deer and antelope skins, their favorite dogs —even the skins of wild fowl, used as bedding, were devoured; how, when ev­ erything that could be used as. food-was- ■ gone, famine made women put of strong,, brave warriors, and a dreadful .stillfiess ' fell upon all the villages. They tell how death crept into every house, till the-hving lay down beside the dead and wait­ ed. After weeks of pinching hunger, and when in the last extremity, an op­ portune accident saved the largest vil­ lage, on the south-eastern extremity of Rhett Lake, from complete extinction. A large band of antelope, moving down from the hills, probably in search of food, attempted to cross an arm of the lake only a short distance from the village^ and were caught in the breaking ice and’r: drowned. Those who had sufficient strength left, distributed antelope meajt among the families, and it was then that � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Victorian Blogging Description An account of the resource A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library &amp; Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Conway Hall Library & Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Conway Hall Ethical Society Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Pamphlet Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Scraps of Modoc history Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Turner, William M. Description An account of the resource Place of publication: [California] Collation: 21-24 p. ; 24 cm. Notes: From the library of Dr Moncure Conway. From Overland Monthly. Author and publication information from https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moajrnl/ahj1472.1-11.001/17:5?rgn=main;view=image. This is an incomplete copy - p.24 ends mid-way through a sentence. Please note that this pamphlet contains language and ideas that may be upsetting to readers. These reflect the time in which the pamphlet was written and the ideologies of the author. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available [s.n.] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1873 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context G5733 Subject The topic of the resource Indigenous peoples Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /></a><span> </span><br /><span>This work (Scraps of Modoc history), identified by </span><a href="https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/www.conwayhall.org.uk"><span>Humanist Library and Archives</span></a><span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</span> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource English Conway Tracts Native American Indians United States-History https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/25778/archive/files/00af03e2d6a18c53a98277a9f1260196.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=nG18L%7EHLTNCVzZG4uhcc8gl4MsIqinWMSspLNusH6YAgqruCGXX6MFsBZoObZf59Bko5SuByYfjqRHR22rV8XvOhKS9X44Kc2pjSoZzWuwfyNVPibv%7EclUvGRxkl16zkSI18t2rqQAKb4Vrhf9VOa3zrGjszvjeEFsLDWXvJOwJpGc7utP-kcb80VovPcv45nYHokvBKucM3HjrciajBDnLPTCRAdwyl%7E9JCsSrc0AEzqak%7EtNJ7yoNVT2goiM8ffd0MA2BsP4LguVGKgHCIZLPVNA6UFqDvpF4xUQ41KJXSsjqYLosoc-RasYzDkZborYGJC9PFshR6xmSMaNwnNw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 847e3df87cada77830fe9fd47c8c0d53 PDF Text Text FRIEND OF PROGRESS. Vol. 1.] New York, July, 1865. Frances Power Gobbe. BY T. W. HIGGINSON. [No. 9. and one often observes it while traveling, in the hands of young gentlemen of serious aspect, and young ladies of no particular aspect at all. It sometimes suggests curiosity as to the precise shape in which these scat­ tered rays are transmitted through these vari­ ous private prisms. The new volume on “Religious Duty”* appears to be an earlier work than ‘ ‘ Broken Lights,” and in some respects more extended. Her subject she defines as “comprehending the actions and sentiments due by man imme­ diately to his Maker.” She treats of Reli­ gious Offenses, which comprise Blasphemy, Apostacy, Hypocrisy, Perjury, Sacrilege, Per­ secution, Atheism, Pantheism, Polytheism, Idolatry, and Demonolatry. Then of Religious Faults, including Thanklessness, Irreverence, Prayerlessness, Impenitence, Skepticism, and Worldliness. Then of Religious Obligations, classed as Thankgiving, Adoration, Prayer, Repentance, Faith, and Self-consecration. The mere list of these subdivisions implies a good deal of thoroughness, and, perhaps, a lit­ tle over-minuteness of systematization. There is no want of courage in the book, and the writer adheres most faithfully to her position of “Absolute Religion.” On the appearance of a new edition of Longfellow’s and Johnson’s “Book of Hymns,” now called “Hymns of the Spirit,” an enthusiastic admi­ rer wrote: “The book is theologically pure. The name of Christ does not appear in it;” meaning that the hymns recognized Jesus only in a human character, and by a human appel­ lation. Tried by this rather novel test of If Miss Cobbe had the good fortune to write in an attractive style, she would achieve for herself a leading position in the most ad­ vanced Beligious literature. No one else shows so strong a desire to develop Theism into a system, without reference to Jewish and Christian traditions, and to fit it out with the requisite ethical adaptations. She is also very sincere and single-minded, free from cant and rant, and shows much reading in the most desirable directions. But her style is apt to be bare and tame, without having the sort of crisp dry clearness which sometimes lends attraction to theological books else un­ readable; as is the case, for instance, with Beecher’s “Conflict of Ages,” and Norton’s ‘ ‘ Genuineness of the Gospels. ” Hers is rather the style of average Unitarian discourses; a style unexceptionable, but without freshness, saliency, or relief, and hence rather unat­ tractive. She has been heretofore known in this coun­ try as the author of “ Intuitive Morals,” and the English editor of Theodore Parker’s works. This is good ground for reputation. The first part of her first book was certainly remarka­ ble, though the second part by no means equaled it; and her edition of Theodore Par­ ker puts his American literary executors to shame. But she is rapidly becoming still better known through her own contributions to theology. “Broken Lights” has already been frankly criticised in these pages. It is *“ Religious Duty, by Frances Power Cobbe.’> apparently obtaining quite a wide circulation, Boston: 5V. V. Spencer. 12mo. pp. viii, 326. $1.75. Entered according to Act of Congress by C. M. Plumb & Co., in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of New York. �258 The inend of Progress. orthodox}', Miss Cobbe’s last work is theologi­ out of the true church invisible those wbo< cally pure also. It is not professedly a trea­ found themselves in this position.—In aU tise on Christian Duty, but on Religious Duty. these respects the canons laid down by Miss And though the writer suggests a latent con­ Cobbe are a step downward from his position, fusion in her title by admitting that all duty is and are directly in the spirit of sectarianism. religious; still this objection would not have This can be readily shown by quoting her been averted, and many others would have own language; the italics not being, however, been introduced, by using the word “Chris­ her own. tian.” That is a word which no disciple of “Nevertheless, the unspeakable blessing Miss Cobbe’s can use without embarrassment, and honor of communion offered to us by because, by the whole theory of Theism, the God in prayer renders our rejection of them a world is destined to outgrow all personal religious fault, tantamount to a general delin­ quency in all religious duty. He who cares names. If by “Christian” one means to des­ not to obtain the aid of God’s grace, or feel ignate simply what is pure, right, noble, man­ the joy of His presence, is manifestly in a ly,—then these last are the clearer and better condition wherein the religious part of his words. If it means anything more or less nature must be dormant. Such sentiments as remain to him can scarcely possess eth­ than these, it is not desirable at all. Chris­ ical merit, inasmuch as they must be tian virtue is simply virtue, Christian morals merely the residue of those natural instincts, simply morals. Why complicate the phrases which, if duly cherished, must have led him to by the addition of an adjective, which only prayer. The occasional God-ward impulses which show themselves in all men, so far from confuses their meaning, because it must itself constituting the fulfillment of this obligation, be interpreted,—and however interpreted, is no form the very ground of their guilt when left barren. Without such religious sentiments, improvement on the simpler word ? man could have no religious duty at all. It is saying much for Miss Cobbe, to say that Possessed of them, he is bound to cultivate she has kept resolutely clear of all this. In and display them in all the forms of direct this respect her position is more unequivocal and indirect worship. ” (p. 94.) than that of Theodore Parker, who clung to the She afterwards, in a vague way, limits these word “Christian”—as, indeed, he was rath­ remarks to those who believe that “prayer for er attached to the word “ Unitarian.” spiritual good receives a real answer from When it came to a definition of Absolute God.” “It is possible for religious minds at Religion, however, his was certainly the more an early stage to make mistakes for a time comprehensive. His definition was simply, on this matter,” &c. (p. 95.) But the fact “Faith in God, and love to man.” Hers seems never to have dawned upon her mind, appears to be: “ Good morals, plus the habit that there are multitudes of earnest persons of conscious personal prayer.” in all stages of culture, and of all grades of It is at this point that she and her immediate moral excellence, to whom conscious praye r teacher diverge; not at belief in prayer, but has been for years a rare and occasional im­ at its recognition as the ground of spiritual de­ pulse only, and perhaps not even that;—to marcation and classification. Theodore Parker whom, at any rate, it is no part of their regu­ believed in prayer intensely, and loved it lar plan of life. intensely. He would have liked every public Can any observing person doubt that the lecture to be preceded or followed by it. His external practices of prayer are rapidly di­ volume of prayers is, on the whole, the most minishing in our community, like all other characteristic work he has left behind, and may external religious forms,—like baptism, and live the longest. While reproached—even by the communion service, and church-member­ men so liberal as Beecher,—with a deficiency ship ? It is impossible to deny that this tend­ of religious sentiment, he was yet the only ency often coexists with increased moral minister to whom it had occurred to address earnestness, and with higher and higher ideas the Deity as both Father and Mother. Yet, of the Universe. It is not now needful to for all this, he never once suggested that maintain or defend this position; only to conscious personal prayer was essential to state it. But Miss Cobbe finds nothing to do the highest spiritual attitude. He recognized with any such tendency, except to exclude it with charity the scruples which prevented from her imaginary synagogue. some, and the instinctive disinclination which Yet after all, it is to be noticed, that, withheld others, from taking part in it. He when this author comes to her highest state­ never proposed, directly or indirectly, to read ment of possible prayer, she comes round to. �Frances Power Coble. an assertion which many of these excluded ones might claim to make for themselves. “I shall speak of that indirect worship wherein it is to be hoped all life at last may merge for us—wherein not only we shall know that ‘laborare est orare,'1 but all feel­ ing shall be holy feeling, all thought shall be pure, loving, resigned, adoring thought; so that at every moment of existence we shall 1 gloriiy God in our bodies, and in our spirits, which are God’s.’” Then she quotes the fa­ mous passage from Coleridge, which has been the comfort of so many: “ Ere on my bed my limbs I lay It hath not been my use to pray With moving lips or bended knees ; But silently, by slow degrees, My . pirit I to love compose, In. humble trust mine eyelids close, With reverential resignation; No wish conceived, no thought expressed. Only a. sense of supplication— A sense o’er all my soul impressed, That I am weak, yet not unblest, Since in me, round me, everywhere, Eternal strength and wisdom are.” Yet will Miss Cobbe venture to say, that those whose conceptions of Deity are so inef­ fable and sublime, and their recognition of his laws so complete, that specific or uttered prayer seems to them an impertinence, may not be as far advanced toward this higher state as herself, or as any representative of that type of moral progress which she de­ scribes ? Theodore Parker, her especial teacher, never seemed so noble, because never so humble, as when he acknowledged his own obligations, and admitted his own inferiority, to his especial teacher, Emerson. Yet how far is Emerson, who can calmly speak of the progress of humanity as tending to ‘ ‘ sweep out of men’s minds all vestige of theisms”— how far is he from Miss Cobbe’s type of reli­ gion, or even of morality;—how near to her type of “guilt!” Something of the same narrowness is shown in her, hearty denunciations of that “cold pseudo philosophy ” which substitutes for the endearing word “God,” the more distant phrases of “the Deity,” “the Supreme Be­ ing,” “the Almighty.” She seems utterly unable to conceive of that mood of intense reverence, when one instinctively seeks the loftiest words, though they be the remotest, and where any word at all seems almost a profanation. Saadi says, ’ ‘ Who knows God, is silent.” When, in that grand passage of Faust, the philosopher utterly refuses to give 259 a name to the Unknown— Name 1st Schall und Rauch, umnebelndHimmelsglutli)—even the innocent little Margaret answers that it is all very fine and good, and that the priest says nearly the same, only with words a little dif­ ferent; but to Miss Cobbe it seems all very improper. Although she elsewhere admits that Pantheism and Anthropomorphism are only the two opposing tendencies of that ever-swinging pendulum, the human soul, yet she seems unconscious how closely her own temperament holds her to the latter side. She has never discovered that, in all ages, man’s sublimest reveries are most Pantheistic, while it is his daily needs and instincts that bring him back to a personal God. Apart from these limitations of tempera­ ment, her discussion of the subject of Prayer is interesting and valuable, whatever one may think of her conclusions. More than a third of the volume is given, under different titles, to this theme. She even believes in prayer for our departed friends, and enters on a long argument to show its propriety. (Pp. 200-5.) She demands more family prayers, and more stated private prayers. “ Suppose that in­ stead of confining our grace to one meal in the day, we were each to say, in our own hearts, a little grace after every successive occupation.” (p. 134.) Though she here says, “in our liearts,” she yet implies something more explicit, in this multiplication of observances. She insists upon the form, and does not shrink from put­ ting her demand in the most matter-oi-fact way. For she says, on the same page: “ We should show gratitude by actually expressing our thanks in the words which would sponta­ neously issue from our lips were our hearts truly kindled." Yet this seems very incon­ sistent with the position taken by her in re­ gard to attendance on public worship. “As for the attendance at worship, &c., ‘for ex­ ample’s sake,’ it is marvelous how any hu­ man creatures have ever had the presumption to entertain such an idea. Let any sane man consider what he does when he enters a church, and ask himself how his “exemplary” behavior therein must appear to God, and I cannot but suppose he will be sufficiently shocked to abandon such attempts for the future. For either he must intend really to worship, to thank, adore and pray to the great Lord of all, or he must intend to make an outward show of so doing without any uplift­ ing of soul. The latter conduct is grossly in- �260 The Friend of Progress. suiting to the God who watches him,” &c. &c. When she comes to points involving sim(pp. 33-4.) ply moral courage, however, how fine and But if the author herself advises her readers discriminating are her statements! The fol­ to show gratitude by formally employing lowing, for instance, is admirable, and much words which ought to come spontaneously, needed just at present. but do not, —it is certainly a venial step farther “Few of us have not much to repent in the to employ the same words, for the benefit way of unworthy silences on our true faith; of others, under similar circumstances. The silences, which, if caused by tenderness, were truth is, that great danger waits, for most weak,—if by any fear, cowardly and base. Vast numbers of free-thinkers, especially, and temperaments, upon any merely ritual observ­ above all the elder Deists, seem actually to ance. Jean Paul goes so far as to declare, have accepted their antagonists’ view of their in his Levana, that “a grace before meat own creed, and to consider that the next best thing to not knowing a truth was the not must make every child deceitful.” spreading it. Others, like Sterling, say that This may be too strongly stated; and the as they are not professional teachers of Reli­ whole theme requires the greatest delicacy of gion, they may teach (even their own treatment, not so much for the sake of public children!) the opposite errors! It is marvel­ ous that men do not see the turpitude, reli­ opinion, as for the sake of truth and the affec­ gious, personal and social, involved in such tions. But I am firm in the belief that the conduct. For ourselves, a life in which the t endency of the age is to the disuse of all family inward and the outward are in harmony is devotions, and that this disuse proceeds from absolutely needful to all moral health and progress; and that the stunted religious the correct conviction, that such observances growth of many free-thinkers may be attrib­ very soon become formal and unprofitable, to utable to this inward rottenness, no one who knows his own nature can doubt.” (pp. 28-9.) nine persons out of ten. These various defects are pointed out, be­ As frankly and clearly does she deal with a cause they constitute the only drawbacks form of hypocrisy seldom noticed, and so upon a strong and noble book;—a book which abundant that it penetrates almost all public will be read with deep interest by all who agree religious services—the hypocrisy of represent­ with the author’s general attitude. No one ing ourselves as worse than we really are. has given abler and clearer statements of the ‘ ‘ If we desire to grow better than we are, we sufficiency of Natural Religion, or stated must, in the first place, be openly what we more forcibly its independence of all tra­ are. We must live out our own life of duty dition or historic narrative. She believes faithfully, uprightly, humbly, never trying to in it too thoroughly to need the aid of any conceal our faults and making no prudery buttresses so unsubstantial. He whose most about such poor withered charms as our vir­ vital opinions have for their corner-stone a Mir­ tues ever possess. The life of virtue is before all aculous Conception or a Resurrection, holds things a life of simplicity. The man who pro­ his faith and hope at the mercy of the latest fesses selfish, worldly motives, when he is con­ critic or translator. He who rests his convic­ scious of better ones, who jests about lax and tions on eternal principles can let the waves vicious habits when his own are pure, runs of criticism ebb and flow, he remaining un­ most imminent risk of very shortly adoptingtouched. Not bound to the petty details of those motives in earnest, and falling actually any single form of creed or worship, he is in into those evil habits.” (p. 35.) sympathy with the pure and noble of all ages. In using one disparaging phrase above, It is thus that the writer of Religious Duty is she perhaps crosses the border of the very strong; and she is only weak where she shrinks offense she censures, of undue self-disparage­ from the consequences of her own principles, ment. But it is an offense she seldom and thinks it necessary to disavow the fellow­ commits; she is a strong, sincere, and noble ship of those who only vary from her in tem­ woman; she is free from almost all the em­ perament or training,—not in sincerity, nor barrassments of the sects; and every one whoeven in the essential points of belief. There is aiming at such freedom should read every is certainly a distinguishable difference be­ word she writes. tween the spiritual attitude of Parker and Emerson: but after all there is something —He that giveth love receiveth love, which rather strange in the position of a woman who is his return and reward for giving. He must edits the one writer, and utterly repudiates the ever receive more than he giveth, for his ca­ other I pability progresses. �Womanhood. OB, Madelon’s Soliloquy. BY LIZZIE DOTEN. 