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Price One Penny.
T4O/
POLITICS for the PEOPLE.—No. I.
MINING RENTS
— AND —
ROYALTIES.
By J. MORRISON
DAVIDSON,
BARRISTER-AT-LAW.
Author of “Eminent Radicals,” “The New Book of Kings," “Book of
Lords,” “ Useless, Dangerous,
and
Ought
to be
I
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�MINING RENTS AND ROYALTIES.
F there be one thing in this world more astonishing
than that individuals should claim private property
in the surface of this planet, and have their claims
allowed by the Legislature of a free country, it
assuredly is that they should pretend to have a right
to the contents of its interior. A coal-hewer descends
into the bowels of the cold earth, and with infinite
toil and danger raises a ton of fuel for tenpence or
even eightpence. Another man, calling himself a
landlord, who is meanwhile, perchance, gambling at
Monaco or bear-hunting in the Rocky Mountains,
successfully exacts a toll of thirteen or fourteen pence
per ton on the entire output of a mine, or, it may be,
a score of mines ! Could there be a more startlinganomaly ? “ O Lord what fools these mortals be ! ”
is all the comment that any rational being can, in the
circumstances, make.
I
�4
Yet this was the kernel of the case which the
influential deputation of Members of Parliament, who,
in April, 1886, brought the question of mining royal
ties before the Liberal Home Secretary, had to sub
mit. True, Mr. Childers’ mind was a taint la 1 asa
as regards mining royalties, and not one of the
deputation ventured to suggest their nationalisation
—the only true remedy for the serious evils com
plained of. Still much good was effected by the
bare recital of the atrocious exactions which the land
lords habitually make both on mine lessees and
miners.
Mr. Stephen Mason, representing one of the
divisions of Lanarkshire, where trade depression is
peculiarly severe, instanced the case of a ducal high
wayman who preys on the mining industry of the
district to the extent of ^114,000 per annum. His
method of blackmail is this :—He benignly grants
leases for twenty-one years at fixed “ rents,” varying
from Z500 to ,£5,000. These are payable whether
the mine is worked or not. If worked, the moment
a certain output is attained “ royalties ” come into
play. These vary from çd. to is. 6d. per ton. No
mediaeval Rhine robber ever devised a more effectual
system of brigandage. Indeed, the landlord is the
undisputed master of the situation, and it is a marvel
that he has not succeeded long ere now in completely
�5
destroying the industrial supremacy of the country.
Mr. Mason told of an instance where a company
spent ^50,000 to get at a seam of coal.
They
reached it, but found that rent and royalty would
together absorb every penny of profit.
The land
lord would, nevertheless, have his entire pound of
flesh. Consequently the machinery has been stand
ing idle for four years !
But it is when leases come to be renewed that the
landlords’ harvest is really ripe.
Mr. Conybeare,
who represents a mining division of Cornwall,
revealed a state of things in his neighbourhood of a
singularly aggravated kind. When the lease of the
Dolcoath mine was renewed a fine of ,£2 5,000 was
exacted, The Duke of Bedford, in the case of the
Devon Great Consols Mine, levied a £20,000 fine.
As for the unfortunate lessees they might like it or
lump it. If they lumped it their engine-houses and
all their improvements went to the landlord without
compensation.
The landlord, moreover, on the
ground-rent monopoly principle, charged from five to
ten times agricultural value for the surface.
As to the amount ofannual tribute paid by the nation
on its mineral wealth to the landlords, no exact figures
can be given. But it is has been estimated that in the
year 1883 they pocketed on coal and iron ore alone
the vast sum of eight millions sterling. This enor
�mous drain in the face of falling and stagnant mar
kets, it is not too much to say accounts for half the
privations which working men are now suffering from
low wages and no wages. Our two staple industries
are admittedly iron and coal. They are controlling
elements in rails, ships, and manufactures of every
description. Every private toll levied on them is a
blight on every related form of employment.
Mr. Mason gave an instructive example of the
effect of a comparatively low royalty.
In Scotland
the minimum royalty on pig-iron is 6s. Some
of the Cleveland royalties on the other hand do
not exceed 3s. 3d. per ton. What is the con
sequence ? Scotland, where all the other conditions
of production are rather more than equal, is invaded
weekly by Cleveland iron to the extent of from 6,000
to 7,000 tons.
Nor is this the worst.