0 wondrous gift of womanhood ! how frail, And yet how strong ! How simple, yet how wise! How full of subtle mysteries thou art! The heights of glory and the depths of shame, Transcendent bliss and agonies of pain, Beauty and terror, Life and Death through love, Are all combined and manifest in thee. Through thy divinest gift of motherhood, Immortal souls are debtors unto thee; For all the elements of mortal mold, By which the soul becomes incorporate, And finds admission to this natural world, Take form and shape, through subtlest chem­ istry And brooding life, in thee. Lo, here I stand, A woman! Would to God that I could know The scope and meaning of that potent word, With its divine intent; that I might say To men and manners, habits, customs, laws— Stand back ! I am a woman! and I claim Freedom from everything that doth impose Restraint upon my proper womanhood. I do appeal from comm n usage: dare The venom and vitupei us speech of tongues That only know to slan! er. I conform No longer to the false ilea which makes Me but the adjunct of man’s social life— His puppet, plaything, servile tool, or worse Than these—the slave of his base pleasure. The bonds I rive—the silken, tinsel gyves, Which Fashion round her votaries weaves. I walk With fearless freedom in my quest for truth, And quips of caitiffs—scorn of meddling shrews, Or prudent warnings from the worldly wise, Shall not restrain me from my high intent. Manis not woman—woman is not man; Yet is.it for his weal and mine, that I, And all who bear the sacred name of woman, Should strive to reach that social altitude, Where, with the difference of our gifts con­ fessed, We stand as equals, side by side with man. Why do I stay to question ? even now The die is cast. Already on my heart The world’s harsh judgment, like a vulture sits, With beak and talons dripping blood. The Truth Leaps up like fire to my unwilling lips. Impelled by mine own sacred womanhood, I speak what timorous souls refuse to hear. Already have I met the social ban— Have dared to think, and speak as I have thought; Have shocked false delicacy—wounded pride— Called things by their right names, and much disturbed Those souls who have the world’s morality In charge, and whose extravagant pretense To virtue is their greatest vice. 261 Alas! God pity me ! for every word I speak, Though sanctioned by eternal Truth, is born Of untold anguish in my woman’s heart. And well I know that each unwelcome truth That issues from my lips, serves as a cloud, To shut love’s sunshine from my shivering heart. A woman, walking unaccustomed ways, And using most unusual forms of speech, And seeing what the world would least have seen, And telling what the wo id would least have known, Performs a thankless service, and doth gain But little vantage. By the common rule, A woman should have pulp instead of brains— Should have no thew or sinew to her thought, Or weight and meaning in her speech, lest she Offend the sensibilities of love. Yet have I not the freedom of a choice; The Fates, which consummate Eternal Will, Constrain me. I am made a sacrifice To powers unseen, like sad Polyxena, Who fell a victim to Achilles’ ghost; Or like Cassandra—favored of the gods, Though filled with the celestial fire, I breathe My prophecies to unbelieving ears. Men say I have a devil! Pious men ! Who measure others’ morals by their own; And saying thus, they stop their jealous ears, Like those, who, with Ulysses, thus escaped The soft enchantments of the syren isle. Oh strange infirmity of faith ! Hath Truth, Then, lost the pith and marrow of its life, That I, a feeble woman, can prevail In aught against it ? If so, let it fall! For it is dead. The living Truth must stand. God help me ! I must speak ! not for myself, But for the sorrowing sisterhood of woman— The doves by vultures torn—the bleeding lambs— The timorous deer pursued by cruel hounds; And with all these, a painted, reckless throng, Full of rude jests and wanton flouts and flings, Tricked out in flaunting silks and tinsel gauds, From whom the high estate and potent charm Of womanhood hath long since lapsed away. Yet, as a woman, I am bound to such, And they, in turn, have part and lot in me. Oh fallen sisterhood! your woes and wrongs Knock with a piteous pleading at my heart, And in the sacred name of womanhood, The hand of sympathy I will extend, And greet each as a sister and a friend. Woman weak ! in virtue frail! On whose cheek the rose is pale, From whose eye the light hath fled, In whose heart all hope is dead— What have I to boast o’er thee ? Come ! and find a friend in me. While we share the name of woman, We have sympathies in common. Do you shrink and turn away— Warning me what man will say ? I have known the world too long, Not to hold my purpose strong; �262 The Triend of Progress. Pious knave and dainty dame, Loud may cry, “ For sliarne ! for shame!” But I’ve learned that great professions, Often hide most foul transgressions. All my nerves, like tempered steel, Life’s magnetic changes feel; All the streams of human woe Through myVbeing’s channels flow; Every sorrow, every smart, Is repeated in my heart; Therefore, let us walk together— Friends in fair and foulest weather. Though a woman, yet will I Scorn, and shame, and wrong defy; I will dare the world’s disgrace, Till I find my proper place, And will lend a hand to all Who may by the wayside fall. Souls that act with brave decision Need not fear the world’s derision. / Be I lioness or lamb, God hath made me what I am. Whatsoe’er my gift may be, It is all in all to me; And in doing what I cun, I shall serve both God and man. Therefore, with my best endeavor, I shall struggle upward ever. “Woman and her Era” versus “A PLEA FOR THE MASCULINE.” BY J. V. V. R. The first article of the second number of the Friend of Progress, “A Plea for the Mascu­ line”—so courteous in its tone, so candid in its statement of principles, and so logical in its method—would doubtless have been an­ swered.by the author of “Woman and her Era,” had she been spared to the world and restored to health. As it is, a thorough believer in the doctrine of the superiority of woman may be excused for taking her place here, though it would be impossible even in this to fill the hiatus left by her untimely departure. It is fortunate for the present discussion that the parties are agreed, or nearly so, as to the premises. The “Plea” not only ac­ knowledges, but takes as the basis of its ‘ ‘ argument demonstrating the equality of the sexes,’’the positions from which Mrs. Farnham deduces the inequality of the sexes, and the superior excellence on woman’s side. Its grand truth, the general of all its particulars, on which it hangs its entire argument, is, “that Quantity is masculine—Quality femi­ nine.” Now, it is an instinctive feeling, and a first thought of the unsophisticated mind, that quality, other things being equal, is the standard of value, and that quantity, in itself, is of no value whatever, but positive trash and incumbrance. According to this, the more there is of a mere man the worse it is for him, as in the case of several famous scourges of mankind who had the epithet “Great” at­ tached to their names. But the more there is of a pure woman, the better it is for her, be­ cause she has the qualities of mind and heart that make her valuable, a ‘ recious treasure p to her family and the world. The question is, which excels, quality or quantity? and the answer is, that quality is synonymous with excellence, and that quan­ tity in itself has no excellence at all. We estimate the value of metals, stones, fruits, animals, and human beings, by their quality, the source of their qualifications for any use whatever—and the lack of this makes dross, dirt, trash, garbage, nuisance, all in the degree of the quantity, growth, and accre­ tion, which Mr. Dickerson states to be mascu­ line. By “quality,” of course he means “good quality,” fineness and exquisiteness of organization, and purity and delicacy of soul, and by “quantity,” of course he means a “good deal,” which does not mean good at all, but simply very much. Now, which is superior, that to which we can attach a moral attribute, some sort of merit, qualifications of some sort, or that to which we can attach none? Mr. Dickerson says that the two are equal. He says, “ Woman is better than man. She stands a mediator between him and the positively pure, spiritual, lovely, of the universe.” On the other side he says merely, “Man is more than woman. He stands a mediator between her and the abso­ lutely grand, magnificent, sublime, of the universe.” And yet he asserts the equality of the sexes, as if better were not superior to more—a diamond to a boulder, a strawberry to a pumpkin, a man to an elephant, and a woman to a man 1 The value of quantity depends entirely on quality, but the value of quality does not depend on quantity; it is only increased by it. So the value of the masculine depends entirely on the feminine; but the value of the feminine does not depend on the masculine—it is only increased by it. Woman inspires man, is the motive of his action, and man is subservient to woman, is the instrument of her action. �“ Woman and her Era ” versus “A Plea for the Masculine? Quality is primarily spiritual, pertaining to the soul, and to the essence, nature, or prin­ ciple of things. Quantity is primarily a prop­ erty of matter, of that which is formed of particles and is capable of accretion and growth. To maintain that quality is not su­ perior to quantity, is to maintain that the soul is not superior to the body, and that God is not superior to the material universe. Infinity, as we view it, is not an attribute of quantity, either great or small, as Mr. D. sup­ poses : it is an attribute of Quality, to which no limitation can be assigned. Infinite Per­ fection, Infinite Goodness, not infinite size or quantity! The source, the Fountain of all things, is the 1 ‘ center, ” not the ‘1 circumfer­ ence:” it is with the “feminine,” not with the “masculine,” which are respectively “cen­ ter” and “circumference,” according to both Mrs. F. and her critic. The center is superior to the circumference, the cause is superior to the effect, the angelic heaven is superior to the stellar heaven, the soul is superior to the body, the jewel is superior to the casket, the internal is superior to the external, woman is superior to man. All these exterior things are for the sake of these interior things, and their subserviency marks their inferiority, and at the same time the honor bestowed upon them. Take the advocate of equality at his word, that “woman is better than man,” and that “man is more than woman is not the moral and spiritual nature, of which better is predicable, superior to the carnal nature and to knowledge, of which more is predicable? Who does not place goodness above great­ ness, “Aristides the Just’’above “Alexander the Great ” ? Goodness includes all true great­ ness, but greatness does not include all true goodness. The cause includes the effect, which is but its unfolding; the Divine is the Being whose name is “Love,” “Life,” “ Goodness,” all attributes of the feminine, ‘ ‘ in whom we live and move and have our being.” The aspiration fortrue greatness, is for goodness first, as its essential—its lan­ guage is, “Great, not like Caasar, stained with blood, but only great as I am good.” The “widow’s mite" was “more" than all the “rich men, of their abundance, threw into the treasury ”—greater in the purity, the genuineness of the charity, and greater in its results. The sex that is better, is also greater, in the sense of multum in parvo and of “that life being long which answers life’s great 263 end,” than the sex whose characteristic is quantity. The writer of the “Plea for the Masculine,” assigns “development” to woman, and “growth” to man, defining development to be “the unfolding of that which is,” and growth to be “ the adding to that which is,” and he says they are equal. Let us see. Development, “the unfolding of that which is,” is predicable of the Divine operation in the work of creation, because the soul of all things is a unit, and all things are the un­ folding and manifestation of Itself'. Growth, “addition to that which is,” is predicable of matter, of material particles; but it is so only in subserviency to development, to the action of the unfolding life in the growth of the or­ ganisms of plants and animals. Growth has been the grand idea during man’s reign, ex­ tending itself to education and the mind. Woman’s era is ushered in with the idea of Development, as the true method and sum of education, and of everything natural and artistic. Development belongs to woman as a teacher and a pupil, and it will produce in the world a predominance of Quality over Quantity, of the Feminine over the Masculine; and for all that none the less, but all the more, of quantity, though in numbers rather than in bulk. It is often and well said of woman, that “the most precious things are done up in small packages,” and these are greater in their developments than the largest growths. There is one point in the argument for “equality,” to which the view of its author claims special attention, viz. : an asserted necessity to the indissoluble marriage rela­ tion. It says, “Prove the inequality of the sexes, and you have proven the impossibility of true eternal marriages.” Now, “even the gods will not fight against necessity;” and if “equality of the sexes” is absolutely indis­ pensable to the conjugal—which itself is a moral necessity beyond the ability of the free will to resist—any attempt at a counter argu­ ment might as well be resigned at once. But there is an “if" in the case that “alters the case”—that makes it questionable. The mas­ culine has somehow got along in the marriage relation, and in the happiest manner, accord­ ing to its way of thinking, under the reign of the idea of its own superiority. It has not seen anything incompatible with a conjunc­ tion performed by God and indissoluble by man in the obligation of woman to “love, �264 , ! I The Friend of Progress. honor, and obey, and of man to merely hardly be said to equal his spiritual mother “love and cherish.” Suppose the conjugal re- and the artist whose work he is. lation should express itself in the instinct of Here we might drop the argument, only the woman to love, and of the man to love and that the article we have undertaken to an­ honor? it is precisely what exists in the lover­ swer, pledges the author not to be con­ relation before and during betrothal, and to vinced “until the following questions are the extent of the period called the “honey­ settled in the negative: (1.) Is not the in­ moon,” ere the theory of the opposite has finitude of Deity—his perfect amount—as made the man tyrannical and the woman ser­ godlike as the unfathomableness of his nature vile. And this lover-relation is the foretaste —his perfect state?” We have already seen on earth of the “eternal marriage,” to which, that infinitude is not an attribute of quantity, Mr. Dickerson asserts, the equality of the or of the measurable—it is rather an attribute sexes is absolutely necessary. The language of the immeasurable, the “unfathomable,” of the point in question is, “Prove the ine­ the character, the infinite perfection of Deity. quality of the sexes, * * and you have As to a “perfect state,” we can form some shattered the very foundation upon which conception of it; but a “perfect amount,” such [eternal] marriages can rest, viz.: mu­ what is it? Perfection pertains to quality— tual conscioitsness of mutual worth. Mutual not to quantity. Both Infinity and Per­ worth demands equal (not similar) attain­ fection, therefore, are archetypes of the femi­ ments; therefore an equal grade of pro­ nine—not of the masculine. gression.” By “mutual worth,” I suppose is (2.) “Is not the aspiration toward this meant mutual love, for it is the quality of the perfect magnitude as godlike as is the aspira­ love that makes the worth of each to the tion toward the perfect state?” No ; better other, and that is at the same time mutual. be good than great. “Be ye holy, for I am But I do not see why there cannot be ‘ ‘ mu­ holy.” We aspire toward the “Divine liketual consciousness of mutual worth, ” in this ness”—not toward the Divine magnitude. or in any other sense, without equal worth. This is an object of ambition, and makes men The logical sequence does not appear. It tyrants, as the other makes them philanthro­ seems to me a mere assumption to say that pists. the worths must be equal in the conjugal rela­ (3.) “Is not the acquisitiveness—the out­ tion any more than in the relation between ward tendency and action of the masculine— the Divine and the human, which is eternal as as noble, as truly in harmony with the Divine well as that, and conjugal as well as that. design, as is the spiritualization—the inward “Christ and his Bride” are the incarnate Di­ tendency, the concentrated action of the vine Wisdom and Love. “ Heaven on earth” feminine?” “Acquisitiveness” as noble as is Earth and Heaven united in wedlock. The “spiritualizationI” does any one need be told parental and filial relation, too, is eternal, that it is not? It is “as truly in harmony7 and it is not that of equals. The relation of with the Divine design,” and so an oyster is the Divine to the human is both parental and as truly in harmony with the Divine design conjugal, and that of woman to man is so. as a man; but that does not make them Woman’s pure love regenerates man’s sensual equal. love—makes it pure, by making it subservient (4. “ Is comprehension—the power to em­ to her own. In comparing the sexes, Mrs. F. brace and contain—of less importance than has compared the natural woman with the insight, the power to pierce and penetrate?” natural man—not with the regenerate man. The embraced and contained is the precious The failure to recognize this has caused the treasure; the pierced and penetrated is the Atlantic Monthly to say that Mrs. F.’s men, mere receptacle, the husk, the shell, the out­ with whom she compares her ideal woman, are side of things. Give me “ insight ” into the all “scoundrels,” and it has led the author of penetralia of Nature, entrance to the interior the “Plea for the Masculine ” to say that Mrs. of her temple, rather than comprehension of F.’s book exposes masculine perversions, the outside, if I am to have but one. The and well nigh ignores masculine excellence.” “holy of holies” is of more “importance,” of The natural man, against the natural wo- diviner import and significance, than the ■ man, she has “weighed in the balance, and “outer court ” and the “profane place.” found wanting.” And the regenerate man, (5.) “ Does not the far-reaching, abundant influenced, inspired, purified by her, can affection of the masculine, balance the con­ �^Monopoly in Religion. centrated devotedness of the feminine ?” For example, the diluted, diffused, wAe-spread, thin, shallow, superficial, surface love that is natural to man—“wandering like the fool’s eyes to the end of the earth, ” and tending ever to licentiousness and adulteration—compared with the concentrated, faithful, devoted, pure love that is natural to woman ? No, it does not balance. We value love according to its quality, its purity, its genuineness, its refine­ ment, its tenderness, its devotion, its unself­ ishness, its spirituality, its blessedness: not according to its quantity, which, if that is the object, is increased by dilution and adultera­ tion. The difference between woman’s and man’s love is as the difference between the choice and genuine article that is offered as a free gift and token of affection, and the spuri­ ous article, the shoddy, that is manufactured by the wholesale for money. (6.) “ Has the masculine aspiration to be­ come and do more, a lesser claim upon our reverence than has the aspiration of the femi­ nine to become and do better ?” The good are the revered—not the great. The “better” the more revered, and the “ more ” the more despised, if the person be not good. I would rather be called “the best, littlest,” than “the greatest, meanest of mankind.” (7.) “And finally, is not the Divine Pres­ ence of the Infinite as perfectly expressed in the grand, stately, majestic appearance of the true man, as is the Divine Presence of the All-Pure expressed in the lovely, exquisite, symmetrical appearance of the true woman?” Well, suppose it were—which is the highest attribute of the Divine—Purity or Infinity? Holiness or Omnipresence ? But the only in­ finity belonging to extension is that of infinite space, which is nothing. The Infinity of Deity is that implied in Infinite Perfec­ tion, the object of love rather than of won­ der. The difference between the objects of love and wonder is precisely the difference between the modest loveliness of woman and the proud stateliness of man. Our exaltation of woman to her true position does not de­ grade, but elevates ourselves. “He that exalteth himself shall be abased, and he that humbleth himself shall be exalted.” This places the “true man” in a higher posi­ tion, and the “true woman” in the highest. 265 Monopoly in Religion. BY O. B. FROTHINGHAM. John, the disciple, said one day: “Master, we saw one casting out devils in thy name, and we forbade him, because he followed not with us.” Jesus replied: “Forbid him not; for he that is not against us is for us.” Wnat sort of man this was who was casting out devils in the charmed name of Jesus, we can only guess. He was probably some Jew who thought that name a good one to conjure by, and who used it without thinking it neces­ sary to call himself a disciple. Or he might have been a pagan; worse still, a Samaritan, who, observing what wonders were wrought by the name, ventured to use jt in his exor­ cism. Some unbeliever it was, at all events, who only cared for Christ’s name because it gave him good help in his calling as physician for the more mysterious diseases which, as they were attributed to demonic possession, were supposed to be curable by magical or superhuman aid. Whoever the man was, and whatever his motive may have been, so much is clear: he did cast out spirits. That the disciples confessed. They did not say the man was trying to cast out spirits, or pre­ tending to cast out spirits; but he was actual­ ly casting them out; he was doing it success­ fully. Nay, more than this: he was doing it by the same holy agency which they used themselves. He was confessing the very Master whom they followed. Had they been reasonable men they would have been greatly delighted that men outside of their own little persecuted body were doing their work, re­ lieving them of part of their responsibility, and proving that more agencies than they could employ were on foot in the same cause. They would be glad that the immense labor of casting out demons was not committed solely to them, but was intrusted to such a variety of people, that its accomplishment was made far more certain. But these early disciples were not above claiming a monopoly of this divine business, though the stock was then exceedingly low, and the dividends very uncertain and remote. Nobody should cast out devils unless he held to them, and belonged to their company. They were the exclusive holders of that privi­ lege, and were ready to prosecute any who —Judgment dwelleth in man, and Respon­ infringed their patent. The thing must be sibility sitteth by its side. done by their allowance, in their way, and �266 The Friend of Progress. under their patronage. There might be fewer devils cast out—that was not the point. The business was a private one of theirs, and they were jealous of it. Though all the devils remained in possession, opposition in casting them out must be stopped. The Master’s reply to this petty jealousy was, as usual, magnanimous. No matter whether he is of our party or not. If he does our work he is our friend. The main thing is to get the devils cast out. If they do that, I am satisfied. They may be Jews, Pagans, Samaritans, heathen of any sort—if they suc­ ceed in casting out devils, they are of our party. Thus, in the very life-time of the Master, and in the very circle of his immediate friends, began that struggle between partisanship and charity, which has raged ever since that early day, and which now tears apart the Christian world. Can Christian work be monopolized? That is the question. Can such a thing be admitted as proprietorship in the humane and universal? Shall ownership in truth and charity—in moral and spiritual elemnts—be allowed ? Is any company large enough, or strong enough, or wise enough, or honest enough, to take out a patent for the enlight­ enment and inspiration of mankind? The human passion for proprietorship is some­ thing prodigious. It is enormous. It stops at nothing. It ranges from earth to heaven, from dirt to Deity. Man makes everything his own. He would set on everything his private seal, and make it sacred as property. Houses and lands, personal estate, wardrobe, horses, furniture, plate, merchandise, are not the only things that bear the charmed name of possessions. The phrase, my servant, my porter, my clerk, my friend, my child, my husband or wife, is almost as familiar as the phrase, my carriage, or my house; and it is used in much the same absolute spirit. “I would not take five thousand dollars for that little protege' of mine,” said a friend unwittingly to me. Love is full of private jealousies. It cannot bear that others, not even that humanity, not even that God, should have any part in its beloved. It is resentful that the interests of the race should appropri­ ate the thoughts or affections of its darling. When the dear God takes to his bosom, child or friend, we complain that he has robbed us | of what belonged to us as a piece of private property. The passion for proprietorship does not stop with persons. It lays hold on ideas; hangsits livery on universal truths; sets its private stamp on the Infinite. How constant­ ly we hear of “my” philosophy, “my” creed, “ my ” system, “ my ” truth ! A man is supposed to have reached the hight of spiritual experiences when he can say, “my” God. The Jews had a notion of God, which they said was peculiar to themselves—nobody else had it; nobody else should have it, unless he joined them, and became a Jew. It was their monopoly; they had a patent for it, and jealously guarded their right, for it secured to them the key to the kingdom. They took great pains to keep it distinct from every other idea of God that prevailed in the world. They would not carry it or send it anywhere. Whoever wanted it must come to them and get it. Now one would say that this niggardliness of theirs proved them unre­ ligious; proved that they had no worthy idea of God at all. No! it gains them the repu­ tation of being the most religious nation on the face of the earth. If, instead of saying “our” God—the God of the Hebrews—the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob—they had said simply, ‘ ‘ God the Infinite and Eternal ”— “all men’s God”—they would have been reckoned little better than pagans. If, instead of saying, “Come to us, all ye people, and we will give you God, for we alone have him,” they had said, “In every nation he that feareth and worketh righteousness is accepted, ” it would have been said that they cared no more about God than so many heathen. To say my God—our God—is the special mark of the saint. To say ‘1 all men’s God ” is equivalent to saying “no. God.” When a man can feel that he has secured a personal or family interest in Deity—when he lias suc­ ceeded in elbowing his way through the vulgar crowd into the Divine Presence, and, catching his eye, has extorted from him a promise of future favor, he is said to be con­ verted. The man with a new heart has ever a long list of special providences wrought in his behalf. It is his privilege to have a God who singles him out from the rest of mankind, and makes his private affairs a concern of his. Only the unsanctified disavow this sort of pro­ prietorship in Deity, contend that he rules the world by general laws—loving no one in par­ ticular—and speak of him as the Absolute, the Infinite, the Eternal. It follows, naturally enough, that this pri­ vate possession is held in very high esteem. �Monopoly in Religion. 267 My things are better than yours. There is no ity is the only authority conferred by the o house that I like so well as my own. There Spirit; my priesthood is the only priesthood ■e is no horse like my horse. My child is a won­ that has the true ordination;—when a sect ider. My friend is peerless. The circle I says: You must shout my shibboleth, or you belong to is the choice circle. The family will be damned; you must work my organizay from which I sprung ranks with the very first tion, or you can do nothing; this way of mine st for antiquity and honorableness of descent. is the only way; I have the charmed formula; :. There is no blood purer than the blood in my these men outside are Infidels; they are doing y veins. Aristocrats are we .all, somewhere. harm; their influence is bad; God does not !. My town ranks the country—my country is favor people who deny these doctrines which s the chosen’ spot of the earth. This little we hold, and neglect those practices which e infirmity of private conceit in ordinary life we follow; when a doctor of divinity says in a e and in small matters, we pass by with a lecture: “If a man believes the creed, he has smile; but in graver matters it becomes seri.- a faith ; if he denies it, he has a philosophy, ­ ous. When Religion thus overworks the per­ and Anti-Christ is a philosopher ;” it is time to sonal pronoun—when Religion emphasizes say that the divine grace has not made itself s the I, the me, the our, the us—when Religion over to any denomination or party ; that for i lets its sunshine and its rain fall upon this seed the matter of need, God needs none of us. 1 of individuality, till from it there shall spring 5 The idea that this little clique of theologia tree whose top touches the heaven—when ans, who cannot even define their own terms, i Religion makes this me a mountain whose should pretend to hold so much as a small 3 summit overtops the country round, and ac­ latch-key to a back door unto the kingdom of commodates the court of Jupiter and all the use and beauty ! The idea that this church, ì Gods—when Religion gives its divine sanc­ whose history is stained with blood, should tion to this idea of ownership, and allows a pretend that only she can make men white ! i man to think that his opinion is the final This, too, in a world which has seen churches 1 truth; that his way of saving men is the only rise and fall like waves, under the blowing of the 7 way by which men can be saved; that his invisible Spirit ! This in a world which has J church is the providential institution, outsidej seen systems chase each other across the sky of which is no salvation—it is time to look; of thought like clouds! This in a world about and ask what it means. Some fieldsj which has seen vast institutions dry up like certainly must be rescued from this exorbitant mist in the dawn! This in a world where ; claim of proprietorship. When the Reformer• mighty results are brought about by trifling says to his fellow-men, “You who wish to aidI causes, which no man could see a moment in men to throw off this great burden of abuse, advance, and where the most tremendous to deliver Jhemselves from this particular■ efforts of organized man have so often failed oppression, to emancipate themselves from. to accomplish anything! This in a world this special sin, must come into my party, where a thousand agencies cross and recross take my oath, adopt my tenets, use my spe­ one another, doing the perfect will from cific; we shall count you against us unless moment to moment ! you join our society, and wear our badge; It is said, I know, that this feeling of private * for nobody can do this thing but we; wheu ownership is the only guaranty that people the Temperance reformer, for instance, brings will take an interest in the work they are set out his pledge of total abstinence, and bids to do. Men care tor their own ; and as their you sign and circulate it, as the only means own, will work for it, save for it, live and die of stopping the curse of intemperance, and for it ; while for that which is not their own, on penalty of being reckoned an enemy of the they will lift no finger and give no dollar. inebriate if you decline; when he says: All The selfish feeling of proprietorship keeps the other devices are worse than useless; every world a going; just as water, till it is forced other doctrine than this of mine is damning; to flow between banks, spreads out into a every other society than this of mine is a pre­ marsh, overflows valuable territory, rots the tense ; it is time to declare that there is work land and the trees, gives play-ground to slimy so broad and radical that it needs all earnest snakes and frogs, and keeps the country men to do it. When a church says: In my about well supplied with fevers for grave­ communion alone is salvation; my sacraments : yards; so men and women become—we are are the only genuine sacraments; my author- i told—shallow and stagnant and pestilential, �268 The Friend of Progress. till you set them at work for their own pri­ vate interest. It is of no use to talk of humanity and justice and the welfare of the race. People are kind to themselves and to those who belong to them, and to no others. Public buildings may burn, but each individual takes care that his house does not take fire. The mother no doubt is very fond and foolish and tiresome, and kindless, who thinks that never a sweet babe was born till her darling came into the world; but unless she did think so, she would not nurse the baby, and carry it through all the perils of infancy. Who would do for another’s child from sentiments of humanity, for heaven’s sake or for God’s sake, what she does for her own child, for her own sake ? The sentiment of ownership is, we are assured, the main-spring of life. To turn the wheel of existence, love must be set running through a sluice-way. The coldhearted man provides bountifully for his own family; watches jealously over his daughters; educates carefully his sons; spares no pains and no cost for health, instruction, culture; spends his life, in fact, in the effort to train this little plant of his so that it shall bear beautiful blossoms and rich fruit—all the while priding himself supremely on its thrifti­ ness and beauty. He is improving his own property, and increasing his own possessions. You do not find him doing that, or anything like it, for those who are not his own; but he keeps his little garden-plot weeded. The patriot will fight for his country and her insti­ tutions, whatever they may be, and will send his sons to fight and bleed for them too; exulting in their glorious death when they go down into premature graves. There is no devotion like his. Poets make it the theme of their song; orators make it the source of their inspiration; historians use it as the best material for the holy traditions that bind the generations of national existence together, and warm up a people’s heart with grand memories of valor and sacrifice. The man without a country—rather the man whose country is the world—the man who can claim one country as being his own as much as another—the man who, instead of being rooted to a little island, has the freedom of the globe—whose countrymen are all mankind— never does anything like this. He will not fight for a flag; he will not engage in a national struggle; he will not sing patriotic songs, or lay down his life that a people may be tree; because no people is his people, no songs are his songs, no nation is his nation, and no flag is his flag. He has nothing spe­ cially at stake. His pride is not enlisted; his self-love is not appealed to; his vanity is not excited; and so for him all causes are indifferent; all revolutions alike interesting or uninteresting; all struggles equally mo­ mentous or idle; all flags but silken symbols of nationalities'in which he has no special concern; and the convulsions of states are but so many social movements of which he is a curious spectator. The largest expense in the grand patriotic demonstration of February 22 was incurred by the people whp wanted to display their sign-boards. The man who cares nothing for the social ties that link men together, upon whose ear the words “human brotherhood” come with an unmeaning sound, who has no conception of a unity as existing between himself and his fellow-men, and will consequently do nothing to promote that unity, may become intensely interested in his church, because it is his church—the church of which he is a pillar and in which he is a proprietor—and in the act of building up that by enlarging its mem­ bership, filling its meetings, augmenting its sociability, enriching its communion and ves­ per services, adorning and beautifying its sanctuary, he will help make a bond of unity felt among a number of his fellow-beings; he may create a limited brotherhood of human souls, and may build a sheepfold or a home where the imperiled may find shelter and the outcast may find rest. All the time it is his church, his church, that is uppermost in his thoughts; but it cannot be his church without being also the church of many human souls besides himself. Or take another illustration. There was a meeting at the Academy in behalf of the sol­ diers—called by the officers and friends of the Christian Commission. There was nothing remarkable in the published list of speakers, or in anything else, to attract a crowd. But the crowd was there—immense, crushing. Interest rose to the pitch of excitement. The appeals of the orators roused the audience to enthusiasm, and when the collection was taken up, people, instead of following the usual custom—of searching for a small piece of currency among the bills—poured out the entire contents of their purses; nay, took the rings from their fingers, the chains from their necks, the bracelets from their arms, the watches from their pockets, and flung �Monopoly in Religion. them promiscuously into the pile of trea­ sure. ■What prompted this extraordinary generos­ ity ? A feeling of humanity ? Sympathy with suffering ? A conviction of the soldiers’ needs ? Why, those needs had been presented to them hy the Sanitary Commission for four years. For four years eloquent speakers had been arguing, exhorting, appeali^, praying for money for these very soldiers, from these very people. But they did not touch this sensitive sectarian sentiment. They did not ventilate the personal pronoun. They did not say, “we, we,” but only “they, they.” They did not forbid those that followed not with them. ‘ ‘ Cast out the devils, ” they said, 1 ‘ and we are satisfied.” But the devils were not cast out. Now comes a body that adopts the narrow sectarian policy, holds out hope of sectarian aggrandizement, pricks the spirit of sectarian vanity and conceit, and jealously shouts, “we, we ”—our denomination—owr church— and the charity sprouts up like coal oil in Pennsylvania. What will not men do for the sake of their own souls, who will do nothing for the sake of the bodies and souls of all Christendom 1 Speak to them of justice, of humanity, of the claims of a common kindred in God, of the poor man’s need, the sick man’s misery, the stupid man’s ignorance, the weak man’s vice, the wicked man’s turpitude and sin, and they are as immovable as rocks. Frighten them a little about the safety of their private souls, and there is no end to their charity. Make alms-giving a private business, the chief pro­ fits whereof are to accrue to themselves—gua­ rantee to them a special interest in the kingdom of heaven—and you rouse them to such effort as will make a desert blossom. The premium on private seats in heaven built the Church of St. Peter. Seeing all this, people argue that monopoly in religion is a good thing; that narrowness in church life is a good thing; that sectarian­ ism is a good thing; that every kind of pious partisanship is a good thing; that the constant over-working of the personal pronoun “I,” 1 ‘ we, ” ‘ ‘ ours, ” “ us, ” is a good thing. Is it ? Was that rebuke of John well bestowed ? Is it well to say to people: Cultivate your exclusive­ ness, if it is only in exclusiveness and through exclusiveness that you will work—insist that no man shall cast out devils at all unless he will cast them out in your way—is it well to say this? 269 • Remembering who it was that rebuked this disposition when it first showed itself among his own disciples, let us consider this point. Granted that men work more intensely when they work for their own denomination, church, party, organization, sect, corporate interest—granting that the effort to monopo­ lize power, authority, privilege, prestige, to triumph over rivals, to get patronage away from competitors, is the mainspring of all intensity of labor—the question still remains: Is the work done, the work required ? Are the demons cast out ? Are none but demons cast out? When the zealous John forbade the casting out of devils by that outsider, because he did not join his company, was he not thinking a little more of his com­ pany than he was of the dispossession of the demons? And was he not more interested in the gathering in of followers than he was in the driving out of devils ? And presently, when Paul came along and proposed to cast out heathen demons, on another plan, did not this same John think that the integrity and compactness and orthodox consistency of the Jerusalem church would more than compen­ sate for the weeding of the Lord’s garden? Did he not vote that Paul was little better than a demon himself, because he divided the company and