Differential home dues
might be endured, but to handicap the British iron
trade in its strenuous grapple with foreign competition
is a much more serious affair.
In most parts of
Germany the royalty on pig iron is 6d. per ton ; in
France it is 8d., and in both these countries royalties
are national dues, and not, as with us, private black
mail.
In Belgium the ordinary State royalty is
is. 3d. per ton, and even that handicap not
improbably accounts in no small degree for the pre
valent turbulence in that country of miners.
�7
I quote the following weighty sentences from an
admirable address by Mr. William Forsyth, the
eloquent President of the Scottish Land Restoration
League:—“Out of the eighty blast furnaces in
Cumberland forty are at this moment standing idle,
and the others are but partially employed.
There
are many causes which might have the effect of
keeping these forty blast furnaces idle. They might
be idle for want of capital; they might be idle for
want of men willing to work. Well, gentlemen, the
Cumberland furnaces are put out not because of any
lack of capital, for only within the last week or two
a company of employers there were willing to sink
£20,000 in raising iron-ore, and were only prevented
from doing so by the landlord’s ultimatum that he
would not reduce his royalty of 2s. 6d. per ton on
the ore which might be raised. The company found
thatwith this charge they could not raise ore as cheaply
as it could be imported from Spain, and they, therefore, abandoned their project.
Neither can it be
that there are not men able and willing to work, for
an ironmaster in Cumberland writes saying that
there are thousands of men unemployed who would
be glad to find work of any kind in order to save
their wives and children from starvation.”
“ I am informed that the girders of the St. Enoch
Railway Station, in our city, were imported from
j
�8
Belgium, and we know that the Barnsley Railway
Station was built of imported iron. ’ The Midland
Railway Company is at present importing large
quantities of iron and steel sleepers from Belgium.
The streets of London, Liverpool, Dublin, and
Belfast are being laid with tramway rails of foreign
manufacture.
Our Glasgow Municipal Buildings
are at this moment being built with iron girders
brought from Belgium, and paid for from the taxes
collected from the people of Glasgow. On looking
up at these girders we see in prominent letters the
name “ Maclellan,” and in our innocence we think
that if the cost of these buildings is great at any
rate the work is done by our own people.
But this
is not so. The ironmaster to whom I have referred
is himself the owner of eight furnaces specially
adapted to the manufacture of pig-iron and steel rails.
Four of these furnaces are idle, and yet he is actually
importing thousands of tons of iron and steel from
Belgium and Germany.”
Talk of high wages and short hours of labour
“ driving trade out of the country ! ” Why, if these
royalty footpads are not speedily got rid of there will
soon be neither trade nor wages left in it.
One
blast furnace produces in a week six hundred tons of
pig-iron. On that quantity the landlord’s royalties
amount to ^202 ; while the wages of the employes
�9
—managers, engineers, chemists, workmen all told—
average less than one half, or ^95.
The royalties
on British steel rails paid to the landlords amount
to 9s. 6d. per ton ; in Belgium they average is. 9d.
Is it any wonder that the Indian Department of
Government is monthly sending out to India thou
sands of tons of imported iron and steel rails and
sleepers ? Is it any wonder if in most cases it costs
about three times as much to construct a mile of
British railway as any other ?
A Cunard liner making the double or return jour
ney across the Atlantic consumes four thousand one
hundred and twenty-five tons of coal. This means a
royalty to the landlord of ^206 5s., or more than
the wages of the entire crew from captain to cabin
boy. Ina word, the owners of steamers pay to the
lords of land a tribute of ,£274,100 per annum. Of
course passengers and the producers of exports and
the consumers of imports are the ultimate victims.
What, then, is the remedy for this ruinous system
of exploitation ? Is it to be cured, as the deputation
suggested, and as Mr. Conybeare’s Mining Rates
Bill weakly proposes, by establishing a sliding scale
as between landlords and mine-lessees ? Certainly
not, unless the State is to step into the landlord’s
shoes. Every scheme to enable landlords to rob in
moderation is bad.
�IO
We are not without examples of the true solution
of the royalty problem in other lands.
In Germany, speaking generally, the Prussian law
of 1865 prevails. It vests all mineral royalties in
the State. No freeholder can raise minerals on his
freehold without a concession from the Government.
He dare not even, after due notice, prevent private
persons irom entering on his land to bore for the
discovery of minerals. The concessionaire of a mine
is entirely independent of the lord of the surface.