drew some away ? The close churchman, the narrow sectary, the exclusive partisan, becomes so absorbed in his church, his sect, his party, that he for­ gets there are any demons to be cast out. He may give, work, toil, spend, apparently for objects outside; but it is always for objects inside. He bestows only on himself. He flings the gold away from him with most impetuous and lavish hand; but flings it in such a way, that, like the Indian boomerang, it comes directly back to his own hand. Partisanship in morals and religion strength­ ens nothing but itself. It is very doubtful if mankind are any better for it. It is true, no doubt, that, to a certain extent, the poor are aided, the hungry are fed, the naked are clothed; but this is done indirectly, inciden­ tally, as a means to an end, and in a spirit that makes the utility of it very questionable; for with every gift of clothing or money goes something of the Phariseeism that bestows it. The Christian Commission will, of course, render much assistance to the soldiers in camp and hospital; but with every package of sup­ plies will go a package of tracts; every bun­ dle of clothing will contain just so many suits �270 The Friend of Progress. of sectarian livery; every bottle of medicine will be folded in wrappers indicating the spir­ itual drug-gist it came from, and soliciting patronage for the firm; every pair of shoes will suggest to the sore-footed recipient the strait and narrow way of orthodoxy, by which alone he can find the kingdom of heaven; and every blanket, as it is put on, will remind the shivering man of certain filthy rags of infidel­ ity, which must be put off. The temporal estate of some denomination is the thing to be improved, after all. The soldiers must follow after us. I make bold to say, for my own part, that the good done to the soldiers is slight, as compared with the evil done to the cause of religion. It would be better, in my judgment, every way, that the soldiers should have nothing beyond what the government can furnish them with, than that this enor­ mous vice of sectarianism should grow. It were better that the demon of cold and hun­ ger and pain should not be expelled, than that the far more terrible demon of religious partisanship should take possession. If we could break down the principle of monopoly in faith, we could richly afford to let the world take its chance with its physical and social ills. It will have to take its chance with these at any rate. What does the costly religion of New York, supported by these most munifi­ cent sectarians, do toward diminishing the burden of excessive taxation, lessening the fearful rate of mortality among the poorer classes of citizens, stopping the gaping sources of disease that belch out streams of poisoned air in every foul street, providing that the children should be saved from the wholesale murder to which they are exposed through the neglect of Street Commissioners, or saving the poor from the outrageous and merciless spoliations of their rulers ? We New Yorkers live daily on the very brink of destruction. All the demons are let loose upon us: foul odors, dirt, putrefaction, the elements of every conceivable disease, beggary, thievery, vice in every variety; and the Citizen’s Associa­ tion cannot find ten good men to undertake its gigantic sanitary work. The organiza­ tions that represent the law and will of God are busy filling their quotas for the ranks of saints in the world to come. A sure way, perhaps, of effecting the sani­ tary reform of the city, would be to fire some body of sectaries with the idea that it would redound greatly to its religious reputation and its denominational power, to redeem the city from its filth. Let there be a rivalry started among the churches as to which should, glean the richest harvest of converts from the poor who were saved from pestilence and the rich who were saved from pillage—let some “ Christian Association ” be induced to under­ take the work of cleaning our augean stables for the “lovt^of souls,” and in a very few weeks our city would rival Paris in the exqui­ site cleanliness of its streets, the complete­ ness of its sewerage, the admirable ventilation of its dwellings, the absolute abatement of all its nuisances, and the beauty of its municipal appointments. The demons of the earth would be expelled, but in their place we should have demons of the air; an atmosphere filled with controversial and theological dust; heaps of evangelical tracts; a police watch set at the avenues of thought. When the unclean spirit had gone out, into the swept and gar­ nished city would come seven other spirits more wicked than he, and the last state of that man might be worse than the first. For this disposition, illustrated by John, conjures up more d mons than it lays. Nay, it leaves the real demons in full possession, and goes to work to expel as demons what there is ground for believing are no demons at all, but the saving spirits of the earth. The test of any faith is that it casts out demons; but the people who say that none but they have authority or power to cast out demons, simply assail as demons all who try to cast out demons in a different way from theirs. Every sect is demonic in the eyes of every other sect. The list of the arch-fiends whom Christendom has tried to cast out is rather remarkable. St. Paul heads it. At long intervals follow Huss, Jerome, Savona­ rola, Luther, Servetus, Latimer, Ridley, Chan­ ning, Parker—all men who fought real devils to some purpose. Church does its best to exorcise church, denomination to dispossess denomination, party to put party under the ban; while ignorance, want, suffering, sor­ row, limitation, imbecility, sit moping and gibbering on the hearts of human kind. The Pope of Rome, in whose holy city 800,000 francs are annually spent in masses, while 214,000 suffice for public instruction, issues his manifesto, in which he pronounces accurst and summons the faithful to expel some half hundred or more of spirits which we in America are accustomed to consider the very guardian angels of our social estate. �Monopoly in Religion. But you will find that the different parties in Christendom have their devils too, in whose expulsion they are as much interested as he is in his; and of those devils he is reckoned the chief. The test of a faith is its power to cast out demons. But who shall tell us what the demons are? It is very easy to say, Cast out devils; but thus far it has resulted in Christians trying to cast out one another, and letting the devils remain in possession. Who shall tell us what the devils are? 0 friends! we cannot know what they are, till we are delivered from the prince of them, which is the spirit of Phariseeism, and exclu­ siveness, and monopoly. We canno’t know what they are, until we come out of our sec­ tarian corners and ecclesiastical closets, where we have been so long barricaded, and standing in the open plains of humanity, ask ourselves what it is that injures Man; what 'Curses society at large; what depraves and eradicates human nature; not what weakens our party, shakes our organization, enfeebles the influence of our church. When we can forget the personal pronoun entirely—forget that we have an establishment to build up— forget that we have a denomination to sustain —forget that we have a church to fill—forget that we have a private spiritual interest to serve—forget that we have a system to defend and promulgate—and only remember* that God has a truth to serve—then, and not till then, shall we know what the demons are that we are called to cast out. Then we may discover, possibly, that the first demon is the spirit which we have been all along cherishing as angel: the hunger for personal or partisan appropriation—the rage for spoils in the heavenly kingdom. The faith that makes men large and liberal—call itself what it may —is the true faith. The faith that delivers men from their limitations, stirs them from their stupor, makes them ashamed of their igno­ rance, puts down unwarranted authority, expels from their bosoms the fear of God, exorcises the spirit of distrust and timidity, of doubt respecting themselves and the world they live in—the faith that gives them confi­ dence in their power to find the truth, and in the power of natural and providential agencies to get them out of their misery—no matter what ugly name it may happen to bear—is good faith. Call it orthodoxy, heterodoxy, heresy, infidelity, secularism, pantheism, or whatever else is most obnoxious in title—if it 271 casts out the demons of ignorance, lethargy, stupor, blindness, and servility of mind—if it expels the spirit of tame acquiescence and dumb submission to want and misery—if it drives out cowardice and credulity and super­ stition—if it is a spirit of liberation, it is good. It may not be for our church—it cannot be against our influence. Jesus said bitterly one day: “A man’s foes are they of his own household.” Indeed they are. The foes of a man are they that bar his way out into generous relations with his fellow creatures and his God—bosom foes all— demons of the threshold: domestic luxury, personal exclusiveness, family pride, social contempt, sectarian zeal, church foppery. God help us to put these things away. God help us to love truth more than opinion, society more than sect, the community more than the church, him more than ourselves. Then we shall find ourselves in possession of the charm that casts out every demon. When will men understand that they are powerful only when they serve the truth—that they must always be weak when they patronize it ? When will men understand that they gain nothing by appropriating ideas to themselves, and insisting on their monopoly being re­ spected? Just as all our back yards—now so dark and moldy and grassless and forlorn— would each and all be green and blooming if we would pull down the high fences that shut out light and air, and in place of them put up open inclosures of iron-work, through which the breeze would circulate—so each one of our opinions and credences would gain in vitality if the sectarian barricade were removed and the common air of heavenly truth allowed to sweep over and freshen the whole. In God we cannot lose ourselves—we always find our­ selves. We lose ourselves out o’f him. The universal never drowns us—it saves us from drowning. The very largest charity, while it seems likely to let the man ran out and be drained off, serves to let the great spirit run in and fill him up frill. Do you lose your breath when you open your windows to the air of heaven ? Every great example takes hold of us with the authority of a miracle, and says to us, If ye had but faith, ye should also be able to do the things which I do.—Jacobi. It is impossble to be a hero in anything, unless one is first a hero in faith.—id. �272 The Friend of Progress. The Friend of Progress. C. M. Plumb & Co., Publishers. NEW YORK, JULY, 1865. Mr. Towne’s Survey of Mr. Beecher’s Beliefs and Opinions will be resumed in our next number, and probably be completed in the number following. The contribution for this month is unavoidably delayed. The Psychometrical Delineation of the Character of Abraham Lincoln, to be found upon another page, is published not so much for the purpose of adding another to the many individual opinions of our late Presi­ dent, as for the sake of the peculiar method of the examination, and its striking harmony with the character revealed to the nation in the career of Mr. Lincoln, since 1861, when the examination was made and first pub­ lished. The Truth in Error. That the human mind is naturally truthful, is no less evident from the efforts of liars than from the credulity of the honest. Were we as enamored of the face of falsehood as of that of truth, the task of the hypocrite would be needless, as a lie might flaunt its own colors without disparagement. Counterfeits are only profitable where a sound currency is their basis. We ought then to expect a show of truth in all the professions of men, and where a doc­ trine has been passed down from age to age, till it has become the spiritual and mental life of thousands, we should look for a reality of truth, as well as the specious appearance of it in that life-creed. Where men are persist­ ent in their exercise of gnawing theological husks, it is safe to conclude that some kernel enlivens their dry fodder, or that they have power to assimilate even husks, and derive from them a little spiritual nutriment. Often we have only to translate the idea from the cant of the conventicle into the lan­ guage of common sense, to get a very appre­ ciable fact out of a very abominable dogma. A kernel of good sense may be wrapped up for a thousand years in the unsavory mummy­ foldings of a creed, and yet retain vitality enough to germinate under the free air and sunshine, in the natural soil of unsanctified’ thought. Thus the doctrine of total depravity, the existence of which in the mind of any sane man is the nearest approach to its de­ monstration that so gross a doctrine is capable of, has in its loathsome wrappings a little mummy wheat which does not refuse to vege­ tate when carefully separated from its dismal surroundings, and nursed by a purely human philosophy. The venerable Assembly of Westminster Divines put forth the conclusion, pithily summed up in that juvenile distich: • “In Adam’s fall We sinned all,” and backed it up by certain hideous commen­ taries and consequences, in which their disci­ ples discovered that hell, already well “paved with good intentions,” was paved anew “with infantsnot a span long,” McAdmalzed with these little offshoots of Adam’s depravity! Now just as this double outrage upon God and Man is getting to smell too decidedly of the very ancient sarcophagus from which it was exhumed, while the very divines are making a bonfire of the bituminous rags and dusty hide of the old mummy, a vital fact drops out of the old cerements, and takes root in the mind—the fact that certain tenden­ cies are hereditary, that men do partake, not of the flaws only, but of the virtues and talents ot their ancestors. Some time since men learned, on the purely animal plane of philosophy, that horses, cows, and sheep owe much to parentage; and vast sums of money and no little care have been bestowed on the physical perfection of the lower races, with very marked advantages. Of course it would be very distasteful to apply the principles of good sense to the perfection of the animal man, for a tender regard to> delicacy and propriety seem to require that man-culture should be suffered to go on at haphazard, in transgression of all laws that happen to lie across the path of a blind pas­ sion, or a dazzled fancy, and let God take care of the cripples and monsters that are bred of such folly. But with all deference to the squeamishness of the very delicate, it may be suggested that a better “improvement” might have been drawn from the venerable' text of transmitted depravity. The one grand fact long buried in the mon­ strous creed, has not yet been sown widely enough to effect the race; nor will it, till men learn to pluck the pearl of truth out bf the �Education. muck-heap, instead of scratching there for worms, like the foolish cock in the fable. If the good God would speak to us audibly, as he does in every fact of his providence, or in other words, if we would listen to the true teachings of Nature, our human homes would cease to be mere nurseries of blights and abortions, and our youth no longer marrying the sons and daughters of Cain, instead of those of Enos, men and women would be so well bom the first time, they would not need to be born again. B. Education. Every child must receive an education, and that education must consist of a double train­ ing—a training of the mind and a training of the body to invigorate the mind. Moreover, education must be of such a na­ ture that, first, every child shall learn to think for itself, independently of master and authority; second, it shall be furnished with a knowledge of things rather than words; and third, the mode of teaching shall be such, and the nature of the things taught of such a real, practical character, that the moral and reli­ gious instincts shall receive at every instant increase of strength and gratification. 1. To teach a child unselfishness and con­ sideration for others, the teacher must begin by setting an example of unselfishness in not forcing upon the pupil his own opinions, com­ ments, or interpretations, or that of any authority, however much venerated of old, when those opinions do not at once coincide with the receptive mind. No matter how quaint, crooked, irreligious or dreadful, the objections of the child to old traditions, socalled beliefs, and fables, may be, a respect for the mind working within, and common sense, should teach us not violently to enforce our ideas upon it. That violence, even if it were in favor of the most evident truth, de­ moralizes the child, and renders it incapable, in general, of arriving by its own original ef­ forts at the truth thus forced upon it. It will learn to hate the truth, and the creature thus trained will only become as a man, a hypo­ crite, a mocker in his heart, and a constitu­ tional liar. As religion is the embodiment of truth itself, the enforcement of what is to the mind an untruth, a fable, a contradiction, an im­ piety—however lovely and divine your own thought and long habit may have made it—is 273 the first corroding agent, the world’s ignorant and selfish want of consideration for others, imposes on the child. The mind ready and fresh for truth receives in this way its first degradation. The ignorant ask for submis­ sion merely; instead of seeking to give that Light, which must be free to be true. In the old time, history was an exaggera­ tion; religion, fairy tales; literature, in­ ventions; poetry, extravagance; science and medicine, quackery; law, the whim and bru­ tality of the judge. Through this Slough of Despond the human mind had to march. From infancy to old age, violence was done to it; so that the child was almost invariably a preco­ cious enemy of every truth and of every good impulse—an embodiment of hypocrisy of con­ duct, violence in action, and submission to authority from abject fear. The physiogno­ mist traces still on the countenances of almost all, that inexpressible want of manly expres­ sion, which, like the word Mystery on the forehead of the Beast, has been written on the face by this chaos of contradictions, su­ perstitions, and violations of the moral right to free thought. To systematically destroy the originality of the pupil’s mind, is the wanton act of the barbarous and unintelligent teacher. The selfish man is unwilling that the scholar should deviate from the methods and ideas which have dwarfed himself. He strives, therefore, to maintain his own authority, and uses the authority of the ignorant past as a means to this end. Take the artist’s studio as an example. An exaggerated veneration is created for the Michael Angelos and Raphaels of art. This ven­ eration is due not merely to the actual talents of those artists, but more to the fact of the in­ cessant repetition of the same praises—praises given and yielded to by the worshipers without a thought of investigating the sub­ ject for themselves. The teacher insists, and denounces any doubt or question with indig­ nation ! Had the pupil been allowed to ex­ amine and criticise for himself, hewoukl have discovered in all authorities defects and in­ feriorities. But under the influence of master and the jeers of his fellow-students, the youthful aspirant gives his whole soul to the adoration of the mannerisms and faults of the artist-saints, and losing by degrees bis own natural originality, becomes a mere imitator or painter-ape. We want to study the works of others by an �274 The Friend of Progress. incessant examination or criticism of them— thus using them as a stepping-stone, and not a stumbling-block, to our own improvement and progress. 2. Things are better than words. When we know wliat a thing is, then the words of the book are full of meaning and information as to its nature, its habits, its history, &c., &c. What is h-o-m-e as letters put together as a word, to a child, which has had no means of associating the sound of the word or the combination of the letters, with the family­ circle and living-place ? What is g-l-a-s-s, as a combination of letters to form a word without a view of the object? When transparent? when opaque ? How brittle ? Can it compre­ hend ? Does it know how it is made ? Then bring the materials, and make it, so that as this and other objects are presented in their reality and demonstrated in their various combinations, the child may insensibly learn the elements of chemistry and other sciences and arts. There are a thousand facts of creation which children ought to know before they are out of childhood, which most men know nothing about, so wretched is our training. The child-mind is an inexhaustible source of curiosity, and every fact which it re­ ceives becomes so completely a part ol itself, that the future man is the work­ ing product of this constructed mental ma­ chine. It will know—it puts endless ques­ tions—it asks the meaning of every word it sees or hears, and wants to see and handle and manipulate every (to it; unknown ob­ ject—to search out its cause—to investigate its character and nature—ascertain and apply its uses. Education, then, must be a mass of mentally digested things and facts, about which there can be no mystification—no de­ ception—no lie. When the things are known and the facts are ascertained, words are easily found for every species of demonstration. That is an art of itself—the word art—but secondary, not as heretofore, the first point of education. The pressure of word-teaching upon the brain has been such that millions of educated children have had nearly all incipient talent crushed out of them. Mere book-learning, stale, dry, and unprofitable word-gabble, has been the vampire of our school-system. While things seen and felt leave an indelible impress, the vague word-description of the unseen and unknown thing leaves confusion and suggests absurdities. The unhealthy, crazy conceits, attachments to old errors, credulity about what is clearly false, and blindness to the practical evidences of the senses, is one form of word-education. The mind dwells and lingers in an evil-disposed chaos ol contra­ dictory, artificial, and arbitrary thoughts. 3. A perfect disorder of intellect is the growth of our chaotic system of education. It is the intellectual man that is generally the most prejudiced and the most blind to simple and positive truths and facts. And as all he has learnt has been forced upon him under the influence of flattery—the teacher of the false instinctively knows the repulsiveness of the absurdities he is impressing, and so uses evil’s last resource—he, (the intellectual victim,) under the belief thus adroitly imposed upon him, hates what is new, rejects discovepies and denies facts, because they open up to him the falsities of his labors and credulities, and shock his selfishness by threatening to diminish the profits of the business or pro­ fession to which he has been ignorantly har­ nessed. The struggle of the intellect of the nineteenth century is to get rid of that intellectual blind­ ness, which has stayed the progress of mind in all past times. A blindness which is the fruit of the imposture of words and phrases—of their incomplete, uncomprehended, miscon­ strued meaning—of their wrongly interpreted, translated, and misprinted passages—of num­ berless interpolations, pious frauds, and rav­ ings of iusane persons, passing among the vulgar of the time for holy men and women— of excessive admiration for certain authors and authorities—[Shakespeare for example, the most obscure passages in which, arising probably from errors of the printer, are oftenest admired]—of rapt enthusiasm for legal quibbles, medical quackeries, pious fables, and scientific absurdities. These stum­ bling-blocks to truth, men are now struggling to remove; but it cannot be thoroughly done, except by a change of our system of educa­ tion from the too exclusive study of words, to a more thorough study of things, beginning at the earliest age. When we reflect that the greatest intellects of the past have, with few exceptions, been dupes of the most irrational superstitions and scientific falsities, and that great and simple truths almost invariably have come from men who had no classical or scientific education, and add to these facts our own �experience that simple and positive truths are almost always accepted and comprehended intuitively by simple-minded persons and the young, we shall at once see with what care and suspicion we should receive the “wis­ dom” of the past. Self-made men—intellectually speaking— are generally modest in proportion to the greatness and earnestness of the truth that is in them. College-made men are almost inva­ riably conceited, even, when they have some intellectual ability. This fault arises from the mode of teaching. Instead of the “moral and religious instincts receiving at every instant increase of strength and gratification, ” their literary education is held upto them constantly as a subject of pride in contradistinction to the ignorance of the people; and this pride runs through all the professions, with this addition to the religious, that it is inculcated in all persons, high and low, rich and poor—by the sects as one against the other—and is thus made the great backbone of all the falsities, as it is of all the vices and crimes of society. Hence a simple truth, spoken at the be­ ginning of the first century, was just as repul­ sive to the educated man of that day, as it is now in the nineteenth century. It was to the simple and ignorant in a literary point of view, that the truth was addressed, in de­ spair of convincing the irrational acuteness of the pocket-interested of the age. This ir­ rational acuteness pretends to demonstrate logically the truth of fables that are scientific absurdities ; and is just a part of that system of unreasoning to sustain falsehoods, super­ stitions, and interested fictions, which have so long characterized the schools. To moralize education, then, we must make it general, and direct it out of the mire of mere word-study, into that of the demon­ stration of the realities and wonders of the creation. The pride of sect—that curse and degradation of humanity for the support of idlers—must be broken up ; and that can only be by making truth free to all—for the truth shall make all free. From the earliest infancy the child is dragged to the Sunday-school to learn words of self-esteem and mystification ; and to the church to hear these commented and dogma­ tized upon and sustained, as proved, by quo­ tations, questionable extracts, and fabled sayings and doings of beings who have or have not existed. All is in the vague. He is told every day, every hour, that his sect is better than others—consequently that he— however ignorant, or unworthy—is better than others! This great crime is the begin­ ning of his degradation as a man—he is practically lowered to the grade of the ani­ mal, the criminal—and his actions towards his brethren subsequently, show by their vio­ lence of word and deed the effect of the training. But when you take the child, and putting aside the love of slander and hatred incul­ cated by the old system, simply teach him the great truths found in the wonders of God’s creation, there is no room for selfish feelings, but ample space for admiration, and enthusi­ asm, and love of the Creator and all that he has made. The children of the common Fa­ ther learn instinctively that all are brothers. The intellect develops without effort, and the moral feelings are kept in healthy activity. The mind exclusively occupied in acquiring new scientific facts, finds no time for mere lancies, theories and superstitions. It builds not on sand, but on rock. Fairy tales, novels, fables, and barefaced assertions will lose their influence—compromises with evils, with injustice in the guise of law, with quackery in the guise of medicine, with superstition in the guise of religion, with assertions in the guise of science, will end. And with the progress of a purified intellect may we expect a more correct appreciation of the laws which should govern society, and such an application of them as will obliterate in time those social evils which have so iong disgraced humanitvA." BY CORA L. V. H ATC H . Youngest, rarest household treasure; Source of constant care and pleasure; Bud of promise; gem of beauty; Idol of home’s love and duty— Babe Mabel! Eyes as blue as mirrored ether; Earth and heaven blent together; Roses, girt with lily’s blossom, Paling upon neck and bosom— Fair Mabel! Form of shape and mold most, human, Fittest for a future woman; Sweet caprices; frowning, smiling, Baby anger; now beguiling— Sweet Mabel! Eager face and lips upturning; Proffered kisses often spurning; Giving love when none are wooing; Busy ever with undoing— Witch Mabel I Body poised, its balance trying; Arms outstretched, like wings, for flying; Little feet, uncertain, straying, Life’s first journey just essaying— Brave Mabel! Longer journeys are before thee; May as loving ones bend o’er thee; And, when sterner tasks are calling, May Heaven’s arms shield thee from falling,. Bear Mabel! �The Triend of Progress. ^Relations of the Indians and the General Government. BY CAPTAIN R. J. HINTON, U. S. C. T. The last Congress took steps towards a thorough investigation of the present position and relation of the Indians to the General Government, by the appointment of a Con­ gressional Commission to visit the tribes, and make such investigations as the subject de­ manded. It also considered, though it did not pass, a bill securing a territorial civil or­ ganization for the Indian territory, south of Kansas. Senator Doolittle, of Wisconsin, one of the ablest and most humane members of the U. S. Senate, is at the head of the Investi­ gating Commission, and this with the presence of the Hon. James Harlan, of Iowa, in the Secretaryship of the Interior, are evidences that a wiser and more equitable adjustment of the status of the American Indian is about to take place. When it shall be generally known that during the progress of the great rebellion, we have maintained an army against Indians, larger than the entire regular army was be­ fore the rebellion; when we remember that we have had two outbreaks of a most disastrous character; that of Minnesota in 1862, and that on the overland and Santa Fe Mail Roads and the settlements contiguous thereto, with the murder of several hundred unpro­ tected settlers, the interruption of our interoceanic lines of travel, and the robbery and destruction of at least five millions dollars of goods and stock, it will be granted that the necessity for a thorough overhauling of our Indian policy is most imperative. We have maintained and now have in the field about fifteen thousand men altogether, employed in looking after the Indians. General Dodge, commanding in Kansas, has two expeditions in the field, and with the troops guarding the great routes, must have at least six thousand men in this service. General Curtis, com­ manding the North-West Department, has about five thousand, half of whom are in the field, the remainder holding the frontier posts, and forts on the upper Missouri. Gen. Conner has at least a brigade in Utah, mainly employed in checking Indian depredations. The Department of the Pacific has considera­ ble expeditions in the Humboldt region, in Washington, and a large force in Arizona. At no time in the history of the Govern­ ment has the necessity been so apparent, of devising some plan of dealing with the Abo­ riginal tribes under our control, alike humane towards them, just to our own citizens, and comprehensive enough to meet the expansion and true growth of the country. The rebellion has broken many idols. It has made the nation conquer its prejudices. War is the sternest of logicians. The premises once ac­ cepted, its conclusions cannot be contro­ verted. One lesson it practically enforces, and that is the duty which devolves upon power, to aid the weak and defend the op­ pressed. The present struggle affords mani­ fold occasions to the statesman to lay broad the foundations of equitable administration. It compels our executive and legislative in­ cumbents to recognize that America means Man, not Caste, and that Democracy repre­ sents the race, and not condition. In this spirit we would deal with the question under discussion. The public mind, even yet in these days of crowding events, retains the terrible recollections of the Minnesota massacres. On the other hand, while we remember with loathing the race that committed such deeds, we also have brought to us, as a companion, yet diverse picture, the story of the endurances, suffering, valor and sacrifices—deeds done in behalf of the Union by loyal Indians, on our south-western frontier. The amazing discoveries of the precious metals in our continental mountain-ranges, and consequent rapid development in popu­ lation and wealth of the territories newly formed there, demand also the adoption of a just and comprehensive policy for the present and prospective government of the Indian tribes, who roam the Sierras Madre and Ne­ vada and their connecting mountain chains. Whatever policy is proposed, or whatever measures be adopted, there should be a care­ ful avoidance on the one hand of the senti­ mentalism which has often characterized discussions of this subject, and on the other, of the crushing-out spirit of the practical West. The romance which attaches itself in the minds of many with relation to the In­ dian character, fades rapidly into a very sensible disgust, wherever we are brought into contact with the tribes scattered through­ out oui’ broad domain. This disgust is hightened most sensibly by the fact, that in the new States and- Territories, Indian Reserva­ tions are the choicest lands as to situation �Relations of the Indians and the General Government. and quality. This excites the white settler’s cupidity and consequent animosity. The fact may be cause for regret; but it is true. Human nature is imperfect, and must be dealt with as such. It cannot be questioned that the policy of treating with the tribes as dependent nationalities, is a mistaken one. They have none of the elements—are within the limits of the Union, and under its authori­ ty. The land belongs by the highest law to those who subdue it to the uses of civiliza­ tion. It cannot be surrendered to or con­ trolled by an idle race, marked by a savage individuality which renders it difficult for them to devote themselves to industrial pur­ poses. Indeed, though the theory has been that the original ownership of the land lies in the Aboriginal tribes, and treaties are con­ tinually made with them, yet the fact is that the Government has always compelled the removal of the Indians, when the necessities of advancing settlements required them for the use of the husbandman. The entire system now pursued by the Government toward the Indian, is wrong, both to them and the white citizens. The placing of the various tribes on reservations scattered wide apart throughout our Western States, is calculated only to increase the num­ ber of well-paid officials, and to deteriorate, debauch, and ultimately to exterminate by drunkenness and disease, the tribes so located. The policy of appointing tribal agents tends only to enrich a large number of politicians and hangers-on, whom the various Senators and Representatives take this method of pen­ sioning upon the national treasury in consid­ eration of party or personal services. We assert from an extended knowledge of the class of men appointed to fill the various In­ dian Agencies, Superintendencies, etc., that considerations of fitness—such as knowledge of the Indian character, a desire to benefit them, acquaintance with agriculture or other arts of civilization, are among the very last things that seem to have entered the minds of the appointing power. The Indian Bureau, as at present managed, is necessarily but a huge machine for enriching a lot of offi­ cials, who desire to make the most of the four years’ lease of power. The only other effect of the existing agencies is to persistently de­ stroy the confidence of the Indians in the Government, to render our frontiers liable to such scenes as have occurred in Minnesota and upon the overland-routes, whenever the HI embarrassments of the nation or the despera­ tion of the savages may afford an opportunity or pretext, and to continually embitter the pioneer population of the West against the unfortunate red men. The other and collateral portion of the present policy, is the payment to Indian tribes of large sums of money in the form of annui­ ties—these payments being with the permit­ ting of authorized traders among the different tribes, who generally manage, with the pe­ culiar faculty which belongs to all connected with the Indians, to enrich themselves at the expense of their customers. By arrangements made with agents, the Indians are permitted to run into debt at the stores, and when the payments are made by the Government, but a small portion of the annuities reach the pock­ ets ofthose for whom they are intended. Ex­ amination of the accounts of a trader to any tribe will disclose how enormous are the profits of the traffic, and how large a portion thereof is for articles which are of no practi­ cal benefit. Paint, beads, paltry and gaudy articles of dress, constitute the largest items in the bills incurred by the Indians at their trading-posts. The fiction is that agents have nothing to do with traders. The truth, however, is that they obtain a large percent­ age of these profits. It can be readily seen how such temptations tend to illegitimate ar­ rangements. On this subject we find the fol­ lowing well-considered suggestions of Judge Usher, in a late report. They deserve con­ sideration and contain the germ of the true Indian policy which should be pursued by the National Government: “lam iully convinced that many serious difficulties grow out of the practice of permitting traders to sell goods and other property to the Indians on credit. The profits which are made by the traders, might be used for the Indians. It seems to me expedient for Congress to provide by law, for the purchase of such goods, agricultural implements, stock, and such other articles as the Indians need, to be paid for from the sums provided by treaties to be paid to the Indians. These should be placed in charge of a store-keeper under the control of the agent, and should be delivered to the Indians as their necessities may require, charging them only the cost and transportation. All contracts with them should be prohibited, and all promises or obligations made by them be declared void. A radical change in the mode of treatment of the Indians, should, in my �The Friend of Progress. judgment, be adopted. Instead of being treated as independent nations, they should be regarded as wards of the Government, en­ titled to its fostering care and protection. Suitable districts of country should be assign­ ed to them for their homes, and the Govern­ ment should supply them, through its own agents, with such articles as they use, until they can be instructed to earn their subsist­ ence by their labor.” Mr. Usher has struck the key-note of the whole question, in the expression that the Indians should be regarded “as wards of the Government, entitled to its fostering care and protection.” The same principle has forced itself upon our attention in the necessities at­ tending the condition of the freed people of the South. It grows out of the demands of a Christian civilization which compels a re­ cognition of the duty incumbent upon power, wealth, culture, to protect the weak and lift up the ignorant to higher planes of progress. Neither the Negro or the Indian can develop in isolation. Both are eminently gregarious, though differing widely in the manifestations thereof. Hence the futility of endeavoring to save and elevate the Indians by the present system, apart from just objections to it, found­ ed on the opportunities for plunder on the part of those connected with them. The most feasible and practicable plan for the protection and advancement of both Indians and whites, seems to be found in the Territo­ rial system hinted at by Secretary Usher, more elaborately stated by Senator Pomeroy, of Kansas, in a paper laid before the Indian Bureau, and published in Mr. Commissioner Dole’s report for 1862, which plan has been broached to the loyal Indians of the Territory west of Arkansas. This plan had reference mainly to the semi-civilized tribes living on reservations in the State of Kansas, and con­ templated their removal to the Territory oc­ cupied by the Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminóles. We propose to elaborate this same plan and show its appli­ cation to a settlement of the entire question under discussion. To do this properly, some statements should be given as to the numbers, condition, pro­ gress, locations of the Indian tribes within the United States. From the preliminary report of the Eighth Census, we copy the following table of the Indian population, retaining their tribal character and not enumerated in the Census: West of Arkansas,.. G5,680 California,............... 13,540 Georgia,....................... 377 Indiana,...................... 384 Kansas...................... 8,189 Michigan,................. 7,777 Minnesota............... 17,900 Mississippi,................ 900 New York,................ 3,785 North Carolina......... 1,499 I Oregon,..................... 7,000 Tennessee,................ 181 Wisconsin,................ 2,833 Colorado Ter.,......... 6,000 Dacotah Ter.,......... 39.664 Nebraska Ter.,......... 3,072 N evada Ter............... 7,550 New Mexico Ter., . .55,100 Utah Ter.,.............. 20,000 Washington Ter.,.. 