Concessions are made to any qualified person or
persons by a district oberbergamt, or office, on certain
conditions.
Concessionaires must (1) pay to the
State in royalty and inspection dues 2 per cent, per
annum on net produce ; and (2) form a- Benefit
Society, or Knappschajt Verein, for their workmen,
they contributing one-half the funds, the “ hands ”
the other. The Knappschaft Verein supports and
doctors invalid and injured miners, pensions widows,
and educates children free of expense.
In France private royalties were abolished at the
Revolution and made national property. The pre
sent law bears date 1810. It is the same in principle
as the German law. The concessionaire pays 5 per
cent, net produce to the State plus 10 centimes per
franc additional to form an Accidents Relief Fund.
A strictly limited rent is also payable to the lords of
the surface.
�11
The Belgian law (1810) is in the main similar to
the French law', but concessions made under the law
of 1837 are of a less favourable character, and
in some cases the dues mount up to 4s. in the
pound.
But we need not go beyond the limits of our own
Islands for a sound model of mining legislation. An
admirable Act of the Scottish Parliament (1592) still
in force, but audaciously set at defiance by the land
lords of Scotland since the union with England,
appoints a “ Master of the Metals,” with full State
control of all mines and minerals in the realm. He
is to secure 10 per cent, to the State, and is allowed
5 per cent, for inspection dues, &c. “ And by reason
that the said miners are in daily hazard of their lives
by the bad air of the mines and the danger of falling
in the same, and other infinite miseries which daily
occur in the said work, therefore our Sovereign Lord
(James VI.) exempts said miners from all taxa
tion whatever, both in peace and war, and takes
them all, their families and goods, in his special
protection,” &c.
This is the sort of thing that is wanted, and not
sliding scales to. give perpetuity to a system of pal
pable robbery, by which the State is defrauded of
some ten millions sterling per annum. And the
robbers !
�12
What are they ? The drones of the community !
They feed on the mechanic’s labour ;
The starved hind for them compels the stubborn glebe
To yield its unshared harvest.
And yon squalid form, leaner than fleshless misery,
Drags out his life in darkness in the unwholesome mine
To glad their grandeur.
Many faint with toil
That few may know the cares and woes of sloth.
r
�
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Victorian Blogging
Description
An account of the resource
A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library & Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span>
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Conway Hall Library & Archives
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Title
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Mining rents and royalties
Creator
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Davidson, John Morrison [1843-1916]
Description
An account of the resource
Place of publication: London
Collation: 12, [4] p. ; 19 cm.
Series title: Politics for the People
Series number: No. 1
Notes: Publisher's advertisement p. 2. List of reviews of 'The New Book of Kings', by the author, on four unnumbered pages at the end. Tentative date of publication from KVK.
Publisher
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The Modern Press
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[1885?]
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T401
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Working conditions
Socialism
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Text
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English
Mining
Royalties
Social conditions
Socialism
Working Classes
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Text
| gg
NATIONAL SECULAR SOCIETY
English Land Restoration League.
No. 4.
(3d..per 100.
"FREE TRADE IN LAND.”
Would it Benefit the People?
/
“ The notion,” says Carlyle, ” of selling for certain bits of metal the ‘ Iliad of
Homer,’ how much more the land of the World Creator, is a ridiculous impossi/ bility.” Yet this ridiculous object is what the recently-constituted Free Land
League propose to themselves to attain. The “ Great Liberal Party ” is just now
badly off for a “ cry,” and Mr. John Bright and Mr. Arthur Arnold are chiefly
responsible for supplying it with one of the worst conceivable. They desire to
knock down the land of the World Creator to him who can bid for it the most bits
of metal. This news must of all men rejoice the soul of Mr. Winans. The
depopulator of the Highlands abounds in bits of metal, and when the Free Land
Millennium sets in he will be able to carry on his favourite business of supplanting
men by deer to his heart’s content. Free Trade in Land is an excellent trade for
those who have accumulated or stolen plenty of bits of metal; but for such as
have not—that is to say, for the vast majority of honest poor—it is simply a
mockery and a snare. Did the institution of” Slavery in the Southern States
benefit the “ Mean Whites ” with empty purses, who could not so much as invest
in a single Slave ? On the contrary, it degraded them far below the level of the
corresponding class in the Northern States. ' Now, Free Trade in Slaves and Free
Trade in Land are perfectly analogous institutions, and it is doubtful if the evil
effects of the latter are not even more far-reaching than those of the former. Both
are contrivances by which the few are enabled to rob the many of the fruits of
their industry. The private ownership of land clothes one man with the power
of depriving his fellows of shelter, food, and raiment. It invests the few with a
life and death control over the many.