31,000 I i I I 294,431 Governor Evans, of Colorado, states in his first Report to the Indian Bureau, that the Utahs, Kiowas, and Comanches number 10,000, and range in the western part of that Territory. Large bands of the Kiowas and Comanches roam through portions of Colora­ do, New Mexico, and the Indian Territory. All of these tribes are wild and warlike. Since the spring of 1864 they have been in constant hostility. The long continued inter­ ruption of the Overland Mail and Telegraph, with robberies and murders committed upon the frontier settlements of Kansas, Nebraska, and Colorado, during the last ten months, point conclusively to the necessity of com­ ing to some permanent, just understanding with these tribes, and all similar ones; or, if that be not possible, then to a war so com­ plete, thorough, and energetic as shall once for all break down and destroy the warlike marauds of the plains. We are also urged to the adoption of a correct policy towards tribes that have not yet made treaties, by the rapid growth of our empire in the direction of their haunts, and consequent necessity of providing equitably for their wants. In addi­ tion to those enumerated in the foregoing table, tribes which bear relation to the Gen­ eral Government of a more or less distinct character, there are probably not less than one hundred and fifty thousand belonging to tribes which have not yet acknowledged our rule while living within our Territory, and who are more or less in hostility to our people. We believe that we under- rather than over­ estimate the number. A glance at the map, and at the location of the principal bodies of Indians, will readily show that any territorial system which will cover the whole case, must involve at least the location of four districts, of suitable extent and character to support the entire Indian population within the territorial area of the Union. The most prominent, because, from the circumstances attending its past and present history, the most accessible and suita­ ble, is the region known as the Indian Terri­ tory, bounded on the North by Kansas, South. �delations of the Indians and the General Government. 279 by Texas, East by Arkansas and a small strip the Federal authority in Florida, Hal-us-tus■of South-West Missouri, and West by New tenug-gee, was the leader of his people in the Mexico. It contains an area of 74,127 square battles they fought in common with Creeks miles, or 47,441,480 acres, being in length and Cherokees, against their rebel brethren east and west, 320, and breadth, North and in November and December, 1861, and since South, 220 miles. It has a delightful climate as members of the Indian Brigade of the in the same zone as Mississippi, Alabama, Army of the Frontier, under Major General and the Carolinas, producing in abundance Blunt. Captain Billy Bowlegs is in command the cereals of the temperate and the products of the Seminole company, in the Federal of semi-tropical States, and having a virgin service. He is a nephew of the chief who soil of inexhaustible fertility, it offers a tempt­ resisted so long in Florida. They number ing field to the labor of the emigrant. The 2,226 persons. The Choctaws are disloyal, eastern portion is well watered, and wooded being intensely pro-slavery. They numbered by the Arkansas, Canadian, and Red River, 18,000, and owned 2,297 slaves. They are and such streams as the Neosho, Grand, well educated, and supported, before the war, Illinoise, Elk, Verdigris, Spring, and other the largest number of schools. The Chickaminor water-courses. The whole country is saws form part of the Choctaw Nation. They admirably adapted to the raising of stock. number 5,000. This is true of the western portion, the vast The rebellion has materially changed this. prairies of which will afford a congenial occu­ Slavery is dead among these tribes, and this pation for the Indian, in the care of the herds removes one obstacle to an equitable re­ and flocks which will one day cover the buf­ adjustment. They numbered 60,000 of the falo range. 65,000 Indians living in this Territory. The The fact of the settlement of the eastern negroes, slaves and free, 7,773, and the portion of this territory by the well civilized whites 1,988. This, according to the census tribes that now inhabit it, and the necessity of 1860. The mortality has been terrible for new treaties with them, owing to the since. The casualties of war, and the rava­ changes produced by the rebellion, points to ges of famine and disease, must have reduced this territory as the mostiavorable district for them at least 20,000. The present population may, therefore, be set down as about 55,000, liberally carrying out a new policy. The five principal tribes, Cherokees, Creeks. all told, including those in the Federal and Choctaws, Chickaaaws, and Seminoles, were, Rebel service. at the commencement of the war, among the In this Territory we propose that the Gov­ wealthiest communities in the continent. ernment shall offer homes to all of the semi­ They were large farmers, slave-owners, and civilized tribes of Kansas, Southern Nebraska, stock-raisers. The Cherokees were the own­ Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin, and ers of 2,504 slaves. Their personal wealth perhaps Minnesota. The tribes who come was very large. The war has changed the under the designation of civilized, will number character of affairs and reduced them to pov­ about 30,000, and be possessed of considera­ erty. The loyal Cherokees exhibit a com­ ble wealth and intelligence. The alternative mendable spirit of adaptation to their new may be presented to the more advanced of surroundings. They have abolished slavery, them, who yet preserve a distinctive charac­ making colored natives of the Territory citi­ ter, of abandoning the tribal form, national zens. disfranchised the rebels, and otherwise annuities, and taking their present reserva­ legislated in that direction. They express tions in severality, and thereby becoming­ themselves willing to make arrangements for citizens of the United States. Those who do the settlement of other Indians in their midst. not choose to accept this, and are desirous The Creeks are an important tribe. The of preserving their semi-national existence, loyal members of this tribe, comprising a can be removed to the Indian Territory, and large majority, have abolished slavery, accord located on new homes, where the necessary citizenship to the negroes and whites in their steps should be taken to provide for them midst, donate lands to the freed people, and until their industry returns support. Such a on equitable terms cede to the Government Territory and population, wisely managed lands for the settlement of their tribes. and generously provided for, would in a very The Seminoles are a small and intensely few years be a self-supporting community, loyal people. One of the last chiefs to resist affording the nation the satisfaction of seeing �280 The Friend of Progress. the Aboriginal race preserved and made of value to themselves as well as to the country. Might we not well hope, if a wise policy was pursued, to see it asking admission a few years hence as a Free State into the Union? In the meantime a delegate might be allowed them in Congress. The Fosses, Christy, Dowing, and other chiefs of the civilized In­ dians, are able and educated men. Objections may be urged to this plan, of expense in removal, necessity of a large military force to preserve order, and similar arguments. We reply, that the economy in the Indian admin­ istration here would in a short period more than compensate for the expense incurred by removal, provided that in all future arrange­ ments, the system of trading, of paying annui­ ties, and of tribal agents now in vogue, be entirely abolished. Experience has proved the capacity of these loyal Indians to act as soldiers, and to defend their own homes and interests. There are three regiments of mounted infantry (Indians') in the United States service jn that Territory. These In­ dians can be intrusted with their own police. They should, when practicable, be intrusted with such duty, if only for the purpose of edu­ cating them up to the full requirements of citizenship. Thus much by way of suggestion in relation to the Indian Territory. For the tribes located and roaming in Northern Nebraska, Idaho, Dakota, Minneso­ ta, and the Lake Superior region, a Territory should be organized in some portion of the North-West. A portion of Dakota could be wisely selected. It will not do to locate it too near the mountains, as the continued gold discoveries attract emigrants hitherward, and will necessarily disturb the Indians. Such a district must be chosen with a view to a cer­ tain accessibility in supplying the military force that will be required among them for some years. It should be adapted to agri­ cultural and grazing purposes, and be sup­ plied with fuel and water. Gen. Pope, when in command of the NorthWest, suggested the territory north and east of the Upper Missouri, and west of the James River. The country around Lake Mini Wakan, and at the head of the Plateaus De Coteau, Du Missouri, and Du Coteau Du Sioux, is an admirable location, and his policy has been to establish a chain of posts from the Red River in Minnesota, to the Missouri, and up to the confluence of the Yellowstone, and gradually drive in the hostile Sioux, placing a cordon around to retain them there. He succeeded to a considerable extent, and if his policy be pursued fully, it will work well. With the wants of the Indians properly supplied, and a judicious selection of officers over them, this population, now the source of uneasiness, may be made valuable and selfsustaining. In this relation it would be wise to select agents from among educated half­ breeds and missionaries, men whose identifi­ cation with and knowledge of the race, will en­ able them to deal understanding^ and justly. There is now left to care for, the tribes within the Pacific States and Territories, and among the mining region of the Sierra Madre or Rocky Mountains. For a large portion of those in Colorado, suitable homes can be found in the western portion of the Indian Territory. For tribes to whom that country might not be adapted, a portion of Utah might be obtained. Here the mountain tribes of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada might be gathered and controlled. In New Mexico the condition of the tribes at all tamable, the ex­ istence of the Puebla Indians offers a success­ ful result for the guidance of new experiments. We have not the details of their life and pro­ gress, though we know generally of their industry and good order. To the devoted priests of the Catholic church belongs the honor of civilizing these people. They have always been successful, and it would pay the Government to support missionaries of that faith among the red men of the west. There are tribes in New Mexico and Arizona, who seem determined to die in their independence, rather than submit to civilization or the en­ croachments of the w’hite man. Such are the. Navajoes and Appaches. These must submit, if not to peace, then to be crushed. The present amazing gold discoveries in these Territories demands this. Civilization needs wealth to aid its forward march. Gen. Carleton, commanding in New Mexico, has succeeded in effectually subduing the Navajoes. This is the first time for one hun­ dred and fifty years, that anything like peace has been brought about. He is now en­ gaged and has been for twelve months past engaged in removing them from their moun­ tain homes to the valley of the Bosque Redonds, where it is intended to locate all but the Pueblas. For the Appaches of Arizona, who, during two hundred years, have deso­ lated this region, nothing short of remorseless warfare will succeed. �Each Fights for AU. Is it best for humanity that the inexhausti­ ble treasure hived by the centuries, and held safely locked in the primal granite of the mother-mountains as a sacred trust for the era enterprising enough to demand their hitherto unproductive riches, should be snatched from us by a sentimental reverence for the hypothetical rights of a dog-in-themanger people who can neither use nor de­ velop such wealth themselves, nor will allow any other people to do so ? Is the nation that wrung free commerce from the Japanese, likely to allow the uncultured Indians to throw barriers in the way of its advancing march? The question is an important one. The onward progress of benign civilization should not be stayed, while justice and mag­ nanimity should always take part in the deci­ sions of a great nation. Upon the Pacific coast there is the same need of a just Indian policy. In California there are fifteen thousand of this race, who have neither lands nor homes. They have not even the poor satisfaction of a paltry reserva­ tion. The Spaniard never recognized the Indian land-title, and we, succeeding to his sovereignty, have succeeded to his policy. Something must be done for the Californian Indians. Would it not be practicable to ob­ tain sufficient territory, say in Washington, to mass the tribes of California, Oregon, and the territory named, carrying out the same gen­ eral policy suggested herein for the manage­ ment of the proposed Indian territory ? The plan here suggested is the result of careful thought, observation, and desire to deal rightly by the Indians and our own people. We are not wedded to it as a hobby, but rather suggest it as a measure of practical and beneficent policy. The great end and aim of all efforts in this nation for the amelio­ ration and advancement of any portion of the population placed as are the Indians or ne­ groes, must be to clear the path, aiding them to reach the utilities of an industrial and Christian Democracy, that thereby they may become worthy of being an integral portion of that nationality which, aiming to establish in Government the ideal justice, will yet prove practically that all men are endowed by their Creator with the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. 281 The sons of light in every age and zone, Though on the cross, the gibbet, or the throne, Now armed with love, the martyrs of a faith, And now with steel, the anointed priests of death, Who shed the tyrant’s or their own best blood, Stand rank to rank one serried brotherhood; Moses who smote the Egyptian to the dust, With him who died the Just for the unjust: Deep-thoughted Plato with his mystic “ word,” And fiery Cromwell armed with Gid eon’s sword, Melancthon mild, with Luther roughly strong— That storm-plowed crag with its lark’s nest of song; Fair tyrant-slayers, Jael and Corday, With brave Grace Darling plucking ocean’s prey Out of his foaming jaws, and her, as brave, That Nightingale whose music ’tis to save ; AU free strong natures, beautiful and clear, Who make earth better, and the heavens more near, Servants of God—the sacramental host Who bear his banners down the invaded coast Of flying darkness, form one dauntless corps, To whom yon million worlds add countless thousands more. A thousand rivers swell the same free surge, A hundred ways to one fair town converge, An 4 rock, and tree, and treasures of the mine, In one grand temple, one sweet home com­ bine : So meet all gifts in service of the One Who rays them out as from a central sun. He builds for all who builds by inward law, For years unborn, and lands he never saw: The smallest insect in the coral reef, Unseen, unseeing, and of life so brief, With pulpy arms too powerless to command The ponderous motions of a grain of sand, Weaving at once his vest and burial robe, Lays the foundations of the solid globe ; So true work grows and least at last is great, And each serves All in one well-ordered state. The sword Harmodius on the tyrant drew, If justly drawn, struck well for me and you; The song of Miriam, by the avenging sea, Was sung for bondmen on the dark Santee ; The people’s cry that crumbled the Bastile, Was the old shout that made first darkness reel. When Spartan valor kept that narrow pass Where Freedom fell with slain Leonidas, Not Persia’s millions could subdue the braves, Nor all the centuries trampling on their graves: They strike for Freedom in her every blow— The soul is the most powerful of all poisons. Their deed sheds light on every dauntless brow; It is the most penetrating and diffusible stim­ Who dares to die to make a people free, ulus.—Novalis. Still guards unconquered his Thermopj las : �282 The Friend of Progress. Hope of the nations—heir of pure renown, Though named Leonidas or Old John Brown ! A gallant spirit never breathed our air. But left some touch of nobler being there ; No heart of pity soothed a brother’s pain, But sent some pulse to life’s remotest vein: A soul of truth becomes a Name of power— The saving watchword of a crisis’ hour: Around great natures, with no trumpet-call, The peoples rally, proud to fight and fall. They choose their lords as doth the lioness, Who wins the battle, wins their love’s caress. What though, as round their rival chiefs they crowd, A hundred war-cries shake their streamers proud, Till all that clamor to pained ears might seem The wild disorder of a frenzied dream ; Ore spirit rears each burning Gonfalon, And men are clanships because Man is one ! [From “Answers to Questions.”] Psycliometrical Examination of Abraham Lincoln. BY A. J. DAVIS. By particular request, a friend in Wash­ ington furnished the President’s autograph and a scrap of his hand-writing. By this method a connection with the characteristics of Mr. Lincoln was perfected, and the results of the examination are herewith respectfully submitted. I have no personal knowledge of the mental peculiarities of the President. What is here given, therefore, must stand or fall, according to the facts in possession of those who know him best. I shall welcome the verdict of his most intimate friends; more especially do I wait for proofs to be furnished by him as President of the United States. [The following was written soon after Mr. Lincoln entered upon the duties of his office in 1861.] IMPRESSIONS ON VIEWING HIM OBJECTIVELY. His physical system is muscularly, but not vitally, powerful. It is unevenly developed in the joints and sockets. He is not nervous, elastic, or sensitive; and yet, with respect to bodily endurance, he is remarkably easy, steady, and unyielding. With care he can resist the approach of disease in any form ex­ cept in the loins and throat. His internal organs are not large, but their functions are steadily and fully performed. He is built to sustain a prodigious quantity of either manual or mental labor; but such labor, to be well done, must be very carefully graduated by an orderly division of days and hours. He must not be hurried and urged beyond his natural deliberateness. He is rapid only when under ; the action of his own temperaments. All j outward stimuli, in the shape of air, and foods, and drinks, exert but little effect. j . In conversation, or when addressing a mul­ titude, the same seli-steadiness is exhibited. There is no dissimulation in his manners; no attempt to stand straighter, to look hand­ somer, to speak more eloquently, or to act more gracefully, than when alone with a friend or in the retirement of his family. He is not impetuous in physical gesture, but em­ phatic and strong, with an irregularity which is almost eccentric and quite original. He appears like a man not fond of parlor life. Temporal comforts do not tempt him from the rugged paths of duty. His features are indicative of honor, sincerity, simplicity, generosity, and good nature, with much of the indomitable and unchangeable. IMPRESSIONS ON VIEWING HIM SOCIALLY. His domestic affections are temperate and unwavering, but not powerful, and yet, at home with his family, there is no man more happy and contented. Children are interest­ ing to him when they are playful. But his tongue is the quickest to interest the young. He appreciates the young mind, is attracted by its simplicities, and is ever ready to hear or relate a story. But this man is not over-much wedded to locality. He is not a traveler by nature, and yet a change of place is rather a relief to, than a tax upon his feelings. His private life is remarkable for artless­ ness and uniform truthfulness. Warm and confiding to his friends, and never embittered toward his enemies, he smooths the path of many in his vicinity. He is fond of praise, but is likely to remain firm in friendship, un­ der the lash of private disapprobation. He is not hasty to demolish his opponent, even when he has been sorely aggrieved by him, but rather inclines to give his enemy another conscious opportunity for reflection. IMPRESSIONS ON VIEWING HIM INTELLECTUALLY. There is a singular texture of brain for his mind to act through. It is elastic only after repeated exertions to bring it into action. Then his intellectual organs act separately, so to say, or one at a time—each, like an inde­ pendent entity, doing its duty singly, and with­ out consulting the feelings or inclinations of its fellow-laborers. His understanding of a matter is at first unsatisfactory to himself. The facts, and fragments, and data of an event or case first occupy all the spare rooms in the department of bis intelligence. Things, and persons, and places, and the acts of agents in relation to them, cluster in chaotic groups before his perceptions. He is, there­ fore, not certain, at first, whether he sees things in their proper places, and whether he appreciates the full import and force of a single fact; but, guided by a wholesome and powerful love of accuracy, he persists in ob­ serving, and arranging, and recombining the items of a matter, untd, with an approbation wholly internal, he fixes his opinions and proceeds therefrom to act. There is a critical and studied adhesion to established rules of thought and reasoning. He dreads an unauthorized digression from the recognized powers in either law, politics, �Psychometrical Examination of Abraham Lincoln. or religion. And yet he pays deferential respect to the deductions of no one mind in any department of human interest. His per­ ceptive powers are active, and readily dis­ cover the errors and tricks of men, and are equally quick to detect a ridiculous flaw in an argument, or the most assailable point in a general proposition. He will rely on his own judgment, and is unwavering in attach­ ment to his own conclusions. There is nothing impetuous in the delibera­ tions of such a mind. The lightning flash of ! genius, though it might reveal to his eyes the inlinite unity of the universe, would not move him. The range of real principles he must infer from the position, magnitude, multipli­ city, and force otfacts. He cannot penetrate the surface by intuition, but must enter in at the open door of events and data. Shelley’s poetry could interest his mind rarely, but be would glean much poetry from the sermons of Dr. Channing. History would give much rest to his intellect; but science, if it should smell of mountains, and forests, and grand objects in space, as geology and astronomy, would yield the largest gratification. And yet this man’s mind is never satisfied unless its deductions are consistent with the major elements of hu­ man nature. IMPRESSIONS ON VIEWING HIM MORALLY. By this I mean spiritually, or with reference to the most interior and religious attributes of his being. He is a man of talent and indus­ try, but no genius, no man for the moment, no ability to decide in advance of reflection and analysis. The man of intuition is impoli­ tic and revolutionary. Mr. Lincoln is no such man. He is willing to accept a great responsi­ bility, to act well his whole duty, and to leave things as he found them. A new State and the foundations of new Laws are the electrical eliminations of genius. Strong minds are certain to elaborate and administer the inspi­ rations of genius, but such minds cannot elec­ trify a country with the enunciation of any very revolutionary law. No new truth ever bubbles over the bowl of their lives. Mental powers are unfertile, unless fed and fostered by the endless fires of truth and justice. Morally speaking, Mr. Lincoln is what the religious world would call a “naturally good man.” Whether sanctified by faith or not, his “works” are distinguished by an ex­ tremely sensitive regard to everybody’s rights and everybody’s greatest welfare. Justice, when tempered with a gentle paternal mercy, is dear to him. He is, however, more benevo­ lent than conservative, and more humanely sympathetic than conscientious, and is there­ fore liable to err and come short .under the pressure of appeals from the unfortunate. In all matters intrusted to his care and control, he is self-sacrificing and faithful to the end, with very much' beautiful self-forgetfulness and straightforward integrity. But there is a remarkable trait in this man’s spirit, not often found among professed poli­ ticians, and that is, a willingness to concede that he does not know what will occur to­ 283 morrow. For this reason he is teachable, and is most anxious to gain knowledge from almost every imaginable source. How earn­ estly and sincerely, how calmly and faithfully, does Mr. Lincoln give audience, even to the discourse of the least of his associates! The modesty of his manner is an earnest of his moral excellence. He cannot be certain that his knowledge is up to the measure of to­ morrow’s consequences; wherefore he, unlike the conceited pettifogger and political mountebank, is open to more light and instruction. I think he would be much rejoiced to learn of the departed concerning the eternal to­ morrow. But shall we not also mention that this man is a close-mouth ed-keeper of “ his own counsels” ?* This trait is observable, even to his most intimate friends, with whom he is ever confiding. Whenever there is the least obscurity, he hesitates, checks his impulses, and looks steadily toward consequences. The doctrine of Retribution, so far as be is indi­ vidually concerned, would seem to have no weight. He is above personal fear, and does not court public favor or position: but the question whether the results of a given course will subserve the interests of mankind, is very deliberately revolved by his moral faculties. Cajoling demagogues cannot captivate this man’s moral forces. He is silent, but firm, amid cotton-lords and slave-dealing monopo­ lies. He is fond of progressive civilization, amid the strongholds of conservatism and aristocracy, and'the God of his heart is for lawful freedom and unitary strength. He appreciates the loathsomeness of treason, sees its deadly blight as it steals over the minds of once faithful men, and yet enter­ tains glorious hopes and undimmed faith in the direction of freedom and peace. IMPRESSIONS ON VIEWING HIM INDIVIDUALLY. Under this head I propose to give the sum of Mr. Lincoln’s character in its relation to the world. He is cordial, loves to entertain friends, but is not fastidious in the matter of selection; and is a devoted friend and brother to all. But, intellectually and morally, he is too cautious and too fearful of doing wrong, to be party to any very original or revolu­ tionary scheme. He will step slowly, and firmly, and independently; but, in the mean­ time, many things will come to light, and events will transpire which will compel a modification of procedure. Of enemies, Mr. Lincoln will have but few. Of friends, among all parties, as long as he lives, there will be a great multitude. He is a true American citi­ zen, and believes not in leading public senti­ ment, but following it, guided only by the Constitution and thelaws'of Congress. While, he. listens deferentially to those about him, including the constituents of his Cabinet, he is not the man to be carried be­ yond his own judgment. He will surely act according to the orders of his individual reason and will. It is folly to suppose that any diplo­ matist or influential legislator can succeed long in warping the judgment of this con­ scientious man. • �284 The Triend of Progress. Mr. Lincoln is a very prudential character, and would not transcend the letter of the law. Its letter and its spirit are inseparable in his eyes. He is preeminently a man of “peace,” and would not object to a “compro­ mise,” if the people so declared their wishes; but from him the world may never expect such a proposition to emanate. There is, however, some danger to be apprehended from the exceedingly sympathetic, cautious, legal, and economical suggestions of his peculiar mental structure. The poet has very nearly defined his conception of what should consti­ tute the foundations and glory of our Govern­ ment: “----- Men, high-minded men, With powers as far above the brutes endued, In forest, brake, or den, As beasts excel cold rocks and brambles rude— Men who their duties know, But know their rights, and knowing, dare main­ tain, Prevent the long aimed blow, And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain: These constitute a State; And sovereign Law, that State’s collected will, O’er thrones and globes elate Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill.” Let the country take counsel of its hopes, and despair not, for there is a divinity, behind the presidential mind, which will direct heaven’s high purposes, and bring a better day out of this black and awful night. Mr. Lincoln will betray no trust, neither will he shrink from still more pressing responsibili­ ties; and the people would do well to share the burthen of sympathy and care with which he is oppressed. BY PHCEBE CARY. Alas, alas! how many sighs Are breathed for his sad fate, who dies With triumph dawning on his eyes. Who sees amid their ranks go down, Great men, that never won renown, And martyrs, with no martyr’s crown ? Unrecognized, a poet slips Into death’s total, long eclipse, With breaking heart, and wordless lips ; And never any brother true, Utters the praise that was his due— “ This man was greater than ye knew!” No maiden by his grave appears,* Crying out in long after years, “I would have loved him,” through her tears. We weep for her, untimely dead, Who should have pressed the marriage-bed— Yet to death’s chamber went instead. But who deplores the sadder fate Of her who finds no mortal mate, And lives and dies most desolate ? Alas ! ’tis sorrowful to know That she who finds least love below, Finds least of pity for her woe. Hard is her fate who feels life past, Though loving hands still hold her fast, And loving eyes watch to the last. But she, whose lids no kisses prest, Who crossed her own hands on her breast, And went to her eternal rest; She had so sad a lot below, That her unutterable woe Only the pitying God can know ! When little hands have dropped away From the warm bosom where they lay,, And the poor mother holds but clay : What human lip that does not moan, What heart that does not inly groan, And make such suffering its own ? Yet, sitting mute in their despair, With their unnoticed griefs to bear,, Are childless women everywhere ; What thousands for the soldier weep, From his first battle gone to sleep That slumber which is true and deep. Who never knew, nor understood, That which is woman’s greatest good, The sacredness of motherhood ! But who about his fate can tell, Who struggled manfully and well; Yet fainted on the march, and fell ? But putting down their hopes and fears,. Claiming no pity and no tears, They live the measure of their years. Or who above his rest makes moan, Who dies in the sick tent alone— “ Only a private, name unknown !” They see age stealing on apace, And put the gray hairs from their face, No children’s fingers shall displace ! What tears down pity’s cheek have run For poets singing in the sun, Stopped suddenly, their song half done. Though grief hath many a form and show, I think that unloved women know The very bottom of life’s woe ! But for the hosts of souls below, Who to eternal silence go, Hiding ttupr great unspoken woe : And that the God, who pitying sees, Hath yet a recompense for these, Kept in the long eternities! �The Inner Temple. The Inner Temple. BY ESTELLE. I have somewhere read, long ago, of a heathen devotee, who had constructed, in a corner of the temple where devotions were Offered to the gods, a chamber, which was kept sacred to his own use; no profaning foot was allowed to enter there, no irreverent or carious eye must gaze therein, lest some bab­ bling lip may whisper the secrets of the con­ secrated chamber—the Inner Temple belonged wholly to himself and the gods he worshiped. Deep in the corner of every human heart, far hidden from every eye, is an Inner Temple, consecrated to the uses of the individual alone. We all meet upon a visible plane—we live our outward life of rejoicing, of sorrow, of prosperity, of want—we call this one covetous, that one a profligate, here is a moral hero, there a bigot. They pass us on the street, and sit at our table, labeled with the verdict of their fellow men: avaricious, sycophantic, generous, amiable. We stamp them compla­ cently, and there is no appeal from our deci­ sion. Human nature, we say, is as an open book, that he who will may read. We call ourselves students of human nature. We penetrate the weaknesses of our fellow mortal, and when we have discovered a great flaw or weakness in his character, we rub our hands with complacent, self-paid compliments for our own cleverness. Atas for the student of human nature! When we have read and combined all the fin­ ger-boards of a man’s character, which Nature has placed upon each of her children—when opposing elements have been carefully bal­ anced, predominant passions brought for­ ward, all points summed up into an infallible whole, what have we gained ? The vestibule to the Inner Temple only—the door of the secret chamber is closed, and the key is not in our possession. We act our various roles in life behind a mask, not bceause of will, but of necessity. Once in a life-time some one is found to whom this Holy of Holies is revealed. What bliss to wander hand in hand with this kindred spirit, down the rough valleys, and up the sunny slopes of this life, to lay down the burden of mortality together, and mingle in the glories of immortality, one mind and one soul. 285 But though this inner life is, and must of necessity be a sealed chapter to us, I often amuse myself by speculating upon its nature, as developed by outer indications. I once saw a poor woman returning after a day of hard labor to her miserable hovel, stooping to pick a stunted, faded blossom, on which the summer dust had gathered thickly, and it pleased me to imagine that in the Inner Temple rare flowers bloomed, and sweet birds sang, and music and fragrance shed their soft­ ening influence over her life of squalor, pov­ erty, and wretchedness. I have seen a friend sit at her piano when twilight shadows were gathering in the room, and let her fingers wander over the keys in a sort of dreamy trance, wakening harmonies that were never practiced under the eye of a teacher, or learned from books; and I knew, if she did not, that she was playing for the spirit that dwelt in the Inner Temple. Best gift of Nature when its outward mani­ festations are harmony, charity^ kindness, and love. How terrible when it becomes the abode of demoniac passions—a secret cham­ ber full of unclean images, where the imagi­ nation delights to wander, groveling in gross­ ness and sensuality of spirit, while the avenues are kept pharisaically clean and pure for the eyes of the world. “ If I keep my thoughts to myself they can do no harm, ” says the spiritual debauchee. A little longer, and the screen of mortality is laid aside, and he can behold the blackness of ashes where the vestal flame should be burn­ ing—the walls defaced with hideous images, a temple where none but evil passions could delight to dwell—images, which it will take years of progress to erase. Every offense against purity leaves a scar upon the soul. Alas for those to whom the Inner Temple is but the tomb of a dead or crucified love, waiting the touch of the shining finger ef the Angel of Death to roll the stone from the mouth of the sepulcher, that this love may rise transfigured and glorified, with wings poised for the spheres of immortality. “Your unvarying cheerfulness is unac­ countable to me, ” said a friend to me one day., “ If I did not know you better I should say yon were too frivolous to realize misfortune.” “I dwell in my Inner Temple,” was the nnspoken reply, saddened by the thought that this faithful friend of years, whose hand had clasped ours in love a thousand times, knew so little of that bright realm where fragrance, �■286 The Friend of Progress. and sunshine, and music, and all things beau­ tiful, reign perpetually, and cast their shi­ ning halo over the adversities of common life—a splendor that turns its common dross to precious gold. Alas for those who sit together at the hearth with clasped hands on winter nights, and in the wailing wind without can hear no undertone of harmony—who sit day after day at the same table, who lie down at night, and rise in the morning together, who walk side by side through life, and ever strive vainly to pierce the vail that separates their souls, gro­ ping with baffled fingers for the entrance to that spiritual chamber where where each holds converse with his own imaginings. Guard well the Inner Temple. Cleanse it from envy, from impurity, from uncharitable­ ness—so shall you be more prepared to enter into that life where suffering is not, and sor­ row cannot come. sighted friends are not the most agreeable persons to have relations with. To them the object they are after, the evil to be remedied, the patch of color or limb just before their eyes, is the one only noble purpose of life. All who do not run in their grooves are sav­ agely denounced; all who, looking beyond, see the soft landscape stretching away into a beautiful perspective; all who see how the Divine Artist has rounded out the statue of life into complete and perfect proportions, and therefore cannot give more attention than properly due, to the apparent imperfection of detail; these are denounced and derided as wanting earnestness, and as unworthy workers. Let us not eschew earnestness. Let us be zealous, but at the same time tone our judg­ ments by that divine charity which recognizes the finiteness of man, the imperfection of his surroundings, and the controlling power of circumstance. Fight we the evil with the spirit of the Crusaders, but let it be the evil, and not so much the individual doers thereof, who, after all, are likewise its victims. H. A Single String. Some one says: “ The more music you can make on one string the less it will cost you to keep your fiddle strung.” The advice is poor economy unless toe instrument be played by a master hand. It takes a Paganini to make harmony from a single string. The richest lives are not found among the one-idea men. When, however, the subtile keys of melody or thought have been touched, genuis can create from its single truth or chord, that world of weird’suggestions and correspondence, from which the rhythmical harmonies are evolved. A single great idea., like the central chord in music, is a key by which the possessor unravels the spiritual universe, and enters into all mysteries. Yet, let none believe that either life or mu­ sic can be perfect upon the one-string theory. Development is the distinctive mark of this era. Harmony is the hope of the age. How do we see men whose devotion to one thought, one purpose,—whose resistance to one evil, has completely obscured their vision in all other directions. These are the genuine fanatics; persons who get so near the object aimed at, that they cannot see its relations to the other parts of the universal whole. I have seen a near-sighted man looking at a picture or statue. Forced by his infirmity to get near the object, it was utterly impossible for him to see beyond that portion upon which his eyes rested. Tiie tout ensemble is invisible to him, or only to be absorbed by slow and painful efforts. Is not this an example of the rigid, unbending pu­ rist, the possessed one-ideaist. The near­ sighted men, either in physical or mental life, acquire a microscopic minuteness and accu­ racy which in some degree makes up for their deficiency of breadth and comprehensiveness of vision. But in mental activities our near­ BY LOUISE PALMER, Her letter lies under my pillow—its words burn heart and brain ; Ten days ago their warming changed to the smarting fire of pain: “My lover dear,” she says, “Of strong men prince and flower, I hold my soul in patience up, and watch and wait the hour When past all shouting in the street to my list­ ening ear shall come The eager tread oi your manly feet in the regiment marching home. 0 happiest girl in the warring land to reach the day at length When my hero’s arms shall shut me close in the safety of their strength.” Bitterest words to me who lie in the hospital ward alone, With a crippling wound in my leg, and my arm forever gone! She fills her heart with her lover’s praise in dreams that never tire, Nor knows he lies a shattered wreck—past any heart’s desire. Her own will fail when she comes to see—I have no fear for her truth; She will turn her pride to protection—her love to sorrowing ruth. For that you know, is a woman—forever patient and true In sacrifice to your need of her, while she needs nothing of you: That brings the question quick to heart with subtlest rankle and sting, What have I to give for her perfect youthmost sweet and precious thing 1 �Relinquish eel. What but the burden of my loss to clog her lightsome years— My weakness where God meant support—a cloud of cares and tears. Yet every pulse of my broken life tremulous yearns and stirs To bind its pitiful weakness up with the joyous strength of hers! In passionate prime when I held you close in the grace of a first caress, And called you my Lizzie, my own for life, I loved and wanted you less Than now, as I lie all nerveless, spent, and wan with the pallor of pain, And no right arm to draw you close to my longing heart again. 