Now, it is easy to see that Free Trade in Land is as false an application of
the Free Trade theory as was Free Trade in the bones and blood of factory
women and children. Free Trade in commodities that can practically be supplied
without limit has unquestionably been an immense boon to this country; but it
does not at all follow that Free Trade in an element which no human ingenuity can
augment by a single atom would be similarly beneficial. On the contrary, if the
soil of England, like its manufactures, is to be brought within the grasp of the
.great capitalists, undivided power will be delivered over to the already too
powerful upper middle class, and then woe betide the workers! The yoke of the
capitalist will be more complete, and assuredly it will be none the less heavy than
that of the feudalist. The.evil of ‘‘unearned increment” is as great in Broadway,
New York, or in Bourke Street, Melbourne, as it is in the City of London. Free
Trade in a natural monopoly like the land is simply a contradiction in terms—“ a
ridiculous impossibility.” Carlyle saw the absurdity at a glance; but then he was a
genius, whereas the Free Land Leaguers are at the best but a superior order of
bagmen. In its very essence land can neither be purchased nor mortgaged. It
is common property, and the community which parts with it to individuals
voluntarily is a. community of imbeciles, and the community which parts with it
involuntarily is a community of cowards.
But if our Free Land Leaguers have misapplied the Free Trade theory,
they have still more notoriously misinterpreted Free Trade in Land facts. They
go to the sparsely-populated United States and the Colonies for their
illustrations; whereas densely-peopled England can only be compared with
herself or some country similarly situated. In the United States there are
■still many, many millions of acres to homestead and pre-empt, and till they are
I
�all taken up the inherent evils of Free Trade in Land cannot be expected
to show themselves in anything like their natural proportions. Men do not
buy land which they can get for next to nothing. But even in the United States,
the farmers—the most splendid yeomanry that ever existed—are beginning todiscover to what Free Trade in Land inevitably leads. Very many American
farms are covered by mortgages on which interest is paid worthy of the expe
riences of the Egyptian fellaheen. Recently the New York Times—a perfectly
temperate authority—warned the American farmers of their fate. They were
destined to become like the rack-rented tenant farmers of England ! Nay, their
final condition will probably be worse. One had much better pay rent to a feudal
landlord, bound to his tenantry by many traditional ties, than be fleeced by a
remorseless money-lending Shylock, moved by considerations of filthy lucre
alone.
And there are other still more alarming symptoms. A phenomenon is appearing
in some of the Western States which is comparable only with that which heralded
the fall of ancient Rome. Rome conquered the world by the swords of her fouracre yeomanry. But Rome, like the United States, was a Free Trade in Land
State; and her yeomanry eventually either fell hopelessly into the grasp of theusurer, or succumbed to the expropriating capitalist. Then Italy was tilled, so
far as it was tilled, by immense gangs of homeless slaves, and the end was not far.
Now, an American Bonanza Farm is as like a Roman slave estate as can well b-jimagined. The Bonanza Farms of Minnesota, Dakota, Texas, Kansas, and Cali
fornia each contain thousands of acres owned by Presidents and Directors of
railways, by bankers in St. Paul, New York, London, and Frankfort-on-the-Main.
They are “ run" on purely capitalist principles. There is neither woman, child,
nor home. The men work thirteen hours daily. They receive from 8 dols. to
16 dols. per month, according to the season. In the neighbourhood of theseBonanzas the small farmers are hopelessly in debt. They have generally to pay50 per cent, more than the Bonanzas for the conveyance of their produce, and.
33 per cent, more for their farming implements. How Mr. Jesse Collings’s peasant
proprietors are to stand up against capitalist farming it is hard to see. In a veryinstructive article on “ Bonanza Farms ”in the Atlantic Monthly for January, 1880,
the concluding sentence is this :—“ We are taking immense strides in placing our
country in the position of Great Britain, and even worse.”
In Europe, as in America, the freeholder is victimised. In France, in Germany,
in Russia, the Land Mortgage Banks are already pressing on the peasantry with:
something like the vigour of the ancien regime. In India, the soucar, schroff,
bania, or mahajun drains the last drop of the poor ryot’s blood. He is virtually
a serf. In a word, wherever Free Trade in Land has fairly run its course it hasbeen a ghastly failure. It has at one end the money-lender, and at the latter the.Bonanza Farm.
Let us have neither. Let us pass direct from feudalism to municipalisation
vest the site of every town in its Town Council, and of every parish in its Parish
Council. The land is the birthright of the people. The Free Land Leaguers aver
trying to hand it over to the capitalists. If they succeed in gulling the electors,
the little finger of every new landlord will be thicker than his predecessor’s loins,
and a long era of suffering—the Capitalist era—as fatal as that inaugurated by the.Norman Conquest, will be the result.
Nota Bene.—The first man who, having enclosed a plot of ground, took uponhimself to say “This is mine!" and found people silly enough to believe him, was.
the real founder of Civil Society. How many crimes, how many wars, how many
murders, how much misery would have been spared the human race, if some one, .
tearing up the fence and filling in the ditch, had cried out to his fellows, “Give no
heed to this imposter; you are lost if you forget that the produce belongs to all,
the land to none."
J. Morrison Davidson.
All who are willing to aid in circulating this and similar leaflets on the Land Question,
are earnestly requested to communicate with Mr. FREDK. VERINDER, Secretary of theENGLISH LAND RESTORATION LEAGUE 8 Duke Street, Adelphi, London, W.C., from,
whom all information may be obtained.
Page & Pbatt, Limited, Printers, 5, 6 & 7 Ludgate Circus Buildings, London, E.C.
�
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Title
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Victorian Blogging
Description
An account of the resource
A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library & Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Conway Hall Library & Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2018
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Conway Hall Ethical Society
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Pamphlet
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Free trade in land" : would it benefit the people?
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Davidson, John Morrison [1843-1916]
Description
An account of the resource
Place of publication: [London]
Collation: [2] p. ; 21 cm.
Series title: English Land Restoration League [leaflets]
Series number: No. 4
Notes: Printed by Page & Pratt, London, E.C. Tentative date of publication from KVK. Part of the NSS pamphlet collection.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
English Land Restoration League
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[189-?]
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
N188
Subject
The topic of the resource
Land reform
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /></a><span> </span><br /><span>This work ("Free trade in land" : would it benefit the people?), identified by </span><a href="https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/www.conwayhall.org.uk"><span>Humanist Library and Archives</span></a><span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</span>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
English
Land Reform-Great Britain
NSS
-
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3f1c660371c8ed0e3462884a4c3238d0
PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Victorian Blogging
Description
An account of the resource
A collection of digitised nineteenth-century pamphlets from Conway Hall Library & Archives. This includes the Conway Tracts, Moncure Conway's personal pamphlet library; the Morris Tracts, donated to the library by Miss Morris in 1904; the National Secular Society's pamphlet library and others. The Conway Tracts were bound with additional ephemera, such as lecture programmes and handwritten notes.<br /><br />Please note that these digitised pamphlets have been edited to maximise the accuracy of the OCR, ensuring they are text searchable. If you would like to view un-edited, full-colour versions of any of our pamphlets, please email librarian@conwayhall.org.uk.<br /><br /><span><img src="http://www.heritagefund.org.uk/sites/default/files/media/attachments/TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" width="238" height="91" alt="TNLHLF_Colour_Logo_English_RGB_0_0.jpg" /></span>
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Conway Hall Library & Archives
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2018
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Conway Hall Ethical Society
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Original Format
The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data
Pamphlet
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The new Book of Kings
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Davidson, John Morrison [1843-1916]
Description
An account of the resource
Place of publication: London
Collation: 123, [5] p. ; 19 cm.
Notes: List of reviews of the book in four unnumbered pages at the end. Date of publication from KVK.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
The Modern Press
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
[1885?]
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
T399
Subject
The topic of the resource
Republicanism
Monarchy
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/"><img src="http://i.creativecommons.org/p/mark/1.0/88x31.png" alt="Public Domain Mark" /></a><span> </span><br /><span>This work (The new Book of Kings), identified by </span><a href="https://conwayhallcollections.omeka.net/items/show/www.conwayhall.org.uk"><span>Humanist Library and Archives</span></a><span>, is free of known copyright restrictions.</span>
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
application/pdf
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Language
A language of the resource
English
History
Monarchy
Republicanism
Socialism