287 I To thick of the added care oi a wife, and beg your kindly release.” Such speech as this will kindle her pride and the fire of her quick disdain Will snap the bond her pity would bind like the links of a daisy-chain. The letter is ended and sped, and I think of it day by day; On its journey home, where I thought to be taking my eager way, Till it reaches the hand whose tender touch I was hoping now to feel. I think of her face as its impatient eyes the letter’s sense reveal! As quick along the rambling lines her kindling glances scan, I know I can hobble home on my crutch, and She will not guess my heart’s best blood along claim my promised wife— the letters ran. Creep into the arms of her pity and shelter me there for life. 0 sweet and strong temptation! 0 precious I did not know that mortal days could float a man so slow; rest to win! God help me rally what manhood’s left against Once cast aloose from love and hope on their dull tide to flow! the lovely sin! Lord save me from the selfish deed of taking I feel the longing lack of her loss in every leaden hour: her life for mine ; Let me give her freedom, the one good gift Yet keep like a fool her image at heart in its place of ancient power. left to my love divine. I shall see not even her writing again on aught Greater is he who conquers his soul, is the —not the tiniest note, praise of the holy page, Save cold address on letters returned, that my Than one that taketh the city strong in face of lost right hand wrote. the enemy’s rage. Yet my pulse leaps up when the mail comes in, I braced my spirit with half the strain for the refusing to feel how vain shock of bloody fray The hope of precious missive sent from her That it takes to scale the cruel hights of sac­ firm white hand again. rifice to day! But at last my bitter strife prevails,- and my As I lie in silence alone, and close my eyes to­ heart’s desire lies slain: night, Now the letter quick, lest the foe revive and I let the thought of her grow and fill my inward make my victory vain. sight, Till I almost feel her smile the shadowy ward Only the ink and paper, nurse—I will not tax illume, your hand: And hear the float of her dress, and breathe its My poor one left must begin to learn in place vague perfume. of the right to stand. Why, my heart is as loth to coin the words as Kind Savior! whose tear is this that has fallen my awkward hand to write ! on my face ? Yet cold and hard I put them down, to lie at Whose these two hands that hold my one in last in her sight. clinging soft embrace ? I know her too well to write the truth, to sound Whose voice can speak to me such words—too her its wailing strain sweet for truth their sounds ; Of, “ My darling, I shut your sun from my life “My own ! do we love the dear Christ less for and sit in the night of pain ! the mangling of his wounds 1” The stalwart knight of your maiden choice went down in battle’s rack, Lizzie! my soul leaps out to light at the dayFailing forever out of the world—so take your dawn of your eyes, plighting back; That I could not blind to my yearning love by Nor cheat your heart a crippled wretch can for any cold disguise. its loss atone, And waste upon his ailing life the sweetness of 0 quick to follow the shining steps of tbe your own.” Lord of woman born, No words like these : but coldest talk of “cir­ Who came from the hights of Paradise to wed cumstance, if foreseen the church forlorn, On the summer-day we made our troth, the And gave for it his priceless life in offering glad vowing had never been. and free, The late battle disabled me somewhat, and on So out of the depths of her holy love she gives the whole, I must cease I herself to me. �288 The Friend of Progress. Our Librarj/. The Ideal Attained: Being the Story of Two Steadfast Souls, and how they won their Happiness and lost it not. By Eliza W. Farnham. 1 volume. New York: 0. M. Plumb & Co. We give the title of Mrs. Farnham’s , volume in full, because the first part of it conveys no idea of its purport. It is a story of a man and a woman, constructed after the author­ ess’s ideal, who met on a sailing-vessel bound for San Francisco; she on her way to an uncle there; he yielding to an attraction which had sprung up in his heart for her. Other characters take part in the develop­ ment of the story; but they serve merely as foils to display these two. The incidents of the plot are also arranged evidently with a view of exhibiting these two personages in the greatest variety of attitudes, both as indi­ viduals and as related to each other. They are brought intimately together—they are kept sternly apart. They share in comforts and in privations. They are subjected to rest and to labor. They are tried by dependence and by independence. They are alienated and reconciled. Their minds meet on trivial sub­ jects and on grave. The test of experience brings out their weak and their strong points. In the end, they are joined in a perfect union. We infer from the Publishers’ Preface, that this book was written a considerable time be­ fore the last work, “Woman and her Era.” Mrs. Farnham must, however, have had the doctrine of that work matured in her mind before she planned this. The two books are complements of each other. “The Ideal Attained ” is the illustration in the form of experience of the theory maintained in “Wo­ man and her Era.” It is the concrete of that abstraction; or rather that gives the philoso­ phy of the characters and relations depicted in this. No reader of Mrs. Farnham’s last book should fail to read the story before us; and the reader of the story would do well to turn over the chapters of that more elaborate work. To many Mrs. Farnham’s theory of the relation existing between man and woman, and of their providential attitude in history, seemed repulsive, owing, perhaps, to the ne­ cessarily critical, analytical, and to some ex­ tent, controversial character of the volumes in which that theory was explained. But in this vivid sketch of two lives, the relation between the man and the woman is as natural and sympathetic as one could wish. If Mrs. Bromfield is a woman after Mrs. Farnham’s own heart, and ‘ ‘ the Colonel ” is such a man as her soul delights in, and their union the legitimate and fair result of her premises, then we say “ amen ” to her philosophy. For Mrs, Bromfield is a woman who would adorn the choicest circle—whom women would admire—whom men would honor, accept, and be only too glad to take to their homes as wife, in the noblest sense of the word. “The Colonel” is a man of a rare stamp, whom women might be pardoned for adoring, and whom men would applaud as a model of manly virtues; and their union comes as near what all good and cultivated people would call a perfect marriage as this earth gives an opportunity of seeing. The characters are certainly idealized. They could hardly have been life-studies. If they were, we envy the authoress her experience in men and women. They are constructed, we fancy—creations of her mind; but the traits which her imagination supplies, be­ long, without exception, to the pure manly and womanly, and fill out, instead of distort­ ing, the image of ordinary humanity. The book is intensely earnest in its tone. There is no trifling in its chapters. The dramatis personae all have brains, and well do they use them in discourse on grave themes. Even the table-talk is significant. The “asides” are momentous. We do not get these people to the end of their voyage without sailing over many seas of thought and sound­ ing many deeps of reflection. To most people, the reading of the book would be an educa­ tion in liberal opinions, and a very pleasant education too—for the course, though rigidly exact, is so delicately conducted and so bril­ liantly illustrated, that one is instructed while seeming to be merely amused. The literary execution of the volume has much merit. The description of the sea-voyage is full of alternate calm and breeze. The life on the island might have been painted from actual sketches taken on the spot. The life in the young San Francisco was, in truth, so painted, and we should not know where, out of these pages, to find another so faithful photograph of the woman­ less, childless, chaotic, sandy town, as it was in its early days. We feel as if we had been there, and were glad we had got out of it. “The Ideal Attained” will add greatly to Mrs. Farnham’s literary reputation, as a suc­ cessful attempt at the philosophical fiction: the novel that holds an earnest, moral, social, and even humane purpose, without losing the fascinating excitements of the novel; the trea­ tise on high themes of personal interest, clothed in the rich garments of the novel, and yet retaining the dignity of the treatise. The story is good as a story; the moral is good as a moral, and both moral and story are one. We rather object to long letters at the end of a tale. They look as if the author, tired of his task, laid by his art, and supplied the deficiency of his work by opening his files of correspondence; and Mrs. Farnham’s epis­ tolary style is not as graceful as her narra­ tive: but the letters cannot be omitted by the reader who wishes to understand the story of the two lives, and the substance of them will amply compensate for the form. * * � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Victorian Blogging Description An account of the resource A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library &amp; Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Conway Hall Library & Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Conway Hall Ethical Society Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Pamphlet Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Friend of Progress. Vol. 1. No. 9, July 1865 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Conway, Moncure Daniel [1832-1907.] Description An account of the resource Place of publication: [New York] Collation: [257]-288 p. ; 24 cm. Notes: From the library of Dr Moncure Conway. Includes bibliographical references. Printed in double columns. _Louise Palmer -- a review of 'The Ideal Attained' by Eliza W. Farnham. The spiritualist and occult journal was previously named Herald of Progress and then Banner of Light before becoming Friend of Progress which became more explicitly devoted to reform. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available [s.n.] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1865 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context G5295 Subject The topic of the resource Periodicals Women's rights Indigenous peoples Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /></a><span> </span><br /><span>This work (The Friend of Progress. Vol. 1. No. 9, July 1865), identified by </span><a href="https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/www.conwayhall.org.uk"><span>Humanist Library and Archives</span></a><span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</span> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource English Conway Tracts Women https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/25778/archive/files/30a9e22e17ee5bc6bf812b5f48d26e6d.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=ooJTvhEI8pHU7YSJVEkGz0-pWjnJF2QltaaSiOAyVPJDdDQEJVh9DbxFAfTtFYp%7EGsQ-698-5OUcJtoKjeJ6tZD9FNuNpn8ffD-iF8VjhISRefX5pnMgipY3hVv-SekyPzfiRbSG%7EX1rdWUgNBSkSMFdg3VQd%7EFkESYeTkOQA1KqJ8PJSj%7EFsmoJ%7EFgfMwspbUPO0fSWku7LBxd3O6J4R7TwTbGM3ArqaUjfqV2SSVbjD7-pBQo31js-%7EmNaXu4dXOAsclMQ-5mP62EN-lK4Se0o4y322wHOpR7rq8ECilkM8ebivZh6YLjtB3vPO7G2%7Ehul-EDCq1daQozHNtNemA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b666984b70eefc59bb8d8f09e7d924b1 PDF Text Text The Massacre of the Piegans. THE MASSACRE OF THE PIEGANS* BY SHENANDOAH, AUTHOR OF “ SHERIDAN’S LAST RIDE,” AND “ MOKE-TA- VA-TA, THE MARTYRED CHIEFTAIN.” Stern winter flashed its frozen bars Across the fiery belt of Mars ; The mountain brow was crowned with light, The valley robed in spotless white ; Calm justice, bending from the sky, Looked o’er the battlements on high, Her shining balance downward hung, All solemnly and still it swung To weigh the deeds of shame and worth, At that hour passing on the earth ; On one side was a nation’s ban, The other held the poor Piegan. Great was the power, wealth, and pride Piled mountain high upon one side, The prowess and the strength of years, The triumphs over doubts and fears ; The conquests, sometimes gained o’er wrong, With Freedom’s name to make them strong; The other side held want, distress, The children of the wilderness, Feeble and faint, with garments few, The wintry winds could pierce them through; A nation’s army—Sheridan, Against the outlawed, poor Piegan. On one side glittering steel and fire, To do thejwork of death so dire; Steeds prancing, banners waving high, Strong men to conquest drawing nigh, Such victory as might could gain, With none their weapons to restrain; The other but a few souls brave, Who fought their helpless ones to save, Women and babes, shrieking awoke To perish ’mid the battle smoke, * As rendered at the close of a lecture upon the subject of “ Moke-ta-va-ta ; or, The Nation and its Wards,” in Masonic Temple, Washington, D. C., March 30th, by Cora L. V. Tappan. �The Massacre of the Piegans. Murdered, or turned out there to die Beneath the stern, gray, wintry sky; Here, a great Christian warrior’s plan, There, Pity, and the poor Piegan. Far o’er the seas, Columbia’s hands Uplift the fallen of all lands ; To Ireland’s stricken sons, her voice Speaks, bidding them awake, rejoice ; From England’s pride and wealth of state, She bids the paupered millions wait; Wakes from her dismal, dreary trance The sleeping liberty of France ; Salutes across the golden sea, Brave Garibaldi’s Italy; Pleads everywhere for rights of man, Why not for her own poor Piegan ? The summer fields of flowery Spain Give promise of bright Freedom’s grain ; Far to the distant Orient A flash of fiery thought is sent, The dark Mongolian is stirred With every potent, piercing word ; To all the races 'neath the sun She welcome gives ; even the one So lately bound to shame and toil, , Enslaved, enfranchised on her soil; For whom her‘own fair sons were slain, To wash away foul slavery’s stain; Oh 1 in this splendid, perfect plan, There is a place for the poor Piegan. Justice still bends above the earth, To mark the deeds of shame or worth • Each in the balance shall be tried ; Oh ! not upon the nation’s side Of shame, let us our tribute lay, But on the side of truth, alway; Remember, “Whatsoe’er is done Unto the feeblest little one,” The loving Master once hath said, KThat do ye unto me instead I look, behold the Son of Man Bears in his arms the poor Piegan. 9i �93 Friends among the Indians. “FRIENDS” AMONG THE INDIANS. From a report made by Samuel M. Janney, Superintendent of In­ dian Affairs, for the Northern Super­ intendency, in the State of Nebraska, to a convention of Friends held re­ cently in Philadelphia, we extract the following : At the Santee Agency, the survey of the allotments of land in severalty is well advanced, and the Indians are eager to occupy their farms as soon as houses can be built. A new steam saw-mill has been put in ope­ ration, a large number of saw-logs are in readiness, and lumber is being rapidly prepared for building pur­ poses. The agent expects the In­ dians to do most of the work in erecting their own houses. He has contracted for machinery to build a flouring-mill on Bazille Creek—which affords a sufficiency of water-power. He has seeded about a hundred acres with spring wheat, and intends to put in a corn crop on the agency farm. The schools are flourishing, and the In­ dians manifest a disposition to help themselves by honest labor. The condition of the tribe is very encour­ aging. At the Winnebago Agency, about three hundred acres of prairie land were broken by Indian labor last summer, to prepare for a crop this year. The agent writes : “ We are getting along very nicely with our work, having finished sowing about four hundred acres of wheat several days ago ; it is now coming up and looking well. We are at this time plowing for corn, and preparing to build fence.” The allotment of land in severalty is well advanced toward completion. The schools, according to the last information I received, were in a sa­ tisfactory condition. From the Omaha Agency, the agent writes : “ Industry and thrift are now taking the place of idleness and im­ providence. The men work well, and even the old chiefs now shoulder their axes and go into the timber to work with the rest.” The timber they have been cutting is for their own use, to be sawed into lumber for the building of their houses. The past winter was the first in which they have had the care of their own cattle. Though steadily work­ ed, these are now in good condition, and not one has died, so far as the agent has learned. Only one dayschool for children has yet been es­ tablished, though many that can not be accommodated express a desire to go to school. Funds are much needed for the support of more schools. At the Pawnee Agency, a disposi­ tion has been manifested recently by many of the men to engage in agri­ cultural labor, which has hitherto been performed almost exclusively by the squaws. The sum of $4000 deducted from their annuity last falL by direction of the chiefs, has, in ac­ cordance with their wishes, been ap­ plied this spring to the purchase of wagons, harness, and plows. They have a very large number of ponies which were of little use except they went on the hunt; some of these have been broken to work, and are �Friends among the Indians. now used for agricultural purposes. .Considerable area of land has been prepared for a wheat crop, and is probably sown by this time. These Indians generally raise a large supply of corn. The Manual Labor School is flou­ rishing, and now numbers seventyfive Indian boys and girls, who are boarded and clothed, and taught the most useful branches of an English education. The boys are taught to work on the farm, and the girls in­ structed in household work. The Agency farm is cultivated by the labor of the boys and young men who have been educated in the school. The agent of the Otoes and Mis­ souri Indians writes : “ The condi­ tion of the tribe is very promising, and I think its prospects are gradu­ ally growing better. A day-school, under the care of an experienced teacher, is progressing satisfactorily, but its existence does not do away with the necessity of an industrial school.” There has been' much sickness in the tribe, and about thirty children have died, mostly from measles. 93 The practice of bleeding for the cure of most diseases is very common with the Indians, and often very in­ jurious. The fund sent by friends for the supply of suitable food for the sick, has been of great service, and in some instances medical aid has been supplied from this same source. All the children of the tribe have been clothed by the Society of Friends, and now present a very creditable appearance. They attend school with cheerfulness. From the Great Nemaha Agency I returned yesterday. There has recently been much sickness among the Indians, chiefly from measles; but a skillful physician, living within six miles of the reservation, has at­ tended them, and the deaths have been few. The Iowa tribe is evidently much improved since I first saw it, and many of the men who were formerly intemperate and idle, have reformed, and are now sober and orderly in their habits. The school taught by Mary B. Lightfoot is well attend­ ed, and the progress of her pupils is encouraging. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Victorian Blogging Description An account of the resource A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library &amp; Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Conway Hall Library & Archives Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Conway Hall Ethical Society Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Pamphlet Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Massacre of the Piegans Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shenandoah Description An account of the resource Place of publication: [Chicago] Collation: 90-91 p. ; 24 cm. Please note that this pamphlet contains language that may be upsetting to readers. This reflects the time in which the pamphlet was written and the ideologies of the author. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available [s.n.] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [1870] Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context G5445 Subject The topic of the resource Indigenous peoples Human rights Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /></a><span> </span><br /><span>This work (The Massacre of the Piegans), identified by </span><a href="https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/www.conwayhall.org.uk"><span>Humanist Library and Archives</span></a><span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</span> Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Language A language of the resource English American Poetry Conway Tracts Marias Massacre of Montana Native Americans Piegan Peoples Poetry